记录糖尿病日历对妊娠期糖尿病患者自我管理行为及血糖的影响

目的探讨记录"糖尿病日历"对妊娠期糖尿病患者自我管理行为及血糖的影响。方法将159例门诊妊娠期糖尿病患者按诊断先后顺序分为对照组78例,干预组81例,对照组接受常规自我管理教育,干预组接受自我管理教育后指导患者记录"糖尿病日历"。干预1个月后比较两组自我管理行为评分和血糖水平。结果 1个月后,干预组自我管理行为中饮食依从性、运动、自我血糖监测问题得分显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01),餐后2h血糖显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论记录"糖尿病日历"可提高妊娠期糖尿病患者的自我管理行为,降低其血糖水平。     

糖尿病APP用于改善社区老年糖尿病患者自我管理行为研究

目的评价糖尿病管理APP对改善社区老年糖尿病患者自我管理行为的效果。方法将59例老年糖尿病患者随机分为干预组(30例)与对照组(29例)。对照组予以常规糖尿病管理,干预组采用糖尿病管理APP对患者进行治疗、运动、饮食、监测管理指导,连续3个月后评价效果。结果干预组患者糖尿病自我管理行为量表总分、各维度得分及血糖指标改善程度显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);两组血脂、BMI、腰臀比比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论对社区老年糖尿病患者采用糖尿病管理APP进行规范指导,可有效改善自我管理行为,从而降低血糖水平,有利于糖尿病的控制。     

社区2型糖尿病同伴教育者培训实践

目的探讨对社区2型糖尿病同伴教育者的培训方法及效果。方法参考2008年WHO的糖尿病同伴教育者培训项目,成立糖尿病同伴教育者培训委员会,对入选的12名社区2型糖尿病同伴教育者进行以医院为基地、为期8个月的理论学习、同伴教育者实践和自身行为管理相结合的培训。分别在培训前及培训后检测、评估糖化血红蛋白含量、糖尿病态度、糖尿病自我管理行为,以及接受其教育的180例患者糖尿病态度。结果培训后,12名同伴教育者看图对话实践与大课堂实践得分达到合格标准,自身糖化血红蛋白含量、糖尿病态度评分和糖尿病自我管理行为得分与培训前比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01),180例患者糖尿病态度得分显著高于教育前(P0.01)。结论对社区2型糖尿病同伴教育者的培训,能有效提高其沟通交流、语言表达能力和糖尿病自我管理能力,改善糖尿病患者的疾病态度。     

计算机辅助个性化干预对社区2型糖尿病患者自我管理的影响

目的探讨计算机辅助个性化干预对社区2型糖尿病患者自我管理的影响。方法将北京市某社区的80名2型糖尿病患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各40例;对照组采取常规干预方法;观察组采取计算机辅助个性化干预,即在患者就诊时将其日常生活情况录入专为糖尿病患者开发设计的健康管理软件,软件针对每例患者进行数据分析,给出患者个性化处方。比较两组患者的自我管理行为和糖化血红蛋白。结果干预后观察组的自我管理行为总分及饮食、运动和足部护理3个维度得分显著高于对照组;糖化血红蛋白显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论计算机辅助个性化干预能提高社区2型糖尿病患者的自我管理能力,并有助于控制患者的血糖。     

自制家庭小贴士对社区2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为的影响

目的探讨自制家庭小贴士应用于社区2型糖尿病患者健康教育的效果。方法参考糖尿病饮食、运动口诀及《中国2型糖尿病防治指南2013版》,制作出8幅图文并茂的糖尿病家庭小贴士。选取来自2个社区的78例2型糖尿病患者,分为观察组41例和对照组37例。对照组每月参加1次社区组织的糖尿病集中教育。观察组在此基础上发放自制糖尿病家庭小贴士,比较干预前后两组患者自我管理行为得分。结果干预后,观察组自我管理行为总分各维度评分(除遵医嘱服药外)显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论糖尿病家庭小贴士能够通过不自主的视觉刺激对患者起到随时提醒和指导作用,从而有效地改善患者的自我管理行为。     

