颈、胸和腰部硬膜外麻醉对血浆利多卡因的浓度

局麻药可引起全身中毒反应。有些报道指出血浆局麻药的浓度不同,并认为其毒性可能与注射部位有关。还有人报道在腰部和骶部硬膜外注药后血浆局麻药的浓度不同,但在颈、胸和腰部硬膜外麻醉时血浆局麻药的浓度尚无对照资料。为此,作者在三个不同部位的硬膜外间隙注射常规剂量的利多卡因后,对血浆利多卡因的浓度进行了测定。作者选择30例预定行全麻加颈、胸和腰部硬膜外麻醉的病人进行了研究。病人年龄分布,体重,身高均无明显的差別。其中10例颈部硬膜外麻醉行     

吸脂术应用含肾上腺素的大剂量低浓度利多卡因时血浆利多卡因水平的测定

吸脂术应用含肾上腺素的大剂量低浓度利多卡因时血浆利多卡因水平的测定整形手术常在局麻下进行，局麻药的毒性作用常限制这种麻醉的应用。毒性作用与血浆最高浓度、局麻药类型、药物浓度、剂量、注射部位和速度以及是否含血管收缩药等因素有关。随机选取１２例健康女性，...     

硬膜外微电脑输液泵注药与常规推注和滴注给药麻醉的比较

４４例胃或胆囊切除术病人根据硬膜外腔给药方法随机分为泵输注组，持续滴注组和常规推沆组。在泵输注和滴注组，首次量２％利多卡因经硬膜外导管以１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ输入，首次时进入后以１／２首次量／ｈ持续输入，直到术毕，推注组首次量以１ｍｌ／３ｓ经硬膜导管推注以后每间隔１ｈ追加１／２首次量。麻醉起效时间和阻滞范围无明显差别。作者指出硬膜外腔泵输注给药方法简化，初步实现给药自动化，不影响膜外腔的扩散。     

曲马多治疗剖宫产硬膜外麻醉后寒战的临床观察

剖宫产硬膜外麻醉后寒战 ,可给产妇及胎儿带来不良影响。本文对曲马多经静脉或硬膜外腔注射治疗该类寒战的效果进行临床观察。资料与方法一般资料　 45例剖宫产患者在相同室温 (2 0～ 2 2℃ )下手术 ,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,年龄 2 3～ 35岁 ,体重 45～ 6 0ｋｇ ,术前均无心肺疾病史及胎儿宫内窘迫 ,未服用过镇痛药、抗抑郁药或皮质激素。麻醉均用连续硬膜外麻醉穿刺点Ｌ1～ 2 或Ｌ2～ 3 ,局麻药 2 %利多卡因 10～ 14ｍｌ,分次注入硬膜外腔。术中面罩吸氧。分组与方法　本文 45例均为硬膜外腔注射局麻药出现麻醉平面并在胎儿取出前出现不同程度寒…     

硬膜外麻醉围术期意外低体温

全麻围术期体温过低致苏醒延迟时有报道 ,但是在硬膜外麻醉围术期由于意外的低体温而导致意识障碍罕见 ,本文现报告 1例如下。患者男 ,6 0岁 ,胆囊癌。术前检查心、肺正常 ,肝功能多项指标异常 ,在连续硬膜外麻醉下行胰十二指肠切除术。术前用药为地西泮 10ｍｇ、阿托品 0 5ｍｇ肌注 ,入室后Ｔ8～ 9椎间隙穿刺 ,置管顺利 ,硬膜外推注 2 %利多卡因 5ｍｌ试验量 ,5ｍｉｎ后无局麻药中毒反应及腰麻征 ,追加 2 %利多卡因8ｍｌ,测平面Ｔ3 ～Ｔ11,氟芬合剂 2ｍｌ静注 ,持续面罩吸氧 ,监测ＢＰ、ＥＣＧ及ＳｐＯ2 。 0 75 %布比卡因每次 6～ 7ｍｌ…     

连续硬膜外输注利多卡因的临床及药代动力学研究

通过对间断追加药物组与连续输注组的临床及药代动力学的观察比较，了解持续硬膜外输注利多卡因在临床麻醉中应用的可行性。结果表明：采用持续硬膜外输注法同样可维持良好的镇痛与肌松作用，且无明显不良反应。其血浆利多卡因浓度与间断给药组无显著差异。但间断给药组药－时曲线波动明显，而输注组药－时曲线平稳。药代动力学参数除消除半衰期和表观分布容积有显著差异外，余参数无临床生理意义的差异。本研究证实，持续输注法是临床硬膜外阻滞的可行且安全的方法之一。     

