冠心病患者焦虑抑郁与冠状动脉斑块稳定性的关系研究

目的探讨冠心病患者焦虑、抑郁与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系,为早期筛查负性情绪患者,减少不稳定斑块的发生提供参考。方法采用自编一般资料问卷,焦虑、抑郁自评量表对319例冠心病患者进行调查,通过光学相干断层成像技术行斑块稳定性分析。结果焦虑、抑郁发生率分别为31.3%、30.7%,15.7%患者同时存在焦虑抑郁。Logistic回归分析示,抑郁、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇对斑块稳定性有显著性影响(OR=1.062、1.322,均P<0.05)。结论抑郁及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是冠状动脉斑块稳定性的主要影响因素。对冠心病患者应及早进行负性情绪及饮食行为的全面调查并实施针对性干预,以减少不稳定斑块的发生,预防心脏不良事件。     

慢性稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉临界病变斑块性质的血管内超声分析

目的探讨慢性稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉临界病变血管内超声斑块影像学特征。方法对慢性稳定性心绞痛患者行冠状动脉造影检查,对冠状动脉造影显示为临界病变者,行血管内超声检查,评估斑块特征。结果 163例冠状动脉临界病变患者中薄帽纤维粥样硬化斑块(TCFA)、厚帽纤维粥样硬化斑块(ThCFA)患者分别为37、50例。TCFA、ThCFA患者临床特征、冠状动脉分布情况差异无统计学意义;超过50%的临界病变血管在左冠状动脉前降支;ThCFA患者平均斑块负荷、斑块面积高于TCFA患者;ThCFA及TCFA患者斑块成分以纤维组织最多,其次为纤维脂肪组织和坏死核心成分,高密度钙化面积最低。TCFA患者最小管腔面积≤4.0mm2者占18.92%(7/37),显著高于ThCFA患者。结论慢性稳定性心绞痛冠状动脉临界病变ThCFA患者斑块负荷更重,管腔面积更大。TCFA患者最小管腔面积≤4.0mm2比例更高。     

D型人格与冠脉介入治疗患者远期生存质量的相关性

目的了解经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者远期生存质量及D型人格在该人群中的分布,探讨D型人格与PCI患者远期生存质量之间的关系。方法运用冠脉血运重建结局量表、D型人格量表,对410例PCI≥1年的患者进行调查。结果 PCI患者远期生存质量得分(68.73±7.66)分,D型人格在该人群中的分布为31.71%。D型人格患者生存质量总分显著低于非D型人格患者(P0.01)。偏相关分析显示,D型人格消极情感、社交抑制与生存质量总分呈显著负相关(均P0.01)。结论 PCI患者远期生存质量有待提高,D型人格可降低患者的远期生存质量。应针对D型人格PCI患者实施有效的心理干预措施,以提高患者的远期生存质量。     

颈动脉粥样硬化狭窄患者的斑块特征及斑块中内脏脂肪素的表达

目的研究颈动脉粥样硬化患者的斑块特征并探讨内脏脂肪素(visfatin)与斑块稳定性之间的关系。方法 56例颈动脉粥样硬化狭窄患者根据临床表现及发作时间分为有症状组和无症状组;HE染色及Masson染色观察斑块的病理学特征,并根据纤维帽厚度和脂质坏死核心大小将斑块分为稳定性斑块和不稳定性斑块;免疫组化染色观察2组斑块中visfatin的表达情况。结果 1有症状组不稳定性斑块的比例(67.74%)明显高于无症状组(36.00%),P0.05。2与稳定性斑块相比,不稳定性斑块的纤维帽较薄、脂质坏死核心较大及发生出血者比例较高:(49.87±8.75)μm比(74.54±6.80)μm(P0.001);(65.63±12.97)%比(31.81±5.13)%(P0.001);63.33%比30.77%(P0.05)。3不稳定性斑块visfatin表达的积分光密度值(84 165.47±9 183.12)明显高于稳定性斑块(55 694.08±4 818.57),P0.001。结论 1斑块的不稳定性与动脉粥样硬化临床症状的发生密切相关;2纤维帽厚度、脂质坏死核心大小及出血在斑块的稳定性中发挥着重要作用;3 visfatin与动脉粥样硬化形成和斑块的不稳定性有关。     

冠状动脉病变程度与冠心病危险因素的相关分析

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变的严重程度与冠心病危险因素的关系。方法选择冠心病患者116例为冠心病组,选择冠状动脉样硬化狭窄程度〈50%的患者66例为对照组。分析冠状动脉狭窄程度与冠心病危险因素的关系。结果多因素分析结果显示,LVEF、Ccr与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈负相关,而hs-CRP与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论冠状动脉狭窄程度与LVEF、Ccr呈负相关,与hs-CRP呈正相关。     

