选择性输卵管造影术和导管术

选择性经阴道子宫输卵管造影术和输卵管再通术的应用使不孕症的诊断和治疗取得了突破性的进展。选择性经阴道输卵管造影术是先通过子宫腔将导管置放于输卵管口 ,注入造影剂显影 ,用于诊断输卵管痉挛和梗阻及两者的鉴别。输卵管再通是运用导管和导丝将近端梗阻的输卵管通开。输卵管再通术的成功率为 71%～ 92 % ,术后受孕率平均为 30 %左右。选择性经阴道子宫输卵管造影术和再通术的联合应用 ,改善了因输卵管梗阻所致不孕症患者的治疗。目前 ,学者正在探索将此导管技术用于输卵管绝育。现将此技术发展作一综述。     

选择性输卵管造影和再通术对输卵管阻塞性不孕的疗效分析

为提高子宫输卵管疾病诊疗手术的成功率，降低其并发症，2002年我们在美国COOK公司生产的非手术性子宫输卵管治疗器的基础上改良并研制了性能更加完善的子宫输卵管诊疗器并获得专利（专利号01244229．1）。此器械操作方便，成功率高，安全可靠，价格低廉，有较好的应用前景。2002年我院分别应用COOK公司的仪器和我们研制的仪器施行选择性输卵管造影与输卵管再通术，取得了满意效果，现报告如下。     

输卵管卵巢脓肿的诊断鉴别诊断及治疗

输卵管卵巢脓肿可以发生在急性输卵管炎初次发病之后，也可发生在慢性附件炎屡次发作之后，甚而也可存在于无症状的妇女。脓肿多位于子宫后方或阔韧带后叶，与膀胱、肠管和大网膜等器官粘连，有时可穿破这些器官。若脓液入腹腔，则引起弥漫性腹膜炎，如不及时诊断和正确处...     

一次性无菌双腔尿管在输卵管通液术及造影术中的应用

输卵管通液术及造影术是测定和检查输卵管通畅情况的一种方法，并在临床上用于治疗原发或继发不孕症疑有输卵管阻塞及输卵管绝育行复通术后的诊治。目前所采用的方法大多是手推式或输卵管自动通渡仪进行输卵管通液或造影。而应用的传统通液导管     

输卵管病变诊断和治疗的新方法

输卵管镜是90年初发展起来的一种用于诊断输卵管通畅性的新型的内窥镜技术，是唯一一种对输卵管内膜病变及程度进行直接评价的方法，可了解输卵管腔内正常解剖生理及病理学改变，提高对输卵管病变诊断的准确性，明确输卵管阻塞原因并决定治疗方案，具有创伤性小，直接诊断，手术时间短、成功率高，并发症少，可门诊应用等优点，是过去20年诊断和治疗输卵管性不育最重要的进展。     

原发性输卵管恶性肿瘤的诊断及治疗

原发性输卵管恶性肿瘤是妇科癌瘤中较少见的一种,术前诊断困难,手术切除是治疗的根本方法,细胞减灭术配合术后化疗,特别以顺铂为主的联合化疗可提高存活率,放射治疗的效果仍有争议。     

选择性输卵管造影和再通术1006例随访分析

目的 探讨选择性输卵管造影(SSG)和输卵管再通术(FTR)治疗不孕症的临床疗效和实用价值。方法 对1006例经子宫输卵管造影(HSG)检查诊断为输卵管不同部位、不同程度梗阻的不孕症患者,用自制同轴导管行SSG和FTR,统计1年内的妊娠率和输卵管通畅度治疗的有效率,并结合术前、术后HSG及术中输卵管动态观察结果进行综合分析。结果 输卵管腔完全梗阻315例,共601条输卵管(部分患者曾因各种原因行一侧输卵管切除,完全梗阻组),528条获管腔再通,再通率87．9%．其中35.4％(187条)仅行SSG即获再通,64．6％(341条)在SSG同时行FTR获再通。术后1年内妊娠率为39．9％,异位妊娠发生率2,7％,管腔再闭塞率1．8%;未获再通者中4例为结核性输卵管炎,3例结节性输卵管炎,9例阻塞于峡部,末端呈杵状改变,6例阻塞于壶腹部和伞部,10例输卵管纤维化。管腔不全梗阻691例(不全梗阻组),其中输卵管通而欠畅105例,通而不畅357例,通而极不畅229例,行SSG术后共发现65例术前HSG结果对伞部粘连的诊断有误。1年内妊娠率随访显示,输卵管通而欠畅者为53.6％,通而不畅者为45.7%,通而极不畅者为26,8％,异位妊娠发生率1．4％。术后1年行HSG复查,治疗有效率(管腔通畅度好转)86．9％。两组中经SSG诊断伞端粘连明显或周围包裹形成者共有16例,同时进行了腹腔镜治疗,其手术符合率97．1％。结论 SSG和FTR对输卵管性不孕具有诊断和治疗双重作用,且简便、安全,疗效可靠,值得临床推广。     

