Graves病患者131 碘治疗前后可溶性Fas水平变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨Graves病(GD)患者放射性131碘治疗前后可溶性Fas(sFas)的水平变化及其临床意义。方法 采用免疫酶联分析法(ELISA法),测定50例GD患者放射性131碘治疗前后外周血sFas的水平变化。结果 GD患者外周血sFas水平(3.41±1.58ng/ml)显著高于正常对照组(0.85±0.42ng/ml,P<0.001),放射性131碘治疗3个月后,血清sFas水平(1.95±2.03ng/ml)较治疗前显著下降(P<0.001),但仍高于正常水平(P<0.001)。sFas水平与FT3、FT4呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与T3、T4、TSH、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA-Ab)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPO-Ab)、甲状腺摄碘率无明显相关性。结论 sFas异常增加参与GD发病过程,放射性131碘治疗GD具有免疫调节功能。     

碘131和抗甲状腺药物治疗甲亢的效果对比

目的深入研究碘131(131I)和抗甲状腺药物治疗甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)的效果对比。方法 90例甲亢患者,按照数字分组的方式分为对照组和观察组,每组45例。对照组患者给予抗甲状腺药物治疗,观察组患者给予131I治疗。比较两组治疗效果、不良反应发生情况以及治疗后促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、三碘甲状原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)水平。结果经过治疗后,观察组患者治疗总有效率93.3%高于对照组的75.6%,不良反应发生率11.1%低于对照组的28.9%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组TSH(4.67±0.81)mU/L高于对照组的(3.27±0.41)mU/L,FT3(7.32±1.53)pmol/L、FT4(10.32±2.57)pmol/L、T3(2.44±1.59)ng/ml、T4(146.72±19.36)ng/ml均低于对照组的(8.37±1.74)pmol/L、(18.63±2.81)pmol/L、(4.61±1.38)ng/ml、(172.45±23.67)ng/ml,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与抗甲状腺药物相比,131I具有更加显著的临床效果,是一项值得推广的应用。     

慢性心力衰竭患者与甲状腺激素水平变化的关系

目的探讨慢性充血性心力衰竭患者(CHF)甲状腺激素含量的变化及临床意义。方法采用化学发光法测定30例体检正常者和50例慢性心力衰竭患者心力衰竭治疗前后的血浆游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)及促甲状腺素(TSH)含量。比较两组间的差异。结果 CHF组患者治疗前FT3含量[(3.12±1.06、3.08±0.75、1.96±0.72)pmol/L]明显低于健康对照组(5.38±1.76)pmol/L(t=2.823、2.945、2.984,P<0.01),随心功能不全加重FT3渐下降(t=2.823、2.945、2.984,P<0.01);治疗后FT3含量[(4.35±1.21、3.71±0.88、3.10±1.01)pmol/L],高于治疗前(t=2.243、2.235、2.224,P<0.05);治疗前后FT4和TSH的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);血清中FT3水平与心力衰竭程度呈负相关(r=-0.478,P<0.01);FT4浓度与心力衰竭程度无相关(r=-0.182,P>0.05)。结论 CHF患者FT3平的变化,对判断心功能损害程度有一定的临床意义。     

左甲状腺素钠早期治疗对妊娠合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退症妊娠结局和胎儿的影响

目的观察左甲状腺素钠早期治疗对妊娠合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)妊娠结局和胎儿的影响。方法回顾性选取 2020年 1月至 2021年 7月安徽医科大学第三附属医院孕期进行产前检查门诊随访治疗的妊娠合并亚临床甲减(即妊娠前或妊娠期甲状腺功能诊断为亚临床甲减) 64例作为观察组,同时收集同期分娩且甲状腺功能正常的 40例孕产妇为作为对照组。比较两组之间分娩方式、产后出血发生率、妊娠结局及新生儿结局的差异。结果观察组替代治疗前促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸( FT3)、血清游离甲状腺激素( FT4)、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体( TGAb)、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)水平分别为( 6.62±0.66)mU/L、(2.63±0.15)pmol/L、(8.46±0.94)pmol/L、(126.25±10.16)IU/mL、(85.46±6.33)IU/mL,与对照组( 2.15±0.25)mU/L、(3.38±0.25)pmol/L、(14.55±1.25)pmol/L、(86.50±6.54)IU/mL、(10.35±2.59)IU/mL相比均差异有统计学意义( P<0.05),与对照组相比,观察组替代治疗前 TSH、FT3、FT4、TGAb、TPOAb(均 P<0.05);治疗后观察组 TGAb及 TPOAb阳性率均明显降低,与替代治疗前相比( P<0.05);观察组剖宫产率及产后出血发生率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义( P> 0.05);两组妊娠高血压综合征、低出生体质量儿、早产、羊水过少等发生率比较差异无统计学意义( P>0.05);两组新生儿窒息率及住院率比较差异无统计学意义( P>0.05)。结论左甲替代早期治疗后可改善妊娠合并亚临床甲减病人的妊娠结局,改善胎儿情况。     