广州市社区老年糖尿病患者自我管理现状调查分析

目的 探讨广州社区老年2型糖尿病患者自我管理现状.为社区护理人员实施针对性干预措施提供依据.方法 对广州市老年干部学校及6个社区295例年龄≥60岁的糖尿病患者的自我管理现状进行问卷调查.结果 自我管理得分75.08±5.65.饮食、运动、用药、自我监测管理4个维度中运动管理得分最高(2.27±0.25),其次是用药管理(1.91±0.18).最低是自我监测(1.69±0.29).不同情况患者自我管理各维度得分比较,饮食管理差异无显著性意义;另3个维度.有住院史和有并发症患者得分显著高于无住院史和无并发症患者(均P＜0.01).结论 社区老年2型糖尿病患者自我管理水平较低,尤其是自我监测意识差,社区护理人员应重点进行自我监测意识的培养和技能的传授,同时带动另3项水平的不断提高,防止和延缓病情的进展和并发症的发生.     

实施自我管理教育项目对住院2型糖尿病患者的影响

目的探讨实施自我管理教育项目对2型糖尿病患者健康信念、自我管理行为及糖化血红蛋白的影响。方法将100例住院2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组与观察组各50例。对照组给予常规健康教育,观察组在此基础上由科室医生、教育护士、营养师、心理咨询师等8名成员组成自我管理教育项目组,对患者进行自我管理教育。两组均随访3个月,分别在干预前、干预后第3个月评估患者的健康信念、自我管理行为和糖化血红蛋白水平。结果观察组干预后健康信念得分显著高于对照组(P0.01);自我管理行为显著优于对照组(P0.05);糖化血红蛋白降低程度较对照组更为显著(P0.01)。结论对住院2型糖尿病患者实施自我管理教育项目,能提高其健康信念水平、改善自我管理行为、降低糖化血红蛋白。     

胰岛素使用访谈工具在社区糖尿病患者同伴教育中的应用

目的探讨胰岛素使用访谈工具在社区糖尿病患者同伴教育者中的应用效果。方法采用方便抽样法选取两个社区的糖尿病患者,将其分为同伴访谈组(35例)和对照组(36例),对照组接受常规胰岛素使用相关知识的健康教育,同伴访谈组在此基础上由经过培训的一名同伴教育者运用胰岛素使用访谈工具对患者进行访谈,干预前和干预5个月末比较两组患者对胰岛素看法及胰岛素使用相关知识、行为得分的差异。结果干预后两组患者对胰岛素使用态度得分及胰岛素使用相关行为得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01))。结论同伴教育者运用胰岛素使用访谈工具可有效改善社区糖尿病患者对胰岛素看法、胰岛素使用相关行为,促进患者规范地使用胰岛素,从而有利于控制血糖。     

系统护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病患者疾病知识及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨系统护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇疾病知识和妊娠结局的影响。方法将确诊为妊娠期糖尿病的孕妇200例随机分为两组各100例。对照组实施常规健康教育,观察组实施系统护理干预,包括情感支持、同伴辅助学习、记录饮食和运动日记等。比较两组孕妇糖尿病疾病知识、自我管理行为及妊娠结局。结果观察组糖尿病相关知识、自我管理行为及妊娠结局显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇进行系统护理干预,可提高孕妇疾病相关知识及自我管理行为,改善妊娠结局,有利于优生优育。     

养老机构糖尿病老人同伴教育的实施

目的探讨同伴教育在养老机构糖尿病老人自我管理能力提升及疾病控制中的效果,为养老机构开展有效的健康教育提供依据。方法将入住南通市社会福利中心的糖尿病老人随机分为对照组(36例)和观察组(34例),对照组采用定期健康讲堂方式进行糖尿病健康教育;观察组采用健康讲堂加同伴教育相结合的方式进行糖尿病健康教育。比较两组糖化血红蛋白水平及糖尿病自我管理行为得分。结果两组干预不同阶段糖化血红蛋白比较,组间效应、时间效应和交互效应均P0.01,观察组自我管理行为得分显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论在养老机构开展糖尿病健康讲堂结合同伴教育的健康教育,可以提高糖尿病健康教育效果,提升糖尿病老年人自我管理水平,保障血糖控制效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.