日本血吸虫线粒体大亚基核糖体基因的亚克隆,测序？…

目的 将筛选日本血吸虫成虫ｃＤＮＡ文库得到基因克隆并测序。方法 体外将以阳性克隆为模板的ＰＣＲ产物和ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ载体连接，转化大肠杆菌ＸＬ１－ｂｌｕｅ，经抗生素及生色度物Ｘ－ｇａｌ初筛，再用限制性内切酶酶切法进一步鉴定和用ＤＮＡ自动测序仪测序。序列送ｂｌａｓｔ基因服务站进行同源性分析。结果 构建了３个含日本血吸虫ｃＤＮＡ基因片段的重组子，其中１个阳性克隆序列为编码日本血吸虫线粒体大亚基核糖体ｒＲＮ     

日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）表达基因的EST序列测定及同源性分析

目的 运用表达序剜标签技术(EST方法),从Sj cDNA库中分离、鉴定和鉴定血吸虫表达基因序列。方法 应用EST方法,从Sj cDNA库中随机挑选出单个重组克隆进行PCR直接序列分析,通过互联网将获得的EST序列送入NCBl GenBank进行同源性检索,并对检索结果进行分析。结果 分离了46个Sj cDNA克隆,并对18个克隆cDNA插入片段的PCR进行直接序列分析,获得了16个EST序列。其中13个EST序列为GenBank中已知的血吸虫基因序列．3个未发现明显同源(score<200)基因序列。结论 采用EST-PCR直接序列分析方法可大量获得血吸虫表达基因EST序列,为进一步开展日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）表达基因的研究奠定了基础。     

日本血吸虫卵壳蛋白基因的克隆及真核表达载体的构建

血吸虫卵壳蛋白基因是探讨血吸虫病免疫预防的重要靶标。本研究根据已发表的多个血吸虫卵壳蛋白基因的核苷酸序列,设计合成了特异引物,体外扩增和克隆了编码日本血吸虫中国大陆株卵壳蛋白基因SjESG的cDNA,测序结果表明与已发表的卵壳蛋白基因序列有较高同源性。为进一步研究该基因的功能,将其克隆入pcDNA3中,成功构建了真核表达载体,为SjESGDNA疫苗的研究打下了基础。     

日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）表达基因的大规模随机测序体系的建立

目的：建立日本血吸虫(中国大陆株)表达基因的大规模随机测序体系。方法：应用EST方法,从Sj cDNA库中随机挑选出单个重组克隆进行PCR直接序列分析,通过互联网将获得的EST序列送入WHO血吸虫基因库进行同源性检索。筛选出血吸虫未知基因EST,并克隆其全长cDNA。结果：完成了140个Sj表达基因EST序列测定,获得了100个可用于分析的EST序列,并在Genbank登录。其中已知血吸虫编码基因或EST序列46个,未知基因54个。结论：成功地建立日本血吸虫(中国大陆抹)表达基因的大规模随机测序体系,为进一步开最日本血吸虫(中国大陆株)表达基因的研究奠定了基础。     

肝癌组织差异表达基因cDNA序列的筛选与鉴定

目的：筛选并鉴定肝癌组织特异表达基因。方法：通过菌落原位杂交技术筛选用抑制消减杂交法构建肝癌与癌旁肝组织差异表达基因消减cDNA文库，用PCR方法进一步筛选出有插入片段的阳性克隆，将阳性克隆进行DNA测序和同源性比较分析，用Northern印迹方法对新的cDNA序列进行初步鉴定。结果：从消减文库中随机挑取的100个白色克隆中筛选出13个阳性克隆，DNA测序获得11个不同的cDNA序列；同源性比较分析表明，6个cDNA片段与在基因高度同源，5个cDNA片段为新的序列。其长度大于300bp的3个新序列，Norther印迹证实它都来源于肝癌组织。结论：用抑制消减杂交方法构建的肝癌差异表达基因消减cDNA文库富含肝癌特异表达基因，经验证的3个新的cDNA序列可能为肝癌特异的基因序列。     

