某院骨科住院患者医院感染危险因素回顾性调查

目的探讨某院骨科住院患者发生医院感染的相关危险因素,为预防医院感染提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析2011年1月-2012年12月该院骨科住院患者病历资料3 776份。结果发生医院感染79例,医院感染率为2.09%;感染部位以下呼吸道为主（占30.38%）,其次为切口感染（占26.58%）;分离病原菌79株,革兰阴性杆菌58株（73.42%）,革兰阳性球菌21株（26.58%）。骨科患者发生医院感染相关的危险因素有：年龄、住院天数、手术（手术类型和方式）以及合并糖尿病。结论骨科住院患者易发生呼吸道和手术切口感染,应针对其危险因素,采取科学的预防控制措施,有效降低医院感染的发生。     

骨折术后患者医院感染的危险因素与对策分析

目的探讨骨折手术医院感染危险因素,以此来制定相应的预防对策,为临床上治疗骨折手术医院感染提供理论依据。方法选取医院2011年6月-2015年10月接受骨折手术患者460例作为研究对象,对其资料进行统计分析,利用非条件logistic回归分析发生医院感染的危险因素,并由此制定相应的预防医院感染的对策。结果患者中发生医院感染18例,26例次,医院感染发生率为3.91%,例次感染率为5.65%;单因素分析中,年龄、手术时间3h、卧床时间7d、皮肤损伤、免疫功能低下、手术切口类型、基础疾病、留置导尿是医院感染发生的相关危险因素;多因素Logistic回归分析中,免疫功能低下、皮肤损伤、卧床时间7d、手术切口类型、基础疾病、留置导尿、切口引流、急诊是独立的危险因素,以上差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论骨折手术后发生医院感染的独立危险因素较多,临床上可以以此着手来预防医院感染的发生,通过改善手术环境,以减轻患者的负担,降低医院骨科中骨折手术后医院感染的发生率。     

315例骨科手术患者医院感染的临床分析与对策

目的 探讨骨科住院患者医院感染发生率及其相关感染因素,为临床预防医院感染提供指导.方法 回顾性统计分析2009年1月-2011年9月315例手术后发生医院感染患者的临床资料.结果 11 535例骨科手术患者中,有315例发生医院感染,医院感染率为2.73％;感染部位以切口感染为主,占61.90％,其次为下呼吸道、泌尿道,分别占17.14％、8.57％;医院感染的危险因素为年龄、手术性质、切口类型、手术及住院时间等(P＜0.05);检出病原菌349株,以铜绿假单胞菌为主,占34.07％,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌及阴沟肠杆菌,分别占19.48％、17.19％及13.18％.结论 骨科以切口感染多见,发生医院感染与多种因素有关;强调加强切口感染的监测与控制、重视各环节质量是预防医院感染的关键.     

骨科无菌手术切口感染临床分析及护理对策

目的探讨骨科无菌手术切口感染的危险因素及护理对策。方法对24 106例骨科无菌手术患者进行前瞻性监测和回顾性调查。结果有119例患者发生手术切口感染,感染率为0.49%,手术切口感染部位以股骨、胫、腓骨、脊柱为主,分别占31.93%、19.33%、17.65%;医院感染的病原菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,占69.79%。结论分析骨科手术切口感染的危险因素,加强对感染源的监测,严格无菌操作,合理使用抗菌药物,保护易感人群是防止医院感染的有效措施。     

骨科手术切口感染相关危险因素分析

目的研究骨科手术切口感染的危险因素与切口感染的关系,以期预防和控制切口感染的发生。方法收集1 984例骨科手术患者的临床资料,分析骨科手术切口感染的可能危险因素,并对其进行单因素分析与logistic回归分析。结果 1 984例患者中发生切口感染56例,切口感染率2.82%;其中≥60、30⁶0、<30岁的感染率分别为4.88%、1.88%、1.72%;手术时间≥2、<2h的感染率分别为3.67%、1.53%;合并基础疾病、无基础疾病患者的感染率分别为4.95%、1.59%;Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ类切口的感染率分别为5.16%、2.13%、1.00%;住院时间≥20d、<20d的感染率分别为3.46%、1.69%,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄、合并基础疾病、手术时间和手术切口类型是切口感染发生的独立危险因素。结论骨科手术切口感染的发生率较高,应根据切口感染发生的危险因素采取相应的干预措施,预防和控制切口感染的发生。     