冠状动脉周围脂肪:冠心病临床诊疗“新靶点”

冠状动脉周围脂肪(PCAT)可通过旁分泌途径产生脂肪因子、血管生成因子及炎症因子等活性物质,调节血管重构和血管周围炎症,并参与调节斑块发生、发展及脱稳定化过程。PCAT表型和定量参数在不同性质冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块之间有所差别。本文主要对PCAT在冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块形成与演变中的作用和相关影像学研究现状与进展进行综述。     

2型糖尿病患者骨密度与颈动脉粥样硬斑块相关性分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者骨量减低相关因素及其与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块之间的相关性.方法 341例2型糖尿病患者,行双能X线骨密度测定,同时行双侧颈动脉彩色多普勒检查并进行各项生化指标检测.结果 2型糖尿病患者骨量减低组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率高于骨量正常组(P＜0.01),女性患者更显著.Logistic回归分析显示骨量减低的影响因素有:性别(P=0.021,OR=1.748)、年龄(P=0.000,OR=1.046)、收缩压(P=0.010,OR=1.018),而有否颈动脉粥样硬化斑块未能进入模型.结论 在2型糖尿病患者,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发牛率与骨量减低有关尚不能被证实,两者均受增龄影响,尤其在女性.     

32层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在心肌桥-壁冠状动脉诊断中的应用

目的初步探讨32层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对心肌桥-壁冠状动脉诊断的临床应用价值。方法采用GE Light-Speed Pro32多层螺旋CT机对172例临床怀疑冠心病患者进行螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查,并对影像数据进行回顾性分析。结果 172例患者中发现42例45处存在MB-MCA（发现率为24.4%）,平均长度为（12.7±5.4）mm;浅表型34处（占75.6%）,深厚型11处（占24.4%）;近心端发现粥样斑块18处,远心端发现粥样斑块4处。结论 32层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像可准确诊断心肌桥-壁冠状动脉,为临床诊疗及手术提供有力的依据。     

周围血管动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化相关性的研究

目的应用超声方法检测外周动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）及斑块情况,探讨外周动脉与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性,评价超声检测外周动脉粥样硬化对冠状动脉病变的预测价值及其临床意义。方法对110例天津医科大学第二医院心脏科住院行冠状动脉造影（CAG）的患者术后1—2周内,行外周动脉（包括颈总、颈内、颈外、股总、股浅、股深、胭、足背动脉）粥样硬化情况进行超声检查,以动脉IMT和粥样硬化斑块厚度作为观测指标,对各组病例外周动脉粥样硬化的情况进行比较,进行统计学分析,探讨动脉粥样硬化发生的危险因素,外周动脉与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性。结果（1）CCA IMT、颈动脉IMT、CFA IMT、SFA IMT、DFA IMT、下肢动脉IMT在冠脉未见异常组与其余三组任一组均差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,冠脉未见异常组IMT值小于其余三组。（2）随着冠状动脉粥样硬化血管的数量增加,颈动脉和下肢动脉动脉粥样硬化情况加重,斑块形成呈明显增加趋势。（3）多因素Logistic回归分析（STEPWISE）,CFAIMT和P下肢与冠状动脉粥样硬化具有显著相关性,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论（1）颈动脉、下肢动脉和冠状动脉粥样硬化的趋势一致。（2）颈部和下肢血管的IMT及斑块对冠状动脉粥样硬化有很好的预测价值;P下肢、CFAIMT可作为预测冠状动脉粥样硬化的重要指标。（3）年龄、吸烟时间、患有高血压及高血压患病时间、甘油三酯、空腹血糖、胰岛素水平是动脉粥样硬化的高危因素。     

复发性与初发性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的比较

目的研究复发性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的特征及其在脑梗死复发中的预测价值。方法采用彩色多普勒超声仪对65例复发性脑梗死患者（复发组）、63例初发性脑梗死患者（初发组）和66例健康体检者（对照组）进行颈动脉探查,观察颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的数目及部位,并测量血管壁的厚度、斑块的大小及厚度,计算粥样硬化斑块积分。结果复发组患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率73.8％（48／65）,高于初发组的57.1％（36／63）和对照组的24.2％（16／66）（P〈0.05）,软斑及溃疡斑数目明显增高。复发组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块积分（1.83±0.57）分,高于初发组的（1.34±0.29）分（P〈0.05）。结论颈动脉不稳定性粥样硬化斑块的存在是复发性脑梗死的危险因素。颈动脉超声检查对复发性脑梗死有极好的预测价值。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.