食管癌CVC置管化疗患者导管相关血流感染的危险因素分析及护理措施研究

目的:分析食管癌中心静脉置管(CVC)化疗患者导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的危险因素,为其护理措施制定提供依据。方法:选取2016-01～2017-12我院50例食管癌CVC置管化疗引起CRBSI患者作为观察组,另选取同期食管癌CVC置管化疗未发生CRBSI患者50例作为对照组。对比两组一般资料,并以多因素Logistic分析食管癌患者CVC-CRBSI的危险因素。结果:两组年龄、性别、置管季节、单次置管穿刺次数及导管留置时间相比,均无明显差异(P0.05),但两组导管移动与否、白细胞计数、导管留置时间及化疗次数相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);经多因素回归分析可知,导管移动与否、白细胞计数、导管留置时间及化疗次数均为食管癌患者CVC-CRBSI危险因素(P0.05)。结论:导管移动与否、白细胞计数、导管留置时间及化疗次数均为食管癌患者CVC-CRBSI危险因素,针对危险因素及时予以预防性护理措施,有助于降低CVC-CRBSI发生风险。     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素研究

目的研究中心静脉导管相关性感染(CRBSI)的危险因素,为临床控制中心静脉导管相关性感染提供参考。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2013年6月医院不同重症监护病房(ICU)3 320例行中央静脉置管患者资料,调查CRBSI患者的危险因素,并应用单因素χ2、多因素logistic回归进行统计分析。结果 3 320例中心静脉置管患者中有98例发生感染,感染率为2.95%,主要集中在呼吸科ICU、外科ICU及神经内科ICU,感染率分别为38.78%、44.90%及9.18%;住ICU≥30d、股静脉置管、非急诊入院、有输血、住院天数≥30d等与导管相关性感染的发生存在密切的相关性,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析结果显示,住ICU≥30d、股静脉置管、非急诊入院、中心静脉置管≥30d、使用呼吸机≥30d、气管置管≥2次是感染发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论导致中心静脉导管感染与多种因素密切相关,在临床工作中应加强重点科室患者的防护,针对多因素结果采取相应的防护措施,以降低深静脉置管的感染率。     

重症监护病房患者导管相关性感染的危险因素分析与预防措施

目的研究重症监护病房患者导管相关性感染的危险因素及其临床防治措施,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法选取2014年10月-2016年12月医院重症监护病房收治的695例采用留置导管的患者进行研究,分析重症监护病房住院患者导管相关性感染的发生情况,以及感染病原菌的分布和危险因素,并总结相应的防治措施。结果 695例患者中发生感染的患者共103例,感染率为14.82%;共检出病原菌154株,主以革兰阴性菌为主,共83株占53.90%;logistic多元回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分)≥17分、血清白蛋白含量<30g/L、入住重症监护病房时间≥14d,导管留置时间≥7d,合并基础疾病均是患者发生导管相关性感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论重症监护病房患者发生导管相关性感染的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,诱发患者发生感染的危险因素较多,临床治疗过程中应根据相应情况给予具体的防治措施以减少该类患者的感染。     

重症监护病房血管内导管相关血流感染调查

目的探讨重症监护病房血管内导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)状况,为重症监护室内患者CRBSI的预防提供参考。方法收集2015年1月-2017年10月在医院重症监护室病房住院并行静脉置管的436例患者临床资料,回顾性地调查整理患者相关资料及血培养结果,并对其进行统计分析。结果 436例患者中23例确诊为CRBSI,发病率5.28%;年龄≥60岁、APACHE II评分≥25分、住ICU天数≥15d、置管天数≥15d、中心静脉置管时CRBSI发病率较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);23例患者均导管及血培养同时阳性,阳性率为100.00%,培养出病原菌26株,其中20例为单一病原菌感染,3例为混合病原菌感染;26株病原菌中14株为革兰阳性菌,10株为革兰阴性菌,2株为真菌,主要感染病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。结论重症监护病房静脉置管患者,引起CRBSI的病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,CRBSI发病率不容乐观,应针对感染高危因素进行预防,以降低CRBSI发病率。     

长期血液透析导管相关性血流感染风险预测模型构建

目的 调查长期血液透析导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)情况,并构建Logistic风险预测模型。方法 回顾性分析2019年12月-2020年12月潍坊市益都中心医院收治的长期留置导管的180例血液透析患者临床资料,分析CRBSI感染情况及病原菌分布,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析CRBSI危险因素,采用Logistic回归分析建立CRBSI感染风险预测模型,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,以曲线下面积(AUC)评估该模型的预测效果。结果 180例长期留置导管的血液透析患者CRBSI感染率为18.33%,感染病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主(63.04%),单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄>60岁、合并糖尿病、股静脉导管置管、透析时间≥3年、白蛋白水平<30 g/L是CRBSI感染的独立危险因素;长期留置导管的血液透析患者CRBSI感染的风险预测模型为P=1/1+e⁽[-(-4.496+1.018×(年龄)+0.824×(合并糖尿病)+1.181×(股静脉导管置管)+1.315×(透析时间≥3年)+0.697×(白蛋白水平<30...     