24小时甲状腺摄碘率对甲亢患者~(131)I治疗效果的相关性研究

目的探讨甲状腺摄碘率(RAIU)与甲亢患者~(131)I疗效的关系。方法选取2014年6月~2016年6月我科收治的甲亢患者150例,按照甲状腺24h RAIU的不同将所选患者分为A、B、C三组。三组患者经过~(131)I治疗6个月后,对比分析三组患者治疗前与治疗后的TT3、TT4、TSH、FT3和FT4水平,计算三组患者的治疗总有效率。结果随着患者甲状腺24h RAIU的降低,血清TT3、TT4、FT3和FT4水平随之降低,TSH随之升高,各组间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);并且A、B、C三组之间的治疗总有效率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论甲状腺24h甲状腺摄碘率与~(131)I治疗Graves甲亢患者的临床疗效有关:24h RAIU越低,血清甲状腺激素水平改善越明显,甲亢的治愈率越高。     

奥氮平单药或联合用药治疗后甲状腺激素水平的变化

目的探讨精神疾病患者接受奥氮平单药或与其他非典型抗精神病药物联合用药治疗后,甲状腺激素水平的变化,并比较两种治疗方案之间的差异。方法回顾44例接受奥氮平治疗的住院精神疾病患者的病例,其中24例接受单药治疗,20例接受多药联合治疗,比较治疗前后甲状腺激素水平的差异。结果治疗后,单药组中游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)、总四碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT4)血清水平降低,促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平升高,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(相对于基线变化值的中位数:FT4:-2.86 pmol/L,P<0.001;TT4:-22.09 nmol/L,P=0.002;TSH:0.97 mIU/L,P<0.001)。联合用药组中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、FT4和TT4的血清水平均降低,TSH血清水平升高,与治疗前相比,差异有统计学意义(相对于基线变化值的中位数:FT3:-0.34 pmol/L,P=0.022;TT3:-0.17 nmol/L,P=0.049;FT4:-1.28 pmol/L,P=0.001;TT4:-12.31 nmol/L,P=0.028;TSH:1.59 mIU/L,P=0.012)。两组患者亚临床甲状腺激素功能减退的发生率分别为4.2%、20.0%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.242)。结论为了避免甲状腺激素水平异常引起其他的疾病,应关注接受奥氮平治疗的精神疾病患者的甲状腺激素水平。     

格雷夫斯眼病患者TGAb TMAb TRAb的检测及临床意义

目的探讨甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMAb)、甲状腺受体抗体(TRAb)与格雷夫斯眼病(GO)的关系,了解各指标在GO患者发病中的作用。方法采用放射免疫分析法检测64例格雷夫斯病(GD)患者及121例GO患者血清TGAb、TMAb、TRAb值,并对两组各指标的检测值及TRAb阳性检出率进行比较。结果两组患者血清TGAb、TMAb活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);GO组及GD组TRAb活性分别为(28±6)U/L和(11±10)U/L,GO组明显高于GD组(P<0.05);GO组及GD组阳性检出率分别为72.7%和51.6%,GO组显著高于GD组(P<0.05)。结果TRAb在GO的诊断中具有重要意义;推测GD患者血清TRAb显著增高是合并或随病程延长可能合并GO的重要标志。     

