基于JBI临床证据实践应用系统的老年COPD患者氧疗管理实践

目的提高老年科护士对COPD患者的氧疗管理效果,提高护士对氧疗管理实践活动中证据应用的依从性,增加患者持续氧疗时间,提高患者的血氧饱和度。方法遵循JBI循证保健中心的临床证据实践应用系统(JBI-PACES)的实践程序(GRIP),基于现有的最佳证据,制定了9条审查标准,对20名护士进行培训,在对30例老年COPD氧疗患者进行基线审查后,查找最佳证据应用于30例老年COPD氧疗患者和再审查。结果与基线审查结果比较,证据应用后9条审查标准中7条执行率显著提高(均P0.01);患者的氧疗时间显著增加、血氧饱和度显著提升(均P0.01)。结论 COPD氧疗管理最佳证据的应用,可规范临床护士对COPD患者氧疗的护理实践,增加患者持续氧疗时间,提高患者血氧饱和度。     

维持性血液透析患者基于助推策略的饮食管理

目的 构建基于证据及助推策略的维持性血液透析患者透析期间饮食管理方案,并评价其应用效果。方法 以证据为基础,通过制定审查指标并进行基线调查、分析障碍因素,构建基于助推策略的透析期间饮食管理方案,并应用于50例维持性血液透析患者,采用中断时间序列设计,比较方案实施前后审查指标执行率,患者低血压、低血糖及胃肠道反应发生率,患者透析饮食知信行得分。结果 基线调查显示12条审查指标执行率未达标,方案实施后,指标2、3、4的执行率为100%,除指标11外,涉及医护人员及患者的审查指标执行率显著高于实施前（均P<0.05);患者低血压和低血糖发生率显著低于方案实施前（均P＜0.05）;患者透析饮食知识、信念、行为得分及总分显著高于实施前（均P＜0.05）。结论 基于助推策略科学构建并实施维持性血液透析患者透析期间饮食管理方案,可以有效促进证据在临床中的转化应用,降低透析过程中低血压和低血糖发生率,提高患者透析饮食的知识、信念和行为水平。     

基于认知负荷理论的维持性血液透析患者限制液体摄入健康教育

目的探讨基于认知负荷理论的维持性血液透析患者限制液体摄入健康教育策略的应用效果。方法将100例维持性血液透析依从性差的患者按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各50例,对照组给予维持性血液透析常规护理及健康教育,观察组采用认知负荷理论构建并实施患者限制液体摄入健康教育策略,观察两组干预前和干预6个月液体摄入依从性及血液透析并发症发生率。结果干预后两组液体摄入依从性总分均较干预前显著提高,且观察组依从性得分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);观察组高血压、低血压、心律失常、肌肉痉挛发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论实施基于认知负荷理论的健康教育策略,可提高维持性血液透析患者限制液体摄入的依从性,降低并发症发生率。     

缩短骨科择期全麻手术患者术前禁食时间的最佳证据实践

目的遴选骨科择期全麻手术患者术前禁食最佳证据,以缩短术前禁食时间,改善手术相关指标结局。方法参照澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究中心(Joanna Briggs Institute)临床证据实践方法,查找最佳证据,制定7条审查标准,制订患者术前个性化禁食方案,修订术前工作流程,将最佳证据嵌入到临床实践中,实施6个月后评价效果。结果第2轮审查,7条审查指标执行率从基线审查的0~20.0%提高至85.0%~92.5%;医务人员术前禁食最佳证据知识回答正确率从13.3%~80.0%提高至90.0%~100%;患者术前禁食、禁饮时间显著缩短,中重度口渴、饥饿发生率及术后24h内恶心呕吐发生率显著降低(P0.05,P0.01);两组均无误吸发生。结论骨科择期手术患者术前个性化禁食及麻醉开始前2h进食清流质安全有效,对医务人员和患者进行针对性培训及教育有利于提高执行率。     

气管插管危重患者口腔护理的循证实践

目的将现有的气管插管患者口腔护理的最佳证据应用于护理实践,促进护士依据循证进行口腔护理实践的行为,提高口腔护理效果。方法根据JBI的最佳实践手册,基于现有最佳证据,制定4条审查标准,对145名护士及199例患者进行基线审查,依据审查对护士进行培训和将证据应用于259例患者口腔护理实践;3个月后进行第2轮审查。结果第2轮审查,4条审查标准执行率从42.1%~68.3%升至100%。护士理论操作考核成绩从51、43分提高到93、89分;患者口腔卫生评分从16.85分降至13.36分、VAP发生率从21.7例/千机械通气日降至7.4例/千机械通气日(P0.05,P0.01)。结论基于循证的质量审查项目改善护士应用最佳证据的执行行为,有效提高气管插管危重患者口腔护理效果。     