综合ICU双腔导管相关血流感染相关因素分析

目的了解重症监护病房(ICU)导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)的相关因素,为临床诊疗和防控提供科学依据。方法调查2015年1月-2017年12月医院综合ICU病房深静脉置管且置管时间48h的住院患者220例,对患者临床资料进行分析,归纳感染相关因素。结果深静脉导管使用率为82.32%(2416/2935),发生CRBSI 44例,发生CRBSI的平均置管时间为(17.98±23.55)天;共检出病原菌48株,其中革兰阳性菌20株占41.67%,革兰阴性菌15株占31.25%,真菌13株占27.08%。CRBSI患者病死率为40.91%(18/44)高于非CRBSI患者23.30%(41/176)(P=0.018);置管时间、插管次数、入住ICU时间、APACHEⅡ评分、置管部位、置管地点是发生CRBSI的相关因素(P0.05)。结论对ICU的中心静脉导管置管患者,应减少置管次数、每日评估尽早拔管、降低APACHEⅡ评分等因素采取相关防范措施。     

急诊重症监护病房中心静脉导管相关感染的病原学及危险因素分析

目的了解急诊重症监护病房（ICU）中心静脉导管相关感染（CVC-RI）的病原菌特点和危险因素。方法对急诊ICU 2006年1月至2008年12月放置中心静脉导管并符合CVC—RI诊断标准,细菌学检查均阳性的103例患者进行回顾性调查分析。结果CVC—RI病原菌中革兰阳性菌（37．9％,39／103）和革兰阴性菌（42．7％,44／103）发生感染的比例差异无统计学意义。CVC—RI与使用导管腔数、置管时间、置管部位有关。锁骨下静脉置管发生感染的比例最低。结论应尽量选择在锁骨下静脉置管,控制置管时间和导管腔数,注意监测病原菌菌谱的变化。预防重点是避免导管腔内外的污染。     

重症监护病房患者导管相关性感染的危险因素分析与预防措施北大核心CSCD

目的研究重症监护病房患者导管相关性感染的危险因素及其临床防治措施,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法选取2014年10月-2016年12月医院重症监护病房收治的695例采用留置导管的患者进行研究,分析重症监护病房住院患者导管相关性感染的发生情况,以及感染病原菌的分布和危险因素,并总结相应的防治措施。结果 695例患者中发生感染的患者共103例,感染率为14.82%;共检出病原菌154株,主以革兰阴性菌为主,共83株占53.90%;logistic多元回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分)≥17分、血清白蛋白含量<30g/L、入住重症监护病房时间≥14d,导管留置时间≥7d,合并基础疾病均是患者发生导管相关性感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论重症监护病房患者发生导管相关性感染的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,诱发患者发生感染的危险因素较多,临床治疗过程中应根据相应情况给予具体的防治措施以减少该类患者的感染。     

重症胰腺炎患者并发中心静脉置管相关性感染的影响因素

目的 探讨重症胰腺炎患者并发中心静脉置管（CVC）相关性感染的影响因素。方法 选取2020年8月至2022年8月医院收治的82例重症胰腺炎患者作为研究对象，根据是否并发CVC相关性感染分为发生组和未发生组。比较两组一般资料，并分析重症胰腺炎患者并发CVC相关性感染的影响因素。结果 82例患者中有16例并发CVC相关性感染，发生率为19.51%。两组置管部位、留置时间、合并基础疾病及持续静脉营养时间比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;Logistic回归分析结果显示，置管部位颈静脉、留置时间≥2周、合并基础疾病及持续静脉营养时间≥18 d是重症胰腺炎患者并发CVC相关性感染的危险因素（OR>1,P<0.05）。结论 置管部位颈静脉、留置时间≥2周、合并基础疾病及持续静脉营养时间≥18 d是重症胰腺炎患者并发CVC相关性感染的危险因素。     

综合ICU导管相关性血流感染流行病学及病原学分析

目的调查徐州地区综合重症监护病房(ICU)导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的流行病学和病原学相关情况,分析其变化趋势和特征,为防控工作提供依据。方法对2010年-2014年徐州市23家医院ICU留置中心静脉导管(CL)的患者相关情况进行调查,并对其发生CRBSI的流行病学特征、相关危险因素及病原菌分布情况等进行统计分析。结果本研究共纳入4036例CL置管的患者,总CL使用率为43.27%,CRBSI千日感染率为2.05‰。CRBSI的发生与年龄、性别、插管者、置管地点、置管部位和导管腔数等因素之间均存在相关性(P<0.05)。CRBSI患者血培养中共检出261株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌116株(44.44%),革兰阴性菌125株(47.89%),真菌20株(7.66%),检出耐药菌株为52株(19.92%)。结论 ICU的CRBSI感染率与多种因素密切相关,且耐药菌株检出率的增高,应根据CRBSI监测过程中出现的重点问题制定有效的防控措施,向CRBSI的"零容忍"目标努力。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.