日本血吸虫卵壳蛋白基因的筛选及EST序列测定

目的 通过对日本血吸虫(Sj)成虫cDNA库的核酸杂交筛选，分离出Sj卵壳蛋白相关基因的cDNA克隆，并进一步探讨该基因的结构与功能关系。方法 用地高辛标记的特异性寡核苷酸探针对Sj成虫cDNA库进行膜原位杂交筛进，挑选出阳性克隆，用通用引物进行PCR扩增，获得cDNA插入片段，采用PCR直接序列测定法，对其部分序列进行测定，而后将EST序列输入GENEBANK进行同源性检索和分析。结果 本实验从Sj cDNA库筛选到9个不同的阳性克隆，用通用引物扩增出9十分子量大小不同的单一条带，其中两个为已知序列，其余7个为新的EST序列。结论 用寡核苷酸标记探针对Sj库中进行校酸杂交筛选是寻找特定目的基因的有效方法。     

日本血吸虫尾蚴cDNA文库的免疫学筛选及EST序列的分析

目的为获得日本血吸虫（Schistosoma japonicura，Sj）转化生长因子β1（TGF—β1）基因的部分或全长cDNA序列。同时验证用针对某一蛋白的抗体筛选表达文库是否可以得到相应蛋白对应的基因序列。方法采用兔抗鼠TGF—β1血清，对Sj尾蚴cDNA表达文库进行免疫学筛选，对阳性克隆进行PCR扩增后，将大于500bp的克隆进行复筛，对复筛阳性的克隆进行测序和生物信息学鉴定。结果对大约10^6个噬菌斑进行了初筛。共获得7个阳性克隆；经过PCR扩增后，其中有4个克隆大于500bp，复筛获得3个持续阳性克隆；对测序后的阳性克隆进行生物信息学鉴定，得到的三个克隆均与日本血吸虫辅酶Q10氧化还原酶（SjCHGC）基因具有高的同源性（Bhata分值都大于200）。结论SjCHGC蛋白与兔抗鼠TGF—β1抗体的反应为交叉反应，用抗某一蛋白的抗体筛选表达文库得到相应蛋白的基因序列的方法不一定可行。     

流感病毒RNA聚合酶亚基PA6片断的克隆及表达

目的将流感病毒RNA聚合酶PA6亚基片段进行亚克隆、表达,获得重组的亚克隆多肽,为进一步研究PA6亚基功能奠定基础。方法以PA亚基cDNA为模板,用PCR方法扩增出PA6片段,应用定向克隆策略将扩增后片段与高效表达载体pQE32重组,阳性克隆重组质粒经酶切及测序鉴定,IPTG诱导各亚克隆系高效表达,优化表达条件。结果PCR法扩增出402bp的片段,酶切及测序鉴定获得正确的重组质粒,在E.coliM15中表达得到相对分子量约为17KD的重组蛋白,获得重组多肽。结论成功地亚克隆及表达了流感病毒RNA聚合酶PA6亚基。     

流感病毒RNA聚合酶亚基PA6片断的克隆及表达

目的 将流感病毒RNA聚合酶PA6亚基片段进行亚克隆、表达，获得重组的亚克隆多肽，为进一步研究PA6亚基功能奠定基础。方法 以PA亚基cDNA为模板，用PCR方法扩增出PA6片段，应用定向克隆策略将扩增后片段与高效表达载体pQE32重组，阳性克隆重组质粒经酶切及测序鉴定，IPTG诱导各亚克隆系高效表达，优化表达条件。结果 PCR法扩增出402bp的片段，酶切及测序鉴定获得正确的重组质粒，在E．coli M15中表达得到相对分子量约为17KD的重组蛋白，获得重组多肽。结论 成功地亚克隆及表达了流感病毒RNA聚合酶PA6亚基。     

日本血吸虫大陆株26kDa谷胱甘肽S┐转移酶编码区基因的克隆及序列测定

从日本血吸虫大陆株成虫分离总ＲＮＡ，逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ第一链，根据菲律宾株２６ｋＤａ谷胱甘肽Ｓ－转移酶（ＧＳＴ）的ｃＤＮＡ序列，设计并合成引物，扩增出２６ｋＤａ的编码区基因，并克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔ质粒。初步酶切鉴定后，从两端对插入片段进行核苷酸序列测定。结果与菲律宾株比较，核苷酸同源性为９９．８％，仅第５８２位碱基不同，菲律宾株为Ａ，而大陆株为Ｇ。比较从ｃＤＮＡ推导出的氨基酸序列，两者１００％相同。测序结果也与曼氏血吸虫进行了比较。     