重视输卵管疾病的诊断和治疗

 输卵管作为一个独立的组织器官具有重要的作用，它不仅仅是卵巢和子宫之间的桥梁，还有其他我们已知或未知的功能。输卵管疾病，无论是解剖病理的变异，还是临床表现都极为复杂多变。其复杂性及疑难程度不亚于其他任何一类的妇科疾病。本文就输卵管疾病的诊断和治疗中的一些问题做一探讨，意在提高临床对该类疾病的重视和诊疗质量。     

输卵管再通术联合腹腔镜子术治疗中远端输卵管阻塞

输卵管阻塞是造成女性不孕的诸多因素中最常见的一种。约占20％～40％。在输卵管阻塞中，近端阻塞占20％～45％。通过选择性输卵管造影术(SSG)和输卵管再通术(FTR)可以获得很高的输卵管再通率。中远端阻塞占35％～80％，仅通过SSG和FTR治疗，再通率较低(约45％)。受孕率更低。我院自1999年开始，对部分患者在     

The learning curve of selective salpingography and tubal catheterization

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of increasing experience in fluoroscopically guided selective salpingography and tubal catheterization on radiation doses and screening times, thus establishing a learning curve for the procedure. DESIGN: Retrospective case note analysis. SETTING: IVF center of an academic teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Three hundred sixty-six patients with infertility seen over 3.5 years. INTERVENTION(S): Fluoroscopically guided selective salpingography and tubal catheterization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Reductions in radiation doses and screening times for different categories of selective salpingography and tubal catheterization, expressed as percentage reductions during the study period and reductions per 10 procedures. RESULT(S): During the study period, The median dose of radiation decreased by 62.6%-71.9%, and the median screening time declined by 61.5%-78.5%. Reductions per 10 procedures were 2.5%-4.2% and 2.7%-5%, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Significant reductions in radiation doses and screening times start early in a clinical team's practice of selective salpingography and tubal catheterization and continue even as trainees are added to the pool of operators.     

Selective salpingography: preliminary experience of an office operative option for proximal tubal recanalization

Objective

To evaluate treatment efficacy and patient acceptability of the new Radiographic Tubal Assessment Set (RTAS) (Cook Ireland Ltd., Limerick, Ireland) for selective salpingography (SSG).

Study design

33 women, between 23 and 38 years old, referred to the Fertility Centre of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Second University of Naples, for sterility problems, underwent an office operative SSG with the RTAS. Of the 33 women, 12 had bilateral tubal obstruction (Group A) and 21 had unilateral tubal obstruction (Group B). Patients who did not regain tubal patency were referred for laparoscopic surgery. To verify patient acceptability, a visual analogue score (VAS 1-10) of pain was completed immediately after the procedure.

Results

From a total of 45 obstructed fallopian tubes, 34 were recanalized, giving a success rate for the procedure of 75.6% (p < 0.001). Nine patients with bilateral tubal obstruction (Group A) had the tubes recanalized and five obtained a spontaneous pregnancy. Sixteen patients with monolateral tubal obstruction (Group B) had the tubes recanalized and nine obtained a spontaneous pregnancy. A total of seven patients were sent for operative laparoscopy: four of them had the tubes recanalized and two obtained a spontaneous pregnancy. One patient was lost to follow-up. The evaluation of the level of pain felt during the procedure on the 10 cm VAS showed mean pelvic pain 2.9 ± 2.2, and an incidence of no discomfort ± low pain significantly higher than moderate ± severe pain (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The RTAS can be considered a safe and effective tool to perform this office operative procedure for tubal recanalization, with a high acceptability for the patient. The “see and treat” approach in patients with proximal tubal obstruction (PTO) suggests for the future the use of this device under sonographic guidance, taking into account accurate patient selection.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic value of selective salpingography and tubal catheterization in an unselected infertile population