骨科住院手术患者医院感染及引起感染影响因素回顾性调查

目的探讨骨科住院手术患者医院感染状况及引起感染的影响因素,为医院感染预防提供参考。方法收集2016年1月-2017年12月医院骨科住院治疗的873例手术患者临床资料,通过医院病历系统对患者病历进行查阅统计,统计相关资料,分析患者医院感染发生情况与引起感染的影响因素。结果 873例骨科住院手术患者中发生医院感染68例,感染率为7.79%,其中呼吸道感染、手术部位感染和导管相关性感染,分别占38.24%、36.76%和16.18%;单因素及Logistic多因素回归分析显示:年龄≥65岁、合并基础疾病、急诊手术、III类切口手术、切口≥2个、手术时间≥2h、住院时间≥15d、有植入物是医院感染发生的影响因素。结论骨科住院手术患者医院感染发生率较高,感染部位以呼吸道、手术部位、导管相关性感染为主,引起医院感染发生的因素较多,应积极干预以降低医院感染的发生。     

骨科患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨骨科患者医院感染的临床特点、危险因素及预防措施,为有效预防控制医院感染提供指导依据。方法对2008年1月-2011年10月出院的1795份病历资料进行回顾性分析。结果骨科患者发生医院感染87例,医院感染发生率为4.85%,髋部骨折的老年患者医院感染率较高,为10.91%;感染部位以下呼吸道感染为主,占48.28%,泌尿道次之,占26.44%,手术切口感染位居第3位,占17.24%;病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占53.23%;骨科患者医院感染的发生与患者的年龄、内科基础疾病、住院天数、骨科手术、留置尿管等危险因素密切相关。结论骨科老年患者易发生医院感染,针对危险因素采取有效的预防措施,对降低骨科患者医院感染率具有重要意义。     

骨科无菌手术切口感染发生的手术室相关影响因素

目的探讨骨科无菌手术切口感染发生的手术室相关影响因素。方法收集2014年3月-2018年3月我院收治的1648例骨科无菌手术患者临床资料,调查切口感染发生情况,并分析骨科无菌手术切口感染发生的手术室相关影响因素。结果 1648例患者,46例发生切口感染,感染率为2.79%(46/1648)。单因素分析显示,急诊手术、手术时间≥2 h、腰髋部及下肢手术、Ⅲ类手术切口、接台手术、有植入物、侵入性操作、有参观人员的骨科无菌手术切口感染发生率明显增高(P0.05),而层流手术室、预防性使用抗菌药物、改良备皮方式的骨科无菌手术切口感染发生率明显降低(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,急诊手术、手术时间≥2 h、腰髋部及下肢手术、侵入性操作、接台手术、有参观人员均为骨科无菌手术切口感染发生的手术室危险因素(P0.05),而层流手术室、改良备皮方式则为其保护因素(P0.05)。结论骨科无菌手术切口感染发生受多种手术室相关因素影响,根据这些危险因素,实施针对性预防护理对策有助于减少切口感染发生。     

手术切口感染相关危险因素分析

目的 对医院手术室患者切口感染相关危险因素进行分析,为制定预防控制管理措施提供参考依据.方法 回顾性分析医院2011年收治的3875例手术患者临床资料,对手术切口感染相关危险因素进行分析,并与采取预防控制管理措施后2012年手术切口感染率进行比较分析.结果 2011年共有79例患者出现切口感染、切口感染率为2.04％;单因素分析结果显示,年龄在21～50岁、骨科患者、手术时间＞5h、术中发生失血、手术切口长度＞10 cm、Ⅲ类手术切口、住院时间＞10 d、肥胖患者、留置引流管是手术患者发生切口感染的相关危险因素(P＜0.05);共检出病原菌98株,其中革兰阴性杆菌74株占75.51％,革兰阳性菌24株占24.49％;2012年手术切口感染率为1.02％,显著低于2011年感染的发生率2.04％(x2=14.312,P＜0.05).结论 根据相关危险因素制定针对性地预防控制管理措施,增强预防意识,加强培训考核;完善各种规章制度规范,加强手术室感染控制管理;合理应用抗菌药物,降低耐药性.     

2004～2008年骨科住院患者医院感染调查分析

目的了解骨科住院患者医院感染发病情况及其易感因素,为降低骨科手术患者感染的发生率,提出预防控制措施。方法回顾性调查2004年1月～2008年12月骨科251例医院感染患者情况。结果251例发生医院感染的骨科住院患者,感染部位以切口感染发病最高82例,占32.7%;上呼吸道75例,占29.9%;泌尿道感染37例,14.7%。结论骨科以切口感染多见,急诊手术感染率高于择期手术,执行围手术期用药者感染率低于持续用药者,手术时间持续越长,感染率越高,加强切口感染率的监测与控制是预防医院感染的关键措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.