湖南省日本血吸虫线粒体cox1基因部分序列多态性的研究

目的研究湖南省日本血吸虫不同自然隔离群的线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1基因（coxl）部分序列（pcoxl）的变异，为阐明我国日本血吸虫的种群遗传结构奠定基础。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术对湖南省岳阳君山、汨罗的日本血吸虫的pcoxl片段进行扩增、克隆及序列分析。结果获得480bp的pcoxl序列。经DNAstar软件分析，pcoxl序列有一定的种内差异（0～1．2％）。结论本研究为阐明我国日本血吸虫的种群遗传结构提供了数据。     

A single nucleotide substitution at the rib2 locus of the yeast mitochondrial gene for 21S rRNA confers resistance to erythromycin and cold-sensitive ribosome assembly

Summary We have studied a mutation (cs23) in the mitochondrial gene for 21SrRNA that affects the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome and conditionally blocks the assembly of the 54S ribosomal subunit. Strains carrying this mutation are resistant to erythromycin and cold-sensitive for growth on nonfermentable carbon sources (Singh et al. 1978) Mitochondria isolated from mutant cells grown on glucose at 20°C, the nonpermissive temperature, were depleted of the 54S subunit and instead contained a novel 45S ribosomal particle. After mutant cells were shifted from 20°C to 32°C, 54S subunits were assembled, apparently from the 45S particles and pre-existing ribosomal proteins. DNA sequencing revealed that the mutant phenotype is a consequence of a C to A transversion at position 3993 of the 21SrRNA gene. Previously, C to U and C to G mutations have been identified at the same position in the 21S rRNA sequence. This position corresponds to C-2611 in the E. coli 23S RNA, a nucleotide that appears to be conserved in the large rRNA of all erythromycin-sensitive ribosomes.     

Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial ribosomes and ribosomal subunits from Leishmania tarentolae

We have analyzed Leishmania tarentolae mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes using the 9S small subunit (SSU) rRNA and the 12S large subunit (LSU) rRNA as markers, and have identified a 50S RNP particle as the putative mitochondrial monosome, a 40S particle as the putative LSU and a 30S particle as the putative SSU. These assignments are supported by morphological analysis by cryo-electron microscopy and proteomics analyses by mass spectrometry. The presence of additional rRNA-containing particles complicated the analysis and most likely was the basis for previous difficulties in identification of these ribosomes; thus, in addition to the monosomes and their subunits, there are abundant stable 45S particles (SSU(*)) containing only 9S rRNA, which may represent homodimers of the SSU or SSU associated with additional proteins, and variable minor amounts of 65S and 70S particles, which represent homodimers of the LSU and SSU(*), respectively. These additional rRNA particles might be due to the lengthy mitochondrial isolation and ribosome isolation procedures or may be present in vivo and play yet undetermined roles.     

Expression of Schistosoma japonicum antigens in Escherichia coli

A cloned library of DNA complementary to the mRNA of adult Schistosoma japonicum has been prepared and expressed as fusion proteins with Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. Colonies expressing the S. japonicum cDNA clones were screened both with antibodies from individuals with a history of schistosomiasis and with antibodies obtained from a rabbit immunized with whole adult worms. In both cases colonies were detected which bound antibody, although the frequency of antigen-positive clones was much higher with the rabbit antiserum than with human sera. In both cases the proportion of colonies reacting with antibodies was markedly lower than that published for equivalent screens of Plasmodium falciparum cDNA with sera from individuals with a history of falciparum malaria. Several major S. japonicum antigens were identified by the affinity purification of antibodies using immobilised fusion proteins produced during lytic growth of the recombinant bacteriophage.     

