儿科急诊信息化二次分诊流程的建立

目的探讨信息化二次分诊流程在儿科急诊中的实践效果。方法抽取2018年1～3月就诊的400例患儿设为对照组,实施传统的分诊流程;2018年5～7月就诊的400例患儿设为观察组,实施信息化二次分诊流程就诊(设二次分诊岗及巡诊岗、建立信息智能化二次分诊系统和信息化二次分诊流程)。比较两组患儿家属满意度、急诊患儿候诊时间及患儿候诊期间意外事件发生率。结果观察组患儿家属满意度较对照组显著提高,观察组患儿候诊期间意外事件发生率及急诊患儿候诊时间较对照组显著下降(P0.05,P0.01)。结论信息化二次分诊流程能有效保证危急重症患儿得到及时、有效的治疗,降低儿科急诊患儿在候诊期间病情变化导致意外事件的发生率,缩短候诊等候时间,提高候诊患儿家属满意度。     

急诊分诊标准的制定与实施

目的 制定病情分诊标准,提高患者就诊满意度.方法 根据危急、危重、紧急、不紧急4类病情制定急诊分诊标准并实施.结果 实施分诊标准后,患者满意率较实施前同期明显提高,仅1例患者对候诊时间表示不满.结论 急诊分诊标准为危急重症患者提供了最佳的就诊流程,兼顾到普通患者的利益,提高了急诊满意度.     

急诊分诊标准的制定与实施

目的制定病情分诊标准,提高患者就诊满意度。方法根据危急、危重、紧急、不紧急4类病情制定急诊分诊标准并实施。结果实施分诊标准后,患者满意率较实施前同期明显提高,仅1例患者对候诊时间表示不满。结论急诊分诊标准为危急重症患者提供了最佳的就诊流程,兼顾到普通患者的利益,提高了急诊满意度。     

门诊预约输液的实践

目的 缓解门诊输液室高峰期排队等候时间较长的现象,优化门诊输液服务.方法 将门诊输液2d以上的患者分为对照组和观察组各300例.对照组采用常规输液流程,观察组分析门诊输液流程存在的主要问题并制订预约服务流程,开展预约输液服务.结果 观察组患者排队等候时间显著短于对照组,患者满意度调查7个条目中5个条目的满意度显著高于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 实行预约输液能够缩短门诊患者输液等候时间,提高患者满意度.     

无线预约系统在预约输液中的应用

目的探讨无线预约系统在门诊输液室预约输液中的应用效果。方法采用无线预约系统为2d及以上的输液患者提供免费预约,在使用预约软件系统前后各随机抽取100例预约患者,比较患者满意度、输液等候时间及年差错发生率。结果运用无线预约系统后患者等候时间缩短,患者满意度提高,输液差错发生率显著减少(均P0.01)。结论采用无线预约系统进行预约输液可优化输液流程,降低护理风险,提高门诊护理服务质量。     

心血管病专科门诊实施患者诊前教育研究

目的 探讨心血管病专科门诊实施诊前教育的效果.方法 将176例患者随机分为观察组(94例)和对照组(82例).观察组实施健康教育,由工作3年以上护师主动一对一向患者介绍其挂号的专家情况,就诊卡的用处,收费标准,大致等候时间,就诊前准备及进入诊间配合等内容,同时针对患者的病情做健康指导.对照组患者挂号后将挂号条交给护士,然后等待就诊,候诊期间护师被动回答患者提出的问题.结果 观察组初诊患者第一次就诊时间较对照组缩短(P<0.01);对护理服务满意度显著高于对照组(均P<0.01);抱怨发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 诊前教育的开展对提高门诊患者对护理服务的满意度,减轻患者候诊期间的负性情绪有重要意义,同时对缩短初诊患者就医时间起着重要作用.     

门诊复诊患者分时预约就诊的实践

目的缩短门诊患者候诊的时间,提高护理服务质量。方法在口腔科门诊实施分时预约就诊服务,包括周密计划、广泛宣传,制定流程和制度并实施。结果门诊分时预约服务1年后,患者挂号和候诊时间缩短,满意度显著提高(均P<0.01),护理质量指标提升。结论门诊分时预约就诊,可节省患者候诊时间,提高患者满意度和医疗资源利用率,提高医疗护理质量。     

儿科急诊预检分诊流程的改良

目的 为提高儿科急诊预检分诊效率,缩短患儿候诊时间、提高患儿家属满意度.方法 对儿科急诊室进行环境、预检工具和仪器配置,并对预检分诊流程进行改良.结果 每例患儿的预检时间由过去的5 min缩短至3 min.改良前（2009年）统计有6例患儿在候诊中发生病情恶化,改良后2010年发生3例、2011年2例、2012年1例.结论 改良后的预检分诊流程有助于患儿合理分流,可缩短患儿候诊时间,提高患儿的救治成功率及其家属满意度.     

心血管病专科门诊实施患者诊前教育研究

目的探讨心血管病专科门诊实施诊前教育的效果。方法将176例患者随机分为观察组（94例）和对照组（82例）。观察组实施健康教育，由工作3年以上护师主动一对一向患者介绍其挂号的专家情况，就诊卡的用处。收费标准，大致等候时间．就诊前准备及进入诊问配合等内容，同时针对患者的病情做健康指导。对照组患者挂号后将挂号条交给护士，然后等待就诊，候诊期间护师被动回答患者提出的问题。结果观察组初诊患者第一次就诊时间较对照组缩短（P〈0．01）；对护理服务满意度显著高于对照组（均P〈0．01）；抱怨发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论诊前教育的开展对提高门诊患者对护理服务的满意度，减轻患者候诊期间的负性情绪有重要意义．同时对缩短初诊患者就医时间起着重要作用。     

急诊抢救缓冲区的设立与效果评价

目的探讨设立急诊抢救缓冲区对急诊科拥挤现象的缓解作用。方法选取2015年1~6月的二级抢救患者作为对照组,选取2016年1~6月的二级抢救患者作为观察组。对照组在急诊室施行传统急救,观察组在急诊公共区域开辟抢救缓冲区,采用医护联合分诊,即时检验,再造抢救流程等方法。对两组的候诊时间、滞留时间、120担架滞留时间,以及对患者满意度、医生及护士满意度调查进行统计评价。结果与对照组比较,观察组患者候诊时间平均缩短2.28min,患者滞留时间平均缩短4.86h,患者满意度、医生满意度、护士满意度差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论采用抢救缓冲区,优化急诊护理流程,缩短了二级患者的候诊及治疗时间,加速了科室和院内分流,提高了工作效率,患者满意度得到了提升;缓解了急诊拥堵现象,维持了抢救室良好的秩序,医生及护士的满意度大大提高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.