OBJECTIVE: To present diagnostic findings and fertility outcome after selective salpingography and tubal catheterization in an unselected infertile population. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary reproductive medicine unit. PATIENT(S): One hundred ten consecutive infertile women. No exclusion criteria were applied. Follow-up ranged from 16 to 54 months. INTERVENTION(S): Selective salpingography and tubal catheterization under fluoroscopic guidance as the primary test for the assessment of the fallopian tubes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Incidence of tubal disease at selective salpingography, therapeutic effectiveness of tubal catheterization, and fertility outcome after the procedure. RESULT(S): Tubal disease was present in 31.4% of the tubes examined. Of tubes proximally blocked at selective salpingography, 52.1% were found to be normal after tubal catheterization. Proximal tubal blockage (bilateral or unilateral) was detected in 34.8% of women. This was reduced to 5.5% after tubal catheterization. Spontaneous conceptions occurred in 21.9% of the women. In total, 36.2% conceived without IVF or ICSI. CONCLUSION(S): Selective salpingography and tubal catheterization can be useful as a primary tubal assessment tool in the investigation of infertility. In cases of proximal tubal blockage, an effective see-and-treat approach can be adopted. More research into the possible therapeutic benefits of the procedure is justified.     

碘油造影、宫腔镜下输卵管通液诊断输卵管性不孕的临床价值

目的：比较碘油造影（HSG）和宫腔镜下输卵管插管通液（HH）两种方法诊断输卵管性不孕的临床价值。方法：按纳入标准随机抽取2009年11月—2011年11月就诊曾行输卵管碘油造影（HSG）不孕症患者1 452例,行B型超声监护下无痛HH,诊断输卵管性不孕的患者行宫腹腔镜联合探查术。诊断输卵管通畅建议调整试妊娠,如1年仍未自然妊娠行宫腹腔镜联合探查术,以宫腹腔镜探查术结果为金标准比较HSG、HH对输卵管性不孕的诊断符合率。结果：HH和宫腹腔镜诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的符合率为86.1%（2 500/2 904）,HH诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的敏感度为98.7%（2 370/2 401）,特异度为58.6%（295/503）。HSG和宫腹腔镜诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的符合率为74.3%（2 130/2 866）,HSG诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的敏感度为93.7%（2 252/2 404）,特异度为42.4%（196/462）,两者诊断符合率差异存在统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论：HH检查输卵管通畅度较HSG更为精确,而且HH对患者身体无明显损害,并可诊治宫腔内异常情况,故作为输卵管性不孕的初筛实验更具有优越性。     

532例不孕症行子宫输卵管碘油造影的临床应用评价

目的:评价子宫输卵管碘油造影术(HSG)在女性不孕症的应用价值.方法:对达州市生殖医院2009年1月至2010年5月532例女性不孕症患者行HSG的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较20 ～ 30岁和≥31岁不同年龄段子宫显影和输卵管显影情况及HSG术中、术后的不良反应和随访其后的妊娠结局.结果:①宫腔形态异常109例(20.5％),其中≥31岁年龄段宫腔粘连所占比例(24.5％)高于20 ～ 30岁(14.5％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).输卵管阻塞196例(36.8％),其中≥31岁年龄段输卵管阻塞比例(62.9％)明显高于20 ～30岁(17.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②术中所有患者均有不同程度的疼痛,能忍受,有4例出现呛咳、心慌;术中和术后均无大出血、感染、输卵管破裂、过敏性休克发生.③成功随访94例患者1年,自然受孕17例(18.1％).结论:HSG发生不良反应少,可以明确显示子宫形态、输卵管目前状态、阻塞部位,表明有很好的临床应用价值.对大于31岁的不孕症患者建议首先进行HSG检查,为下一步诊疗提供帮助.     

