同伴教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的系统评价

目的系统评价同伴教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的干预效果。方法通过检索PubMed、Embase、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库等资源,收集同伴教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制干预的随机对照试验,并进行文献质量评价和数据提取。对于糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的结局指标采用多时间点Meta分析,而对于餐前和餐后血糖则采用终末时间点Meta分析。结果最终纳入9篇文献,文献质量B级6篇,A级3篇。Meta分析结果显示,中等时间长度(13~26周)的同伴教育干预后,HbA1c低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),长期同伴教育(26周以上)对HbA1c改善的作用尚未被证实;中等时间长度(13~26周)同伴教育干预后,餐前和餐后血糖低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论同伴教育可以有效控制餐前和餐后血糖,中等时间长度(13~26周)的同伴教育项目对于HbA1c的改善有一定作用。     

2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与血脂水平相关性研究

目的评估2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与血脂水平的相关性。方法测定356例T2DM患者HbA1c、TC、HDL-C、TG、LDL-C水平,根据糖化血红蛋白水平分为三组,比较不同HbA1c水平的T2DM患者血脂代谢情况。结果 HbA1c与TC、TG呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0.05）,与LDL-C关系不明显。结论随HbA1c水平升高,TC、TG水平升高,HDL-C水平降低,LDL-C改变不明显。     

绝经后女性不同空腹血糖水平和体质量指数与骨密度 的相关性研究

目的探讨绝经后女性不同空腹血糖水平和体质量指数(bone mass index, BMI)与骨密度的相关性。方法纳入202名绝经后妇女作为受试者,其中42例为2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者(即T2DM组),160名为非2型糖尿病患者(即健康对照组)。通过双能X射线吸收测定法(DXA)获得其腰椎和股骨颈的骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)数据,并记录其他相关的临床和实验室数据,分析相关变量之间的相关性。结果 T2DM组的BMD显著高于对照组(P0.05);通过空腹血糖和HbA1c水平比较受试者骨质疏松症的患病率时,发现骨质疏松症的患病率随血糖和HbA1c升高而显著降低;此外,T2DM组腰椎和股骨颈的BMD明显高于对照组(P0.05);同时发现骨质疏松症与糖尿病、BMI和饮酒呈负相关,但与年龄、既往骨折史以及肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织的其他疾病呈正相关;在调整上述因素后,糖尿病与骨质疏松症之间的关联仍然具有统计学意义(P0.05);T2DM与骨质疏松症发病率相关且与BMI不相关(P0.05)。结论与健康对照组相比,T2DM患者腰椎和股骨颈的BMD均较高且不受BMI影响。此外,骨质疏松症的患病率随血糖和HbA1c升高而显著降低。     

糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与心血管疾病相关性研究进展

背景 糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)以血糖升高为特征,血糖升高是心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)的连续危险因子. 目的 就DM患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与CVD的相关性进行综述. 内容 DM患者中有70％以上死于CVD.HbA1c反映受检者近2～3个月的平均血糖水平,是评价DM患者长期血糖控制的金标准.有研究显示,HbA1c与DM并发CVD密切相关. 趋向 对HbA1c的深入研究,将为早期防治DM患者CVD的发生提供更加广泛的依据.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术治疗肥胖合并2型糖尿病的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)治疗肥胖合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年1月60例肥胖患者的临床资料。根据是否合并T2DM的情况分为两组,即T2DM组(30例)和无T2DM组(30例),两组均行LSG治疗。采用SPSS24.0统计学软件进行分析,体重、血糖、血脂等指标变化以■表示,独立t检验。P0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果两组患者术后体重、BMI、腰围、臀围均明显低于术前,术后1、3、6、12个月随时间呈不断降低趋势。两组患者之间相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。T2DM组术后3个月空腹葡萄糖(FPG)≤6.9 mmol/L、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)7.0%水平均明显降至正常(P0.05);两组患者胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素等疗效评价指标均低于术前水平(P0.05)。两组患者术后胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均明显低于术前,术后1、3、6、12个月随时间呈降低趋势,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)高于术前,随时间呈升高趋势(P0.05);两组患者之间相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 LSG治疗肥胖合并T2DM安全、可靠、疗效显著,不仅明显减轻体重而且还能改善或治愈T2DM,可推广。     

2型糖尿病伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的延续护理

目的探讨延续护理对2型糖尿病伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者干预效果及生存质量的影响。方法将100例2型糖尿病伴OSAHS患者按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组给予常规出院健康指导,观察组在此基础上实施为期6个月的延续护理。分别在干预前、干预后3个月及6个月测量患者的糖化血红蛋白水平(HbA1c)、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI),并采用糖尿病特异性生存质量量表(DSQL)及Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)进行调查。结果 82例患者完成研究,干预3个月后,观察组HbA1c、DSQL总得分及心理功能、社会关系2个维度得分显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);干预6个月后,观察组HbA1c、呼吸暂停低通气程度、白天嗜睡程度、DSQL总得分及各个维度得分显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论长期有效的延续护理可以提高2型糖尿病伴OSAHS患者的治疗效果,改善其生存质量。     