清瘿化痰汤内服及消瘿膏外敷联合口服硒酵母片治疗桥本甲状腺炎37 例

目的观察中西医结合治疗桥本甲状腺炎(HT)的效果。方法选取2018年2月至2019年2月秦皇岛市工人医院诊治的HT病人74例,采用数字表法随机分成观察组和对照组,每组37例;对照组口服硒酵母片,观察组在对照组基础上口服自拟方剂清瘿化痰汤及外用中药膏剂消瘿膏,在治疗8周后,比较两组临床疗效,测定两组治疗前后的甲状腺功能,并通过超声观察甲状腺形态及血流动力学变化。结果治疗8周后观察组比对照组甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)［(230.25±34.26)U/mL比(319.50±40.28)U/mL］、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)［(510.27±74.36)U/mL比(761.12±80.21)U/mL］、游离三碘甲状腺原氨(FT3)［(5.30±1.25)pmol/L比(3.87±1.18)pmol/L］、游离甲状腺素(FT4)［(17.28±2.46)pmol/L比(12.15±3.14)pmol/L］及促甲状腺激素(TSH)［(2.13±0.40)mIU/L比(2.46±0.51)mIU/L］均有改善(P<0.05);观察组治疗总有效率为94.59%,显著高于对照组的78.38%(P<0.05);通过超声观察,治疗后观察组甲状腺动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)［(46.26±5.03)cm/s比(52.73±4.88)cm/s］及左叶厚度［(13.80±1.22)mm比(15.57±1.31)mm］、右叶厚度［(14.01±1.16)mm比(15.39±1.30)mm］、峡部厚度［(4.02±0.33)mm比(4.61±0.39)mm］均低于对照组(P<0.05),而两组阻力指数(RI)［(0.64±0.02)比(0.63±0.03)］比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗6 个月后复查时,观察组血清FT3［(6.25±1.15)pmol/L 比(4.02±1.02)pmol/L］、FT4［(19.52±3.47)pmol/L 比(13.65±3.02)pmol/L］水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),TSH［(2.02±0.28)mIU/L比(2.89±0.62)mIU/L］、TPOAb［(226.52±28.71)U/mL比(286.95±36.17)U/mL］、TGAb［(516.52±24.95)U/mL比(536.85±21.45)U/mL］水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论采用中西医结合治疗HT,能明显改善病人甲状腺功能,促进甲状腺形态和血流动力学良好恢复。     

131I联合甲巯咪唑治疗对 Graves病 46例外周血 Tfh、Tfr细胞表达及甲状腺功能的影响

目的探讨 131I联合甲巯咪唑治疗对 Graves病人外周血滤泡辅助性 T细胞(Tfh)、滤泡调节性 T细胞(Tfr)细胞表达及甲状腺功能的影响。方法选择 2018年 4月至 2019年 4月海南省人民医院收治的 90例 Graves病人,依据随机数字表法将其分成两组,对照组 44例仅给予甲巯咪唑治疗,研究组 46例给予 131I联合甲巯咪唑治疗。比较两组外周血 Tfh与 Tfr细胞表达水平、甲状腺功能、血清免疫球蛋白 M(IgM)与免疫球蛋白 G(IgG)水平、随访 1年临床复发率。结果治疗后研究组外周血 CD4+T细胞中 Tfh细胞的比例［(9.46±3.11)%］低于治疗前［(16.74±3.88)%］(P<0.05)Tfr细胞的比例［(5.34±1.72)%］高于治疗前［(1.95±0.62)%］(P<0.05),且治疗后研究组外周血 CD4+T细胞中 Tfh细胞的比例［(9.46,±3.11)%］低于对照组［(16.11±3.53)%］(P<0.05),Tfr细胞的比例高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后两组游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)检测结果均低于治疗前(P <0.05),促甲状腺激素( TSH)检测结果均高于治疗前(P<0.05)且治疗后研究组 FT3、FT4检测结果均低于对照组( P<0.05)TSH检测结果高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后两组血清 IgM、IgG水平均,低于治疗前(P<0.05)且治疗后研究组血清 IgM、IgG水平均低,于对照组(P<0.05)。停药后随访 1年,研究组复发率 19.57%低于对照组 52.27%(χ2=10.50,P,=0.001)。结论 131I联合甲巯咪唑治     

分化型甲状腺癌全切除术后应用甲状腺激素联合~(131)I治疗疗效及对患者血清甲状腺球蛋白的影响

目的:探讨分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)全切除术后应用甲状腺激素联合131I的治疗疗效及对患者血清甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)的影响。方法:回顾性分析2013年6月—2015年1月行甲状腺全切手术治疗的98例DTC患者临床资料,按术后治疗方式分为激素组(n=56)和联合131I组(n=42)。激素组术后给予甲状腺激素治疗,联合131I组给予甲状腺激素联合131I治疗。随访6个月,比较两组患者临床疗效、甲状腺功能及血清Tg水平。结果:联合131I组的治疗总有效率为95.2%,明显高于激素组的80.4%(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)较治疗前均有不同程度改善(P<0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后1个月、6个月时,联合131I组Tg水平均显著低于激素组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:DTC行甲状腺全切术后应用甲状腺激素联合131I治疗,可以提高临床疗效,维持正常甲状腺功能,并且能够降低血清Tg水平。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.