护士识别与管理脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的循证护理实践

目的将卒中后吞咽障碍护理管理的最佳证据应用于护理实践,提高护士管理卒中后吞咽障碍的依从性和能力。方法运用JBI-PACES工具,确定吞咽障碍管理的最佳证据,制定6条审查标准,对30例脑卒中患者和20名护士进行基线审查及最佳证据实践后的再审查。结果 6条审查标准执行依从率从基线审查的0~6.67%上升到第2轮审查80.00%~100%;吞咽功能入院24h内筛查率从6.67%上升至93.33%。结论基于循证的质量审查可提高护士吞咽障碍筛查与管理能力,改善吞咽障碍护理实践。     

神经外科使用身体约束预防患者自我拔管的最佳证据应用

目的提升神经外科临床医护人员对患者实施身体约束的管理水平,减少患者自我拔管和约束并发症发生率。方法参照临床证据实践应用系统(JBI-PACES)和实践程序(JBI-GRIP),对30名医护人员进行培训,对30例身体约束患者进行基线审查,查找最佳证据并应用于30例身体约束患者和再审查。结果与基线审查结果比较,证据运用后5条审查标准中4条执行率显著提高(均P0.01);约束并发症发生率和自我拔管率显著下降(P0.05,P0.01)。结论身体约束最佳证据的应用,可提高临床医护人员对身体约束的认识,规范身体约束行为,降低患者约束相关并发症和自我拔管发生率。     

基于APP的维持性血液透析患者透析间期体质量管理

目的评价基于APP的体质量管理对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者透析间期体质量和液体摄入依从性的影响。方法将MHD患者随机分为干预组31例和对照组32例。两组均按血液透析常规护理,同时以血液透析患者透析间期体质量管理指导手册进行体质量管理,干预组增加基于APP的体质量管理,于干预前及干预第1、第2、第3个月评价患者体质量增长值(IDWG)、体质量增长率(PIDWG)和液体摄入依从性。结果两组干预后IDWG、PIDWG的时间效应和交互效应差异有统计学意义(均P0.01),PIDWG的组间效应差异有统计学意义(P0.05);随着干预时间延长,干预组液体摄入依从性显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论基于APP的体质量管理能够有效降低MHD患者的IDWG与PIDWG,提高患者液体摄入依从性。     

脊柱外科术后患者深静脉血栓预防及管理的最佳证据应用

目的将脊柱外科术后深静脉血栓预防及管理的最佳证据应用于临床实践,降低患者深静脉血栓发生率。方法遵循澳大利亚JBI证据临床应用模式,检索并总结脊柱外科术后患者深静脉血栓预防及管理的最佳证据,制定审查指标,通过证据应用前的基线审查、实践变革和证据应用后再审查,判断实施效果。结果最佳证据应用后,患者深静脉血栓发生率由2.90%降至0;医护人员深静脉血栓预防及管理知识得分,出血风险评估、机械及药物预防、健康宣教执行率显著提高(均P0.01)。结论深静脉血栓预防及管理最佳证据的应用,可提高医护人员深静脉血栓预防及管理水平,规范预防管理行为,降低患者深静脉血栓发生率。     

儿童中心静脉导管维护的最佳证据应用

目的将儿童中心静脉导管维护的最佳证据应用于临床实践,提高护士对实践证据应用的依从性,从而降低儿童中心静脉相关性血流感染发生率。方法遵循JBI循证护理中心的临床证据实践应用模式,包括证据应用前的基线审查、实践变革和证据应用后变革效果的再审查。采用现场观察法、访谈法及查阅护理文书进行资料收集。证据应用前后共纳入518例留置中心静脉的患儿及64名护士,进行2轮质量审查,分析证据应用过程中的障碍因素,寻找可利用的资源及解决方案。结果证据应用之后,12条循证依从性较差的审查标准有显著性提高(均P0.01);儿童中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率从3.7%。下降至0(P0.05)。结论将中心静脉导管维护的最佳证据应用于临床,可规范护士行为,提高护士循证依从性,降低CVC相关性血流感染发生率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.