Mitochondrial gene content, arrangement and composition compared in African and Asian schistosomes

Complete sequences were obtained for the coding portions of the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Schistosoma mansoni (NMRI strain, Puerto Rico; 14 415 bp), S. japonicum (Anhui strain, China; 14 085 bp) and S. mekongi (Khong Island, Laos; 14 072 bp). Each comprises 36 genes: 12 protein-encoding genes (cox1-3, nad1-6, nad4L, atp6 and cob); two ribosomal RNAs, rrnL (large subunit rRNA or 16S) and rrnS (small subunit rRNA or 12S); as well as 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The atp8 gene is absent. A large segment (9.6 kb) of the coding region (comprising 14 tRNAs, eight complete and two incomplete protein-encoding genes) for S. malayensis (Baling, Malaysian Peninsula) was also obtained. Each genome also possesses a long non-coding region that is divided into two parts (a small and a large non-coding region, the latter not fully sequenced in any species) by one or more tRNAs. The protein-encoding genes are similar in size, composition and codon usage in all species except for cox1 in S. mansoni (609 aa) and cox2 in S. mekongi (219 aa), both of which are longer than homologues in other species. An unexpected finding in all the Schistosoma species was the presence of a leucine zipper motif in the nad4L gene. The gene order in S. mansoni is strikingly different from that seen in the S. japonicum group and other flatworms. There is a high level of identity (87-94% at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels) for all protein-encoding genes of S. mekongi and S. malayensis. The identity between genes of these two species and those of S. japonicum is less (56-83% for amino acids and 73-79% for nucleotides). The identity between the genes of S. mansoni and the Asian schistosomes is far less (33-66% for amino acids and 54-68% for nucleotides), an observation consistent with the known phylogenetic distance between S. mansoni and the other species.     

Cloning, molecular characterization, and functional activity of Schistosoma japonicum glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a putative vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis japonica.

We report the cloning, molecular characterization, and purification of functionally active recombinant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from the human bloodfluke Schistosoma japonicum. The GAPDH homolog from the related species Schistosoma mansoni has shown correlation of antibody titer to resistance to reinfection. A 1,164-bp cDNA (C1) was isolated from an S. japonicum lambda ZapII cDNA expression library immunoscreened with hyperimmune rabbit serum raised against soluble adult S. japonicum proteins. The open reading frame of C1 encodes a protein of 338 amino acids exhibiting 90% identity to the amino acid sequence of S. mansoni GAPDH. The inferred molecular mass of the protein is 36,589 daltons, and in vitro translation of the cDNA with [35S]methionine produced a radiolabelled band of the predicted size. Antibodies to C1 selected from hyperimmune rabbit serum by affinity purification recognized an S. japonicum protein doublet of 37 kDa but did not cross-react with a corresponding protein in S. mansoni extracts. The S. japonicum GADPH appears to be translated from a single mRNA encoded by a single-copy gene. After subcloning in the QIAexpress vector pQE-10 and subsequent expression, the recombinant protein was purified under nondenaturing conditions and shown to exhibit functional GAPDH enzymatic activity.     

Human ribosomal protein L18a interacts with hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site

Summary. Translation initiation of hepatitis C virus RNA occurs via ribosome binding to an ‘internal ribosome entry site (IRES)’ located in the 5′untranslated region of the viral RNA. The principle interaction between the 40S ribosomal subunit and the HCV IRES has been shown to be largely factor independent, which is followed by the joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form functional 80S complex. However several additional cellular proteins have been reported to bind to HCV IRES and enhance the initiation of translation. In order to identify novel factors involved in the ribosome assembly during internal initiation of HCV RNA, northwestern screening of a HeLa cDNA expression library was performed, using HCV IRES RNA as probe. We demonstrate here, that human ribosomal protein L18a, a constituent of 60S subunit, interacts with HCV IRES RNA. This interaction was further confirmed by using a recombinant protein similar to L18a (sL18a), cloned from human blood. Interestingly, addition of increasing concentration of the purified recombinant sL18a protein, showed moderate stimulation of HCV IRES activity in the in vitro translation assay. These observations suggest that the human L18a might influence the HCV IRES mediated translation. The first two authors have equally contributed to this work and should be designated as joint first authors.