2308例骶管阻滞的并发症

本组2308例,男2093,女215,年龄12～18岁,均为肛门会阴部手术。麻醉均采用经骶裂孔穿刺单次阻滞法,局麻药常用三种:①2％普鲁卡因20～40ml,②1.3～2％利多卡因15～30ml,③2％利多卡因和0.3％丁卡因混合液15～30ml。老年或体质状况差者局麻药浓度和剂量酌减。本组共发生麻醉并发症139例,占6％,其中局麻药毒性反应99例,严重低血压12例,诱发高血压13例,发生高平面脊麻3例,高平面硬膜外阻滞1例,明显骶管出血5例,术后排尿困难4例,穿刺部位疼痛2例。在局麻药毒性反应99例(4.3％)中,有8例症状较重,2例惊厥,2例一过性意识丧失,3例烦躁不安,1例严重恶心呕吐;余91例症状较轻,主要症状有嗜睡、眩晕、视力模糊、寒战、胸闷、心悸等。多数在注药后10～15min后发生,少数在注药后3～5min即刻出现症状。我们体会,术前给以巴比妥类药物,有利于预防局     

肾移植术患者连续腰麻的效果

目的评价肾移植术患者连续腰麻（CSA）的效果。方法择期肾移植术患者24例，ASAⅢ级，随机分为3组（n=8），DCEA组：L1-2与L3-4间隙硬膜外穿刺，注入2％利多卡因试验剂量5ml，初始剂量10—20ml（0．75％布比卡因＋2％利多卡因，1：1混合液）；CSEA组：L1-2间隙硬膜外穿刺，L3.4间隙经硬膜外针行腰麻穿刺，注入重比重0.5％布比卡因10～13mg，调节体位和硬膜外给药量（0．75％布比卡因＋2％利多卡因，1：1混合液）；CSA组：L3.4间隙经硬膜外针行腰麻穿刺，注入重比重0．5％布比卡因10～13mg，根据阻滞平面给药2—4mg，次。3组目标阻滞平面k，记录入手术室后（基础值）和首剂量局麻药注入后1、5、10、15minSP、DP、MAP、HR。于麻醉前（T1）、移植肾植入髂窝后即刻（T2）、手术结束（T3）测血糖；记录开始注入局麻药至出现满意阻滞平面的时间、肌松程度、肾脏植入髂窝后患者不适感和局麻药总量。结果与CSEA组比较，阻滞平面达T6时间DCEA组延长（P〈0．05），局麻药总量DCEA组增多，CSA组减少（P〈0．05）。3组血糖比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。镇痛效应及肌松程度CSA组优于DCEA组和CSEA组。结论与硬膜外阻滞和脊椎．硬膜外联合阻滞相比，肾移植术患者连续腰麻产生较好的镇痛、肌松效果，且局麻药用量较少。     

硬膜外阻滞侧卧位注药在肛肠手术中的应用

目的观察硬膜外阻滞侧卧位注药在侧卧位肛肠手术的麻醉效果。方法选择择期行侧卧位肛肠科手术患者60例,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各30例。2组均在侧卧位下硬膜外穿刺,置管,试验组患者穿刺成功后,不改变体位给予局麻药,对照组穿刺成功后,改平卧位后给予局麻药,2组均缓慢注入2%利多卡因3ml作为试验剂量,注入0.2%罗哌卡因10ml为首次剂量,如果出现阻滞不全或效果欠佳则给予静脉辅助药。记录患者麻醉前(T0),给药后5min(T1)、10 min(T2)、手术开始时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)HR、MAP和SPO2。记录每位患者麻醉效果及术中辅助用药。结果2组患者的年龄、体质量和性别均无显著性差异(P0.05)。2组间各时间点HR、MAP和SPO2比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组间麻醉效果和辅助药使用无显著差异。结论硬膜外阻滞在侧卧位注入0.2%罗哌卡因,在侧卧位肛肠手术中的应用是便捷和安全有效的。     

预充回流试验法预防硬膜外局麻药毒性反应与提高阻滞成功率的临床研究

目的 观察探讨预充回流试验法用于预防硬膜外局麻药毒性反应与提高硬膜外阻滞成功率的可行性.方法 择期硬膜外麻醉手术患者2 000例,所有患者均左侧卧位,采用直入法穿刺进针,以气泡压缩法确认进入硬膜外腔后,硬膜外腔内留置导管5 cm,导管末端连接装有盐水的玻璃注射器.对照1 ml/2 s的推注力度,测试导管阻力,同时硬膜外腔内导管退至3 cm.回抽玻璃注射器无脑脊液或血液,即硬膜外腔预充注入生理盐水3 ml,观察1 min玻璃注射器内有无问流液.观察回流液性状(-清;+微红;++显红;+++深红;++++血性)5 min,回流液性状为(+++)以下,给予试验量、维持量完成手术.观察记录麻醉全程回流液性状,麻醉效果和并发症发生情况.结果 预充回流液与麻醉效果存在相关关系.1例患者手术开始42 min发现回流液为血液,停止硬膜外注药,有效避免了局麻药毒性反应.所有患者均未出现神经、脊髓损伤,有1例患者术毕回流液为血液.结论 预充回流试验法可作为硬膜外麻醉成功的可靠指征,有效避免局麻药毒性反应,及时监测、处理硬膜外血肿的发生.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.