腹腔镜下Roux-en-Y胃旁路术治疗肥胖型2型糖尿病疗效观察

探讨腹腔镜下Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(LRYGB)治疗肥胖型2型糖尿病(T2DM)的疗效。以2010年8月—2014年10月在我院消化中心接受LRYGB的30例肥胖型T2DM患者为研究对象,于术前及术后1、3、6、14个月取静脉血,检测肥胖相关指标:体重、体重指数(BMI)、腰围、多余体重减少率(EWL);T2DM代谢相关指标:空腹及餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、C肽水平;计算T2DM缓解率和LRYGB术后相关并发症发生率。30例患者均顺利完成LRYGB,平均手术时间(96±28)min,出血量(42±6)m L,无严重并发症发生。术后3、6、14个月时,患者体重、腹围、BMI明显下降,而空腹及餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c从术后1个月开始即明显下降,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3、6、14个月时BMI、空腹血糖均较术后1个月显著下降(P0.05);而血清C肽水平在各时点差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在减重方面,术后3、6、14个月EWL分别为(76.1±34.0)%、(79.6±45.0)%和(52.7±32.0)%;在T2DM缓解率方面,完全缓解率达83%。LRYGB治疗肥胖型T2DM可以在短期内减重并改善糖代谢。     

护理志愿者家庭访视对居家不出老年人的影响

目的探讨护理志愿者家庭访视对居家不出老年人干预的效果。方法将84例符合纳入与排除标准的居家不出老年人随机分为干预组与对照组各42例。干预组接受为期3个月的护理志愿者家庭访视:第1个月每周1次,第2、3个月每2周1次;对照组实施常规的自我照护和家庭照护。结果干预组干预后日常生活活动能力、抑郁、社会支持得分与干预前和对照组同期水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);干预组干预后居家不出率显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论护理志愿者家庭访视可减少老年人居家不出率及其抑郁表现,提高日常生活活动能力及社会支持,是对老年人居家不出实行干预的有效护理措施。     

群组管理模式在社区老年2型糖尿病患者中的应用

目的探讨群组管理模式在社区老年2型糖尿病患者中的应用效果,为开展社区糖尿病健康管理提供依据。方法将老年2型糖尿病患者109例,按照所属小区分为观察组(55例)和对照组(54例)。对照组按照社区慢性病常规管理模式进行健康管理;观察组实施群组管理模式,每月1次,干预5个月。比较两组干预前后糖尿病知识、自我管理及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的变化。结果干预后两组糖尿病知识及自我管理总分较干预前均增加,观察组显著优于对照组(均P0.05)。两组干预后HbA1c比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但6个月随访时,观察组HbA1c下降幅度(1.31%)大于对照组(0.96%)。结论群组管理模式可显著提高社区老年2型糖尿病患者的疾病相关知识水平和自我管理水平,有利于患者血糖控制。     

老年男性2型糖尿病患者骨质疏松调查及与体质量指数、糖化血红蛋白、病程和肾功能关系研究

目的探讨老年男性2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者骨质疏松发生情况及与体质量指数(bone mass index, BMI)、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、病程和肾功能的相关性,为其防治提供指导。方法选取我院2016年3月至2018年5月收治的443例老年男性T2DM患者及443名老年男性健康体检者,采用双能X线吸收测定仪检测患者的骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD),统计骨质疏松发生情况;同时测定T2DM患者的BMI、HbA1c、病程和肾功能情况。采用单因素和Logistic多元回归分析探讨年龄、病程、BMI、HbA1c和肾功能指标与老年男性T2DM患者发生骨质疏松的相关性。结果443例老年男性T2DM患者中并发骨质疏松有182例,发生率为4108%,明显高于健康体检者的1287%(P005);骨质疏松患者年龄、病程、HbA1c、血清胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)、血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、尿微量白蛋白(urine microalbumin,U-mAlb)均显著高于非骨质疏松患者(P005),BMI明显低于非骨质疏松患者(P005)。Logistic多元回归分析显示,老年男性T2DM发生骨质疏松与年龄、病程、HbA1c、CysC、BUN、Cr、U-mAlb呈显著正相关关系(P005),而与BMI呈显著负相关关系(P005)。结论老年男性T2DM患者骨质疏松发生率明显升高;高龄、长病程、低BMI、血糖控制不佳及肾功能损伤者更易罹患骨质疏松。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.