输卵管通畅性检查方法的临床进展

临床中检查输卵管是否通畅的方法有输卵管通液术、子宫输卵管X线造影(hysterosalpingography,HSG)、子宫输卵管超声造影(hysterosalpingo contrast sonography,HyCoSy)和腹腔镜输卵管通液术检查。输卵管通液术因其盲通、不可视的缺点已较少应用于临床。HSG根据碘油对比剂分布评价输卵管的通畅性,目前是输卵管通畅性检查的首选方法,但会出现对比剂不良反应及辐射损伤。腹腔镜输卵管通液术检查作为输卵管是否通畅的"金标准",因其价格高昂不作为输卵管检查的首选方法。HyCoSy因其实时动态、可视化、无辐射等优点已成为研究热点,随着超声造影剂的发展及低压推注泵和压力监测仪在临床中的应用,HyCoSy有望超越HSG成为输卵管通畅性检查的首选方法。     

生殖相关输卵管疾病的微创手术进展

任何不孕夫妇都希望通过寻求一切合理的治疗手段来实现妊娠。其中20%以上夫妇是由于输卵管因素导致的不孕,这部分患者面临的治疗选择有：微创手术和体外受精（IVF）。大多数情况下,在这一决策过程中必须切实有效地比较这两种方法的疗效、不良反应及费用。目前证据显示,微创手术对于输卵管疏松粘连、轻微的远端输卵管梗阻、近端输卵管梗阻及输卵管妊娠的治疗更加有效。一个成功的输卵管修复手术不仅可以使不孕夫妇避免进一步的治疗,而且也获得了能够自然妊娠的心理优势。在IVF治疗前或过程中,根据输卵管病变进行个体化的微创手术治疗,可以提高IVF疗效、宫内妊娠率及活产率。IVF周期中异位妊娠的发病率高于自然人群,微创手术治疗异位妊娠不但创伤小,而且可以尽量减小对后续IVF疗效的影响。目前认为将微创手术和IVF综合运用,才能使不孕患者获得最佳的生育结局。     

Outpatient evaluation and treatment of tubal obstruction with selective salpingography and balloon tuboplasty

OBJECTIVE: To compare selective salpingography and balloon tuboplasty for the treatment of tubal obstruction. DESIGN: A retrospective evaluation of results of women treated for tubal obstruction by outpatient methods at a single center. SETTING: Tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospital. PATIENT(s): A total of 3,424 infertile women, of whom 418 had bilateral tubal obstruction by hysterosalpingography, treated at Nihon Medical Center from 1982 to 1997. INTERVENTION(s): Women with tubal obstructions who had visual evidence of an intact uterine tubal ostium at hysteroscopy were treated by selective salpingography. If selective salpingography could not establish patency, then transcervical balloon tuboplasty was performed with one of three catheter systems. Patients were followed expectantly for 1 year after treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(s): Postoperative tubal patency and overall pregnancy rates (PRs) at 1-year of follow-up. RESULT(s): The overall patency rate was 67.5%, with 30% of these patients conceiving (20.2% of all subjects). Selective salpingography was associated with a 35. 7% patency rate, and 27.3% of these patients conceived. Of the subjects who failed selective salpingography and underwent balloon tuboplasty, 66.2% achieved patency, of whom 33% spontaneously conceived. Balloon tuboplasty was effective in restoring patency in many cases after selective salpingography had failed. Statistically significant differences were found between selective salpingography and balloon tuboplasty and for the different balloon tuboplasty catheters in terms of patency rates, while a trend was seen for PRs. CONCLUSION(s): Many women diagnosed as having tubal obstruction can be treated by outpatient methods that do not require general anesthesia. Achieving patency by these methods is associated with high PRs and avoids the need for assisted reproductive technologies in some cases. Balloon tuboplasty is a more effective treatment than selective salpingography. The choice of balloon tuboplasty catheter system may affect success rates.     

腹腔镜监测下宫腔镜输卵管插管术治疗输卵管近端梗阻的疗效分析

目的：分析腹腔镜监测下宫腔镜输卵管插管术（laparoscopy-guided hysteroscopic tubal catheterization,LHTC）治疗输卵管近端梗阻的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2010年1月—2012年12月因单纯输卵管近端梗阻在中国人民武装警察部队后勤学院附属医院住院行LHTC的336例患者临床资料。术后随访2年,观察其术后妊娠率及妊娠结局。结果：LHTC术中总的输卵管复通率为54.70%,总的患者复通率为63.10%。术后至少一侧输卵管通畅组和未能复通组的术后2年自然妊娠率分别为43.40%和8.06%,活产率分别为33.96%和7.26%,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：行LHTC治疗输卵管近端梗阻的疗效确切,该术式可以作为治疗输卵管近端梗阻的首选方法。