Intermediate filament immunohistochemistry of astroglial cells in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius

The distribution of intermediate filament molecular markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, has been studied in the central nervous system (CNS) of the adult leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. This immunohistochemical study points out the presence of different astroglial cell types. The main pattern is constituted by ependymal radial glia, which have their cell bodies located in the ependymal layer throughout the brain ventricular system. Radial glia proper or radial astrocytes show their cell bodies displaced from the ependymal layer into a periependymal zone and are observed only in the spinal cord. Star-shaped astrocytes are scarce. They are detected in the ventral and lateral regions of the diencephalon and mesencephalon, in the superficial layer of the optic tectum, in the ventral medulla oblongata, and in the ventral and lateral spinal cord. In the different regions of the CNS, the staining intensity appears not to be identical even in the same cellular type. The results reported in the present study show an heterogeneous feature of the astroglial pattern in E. macularius.     

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity of Chondrocytes in Immature and Mature Teratomas

The immunoreactivity of chondrocytes for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), other intermediate filament proteins and S-100 protein was studied in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. A total of 95 cartilage specimens were examined from five immature teratomas, 12 mature teratomas, and a teratocarcinoma. GFAP-immunoreactive chondrocytes were abundant in immature cartilages, and as the cartilages maturated, these chondrocytes decreased and became distributed peripherally. Elastic cartilage had more GFAP-immunoreactive chondrocytes than non-elastic cartilage. GFAP-immunoreactive cartilage was often located close to central nervous tissue. lmmunostaining for vimentin and S-100 protein revealed extensive distribution of immunoreactive chondrocytes in immature and mature cartilages, but in mature cartilage, chondrocytes at the center had less vimentin immunoreactivity. GFAP-immunoreactive chondrocytes also showed apparent immunostaining for vimentin. There was no difference in immunohistochemical staining for the α and α subunits of S-100 protein. The immunoreactivities of teratoma cartilage specimens were quite similar to those of respiratory tract cartilage.     

Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in normal and diseased human breast

Summary Immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) identifies a minor subpopulation of immunoreactive myoepithelial cells in the normal resting human breast. The GFAP-immunoreactive cells also express a panel of myoepithelial cell markers, including cytokeratin 14 (CK 14), vimentin, smooth-muscle-specific actin isoforms, nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CALLA). The percentage of GFAP-immunoreactive myoepithelial cells is greatly increased in various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the breast, being highest in adenomyoepitheliomas. Furthermore, in all the instances of fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumour, epitheliosis and gynaecomastia, a variable number of epithelial cells also acquires immunoreactivity for GFAP, vimentin, CK 14, NGFR and, to a lesser extent, for CALLA. Conversely, GFAP immunoreactivity has never been encountered in the malignant cells of the different types of breast carcinoma. These findings suggest that the expression of GFAP might be a (possibly transient) feature of proliferating epithelial and myoepithelial cells in breast diseases other than carcinomas.     

Long-term effects of anterograde degeneration on astroglial reaction in the rat geniculo-cortical system as revealed by computerized image analysis

Summary Changes in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by astrocytes in the primary visual cortex of adult albino rats were analyzed with immunohisto-chemistry after unilateral destruction of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. An increase in number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes could be detected in the visual cortex of the side ipsilateral to the lesion in the short-term survival group (7–11 days post lesion), but this increase was extremely reduced after a postlesional survival time of 150 days. The quantitation of the glial response by image analysis showed, that the initial increase was mainly localized in the cortical layers II–IV, where the geniculo-cortical input terminates. The transient nature of this process was revealed by the measurements in the long-term survival group, where differences between experimental and control sides were substantially reduced. We conclude, that the remote glial response in the visual cortex is transient and that its disappearance indicates the end of a postlesional adaptation period in the neuropil.     

Carnosine in the brain and olfactory system of amphibia and reptilia: A comparative study using immunocytochemical and biochemical methods

The pattern of distribution of carnosine-like immunoreactivity and its relation to glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity have been studied in two lizards (Gallotia galloti and Tarentola delalandii) and in two anuran amphibians (Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis) using immunocytochemical techniques. Biochemical data obtained by paper electrophoresis show that the dipeptides carnosine and homocarnosine are both present in the brain of all the species examined. In the central nervous system of both anurans and reptilians, carnosine immunoreactivity is localized in glial cells. An important species difference is, however, seen in the olfactory system since primary olfactory neurons and their processes extending to the olfactory bulb are carnosine positive in reptiles, whereas they are not immunostained in anurans. Thus, the cellular distribution of carnosine immunoreactivity in reptilians is very similar to that observed in birds and mammals and is distinct from that seen in amphibia.     

Immunohistochemical distribution of S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein in normal and neoplastic salivary glands

Summary Immunohistochemical localization of S-100 protein, its and subunits, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in normal and neoplastic salivary glands was studied by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and immunoblot analysis. Positive immunostaining for S-100 protein was observed in pleomorphic adenoma, adenolymphoma, tubular adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, acinic cell tumour, adenocarcinoma and carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma. S-100 protein was localized in myoepithelial cells, epithelial cells of intercalated ducts and serous acinar cells of normal salivary gland. Both and subunits of S-100 protein showed almost identical distribution in normal and neoplastic salivary glands, but skeletal muscle cells were -positive/-negative whereas Schwann cells and fat cells were -negative/-positive in the stroma and neighbouring tissue. GFAP was only found in pleomorphic adenoma and its malignant counterpart. Immunoblot analysis showed that the GFAP-related antigen consisted of several polypeptide bands with a molecular weight ranging between 35,000 to 50,000 daltons.     

Activation of Satellite Glial Cells in Rat Trigeminal Ganglion after Upper Molar Extraction

The neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) are surrounded by satellite glial cells (SGCs), which passively support the function of the neurons, but little is known about the interactions between SGCs and TG neurons after peripheral nerve injury. To examine the effect of nerve injury on SGCs, we investigated the activation of SGCs after neuronal damage due to the extraction of the upper molars in rats. Three, 7, and 10 days after extraction, animals were fixed and the TG was removed. Cryosections of the ganglia were immunostained with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of activated SGCs, and ATF3, a marker of damaged neurons. After tooth extraction, the number of ATF3-immunoreactive (IR) neurons enclosed by GFAP-IR SGCs had increased in a time-dependent manner in the maxillary nerve region of the TG. Although ATF3-IR neurons were not detected in the mandibular nerve region, the number of GFAP-IR SGCs increased in both the maxillary and mandibular nerve regions. Our results suggest that peripheral nerve injury affects the activation of TG neurons and the SGCs around the injured neurons. Moreover, our data suggest the existence of a neuronal interaction between maxillary and mandibular neurons via SGC activation.     

Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin immunoreactivity of astroglial cells in the central nervous system of adult Podarcis sicula (Squamata, Lacertidae)

The present immunoperoxidase cytochemical study describes the distribution of glial intermediate filament molecular markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, in the brain and spinal cord of the adult lizard, Podarcis sicula . GFAP immunoreactivity is abundant and the positive structures are mainly represented by fibres of different lengths which are arranged in a rather regular radial pattern throughout the CNS. They emerge from generally immunopositive radial ependymoglia and are directed from the ventricular wall towards the meningeal surface. The glial fibres give origin to endfeet which are apposed to the blood vessel walls and subpial surface where they form the continous perivascular and subpial glia envelopes, respectively. In the optic tectum and spinal cord, star-shaped astrocytes coexist with radial glia. In the spinal cord, cell bodies of immunopositive radial glia are displaced from the ependyma. While vimentin immunoreactive elements are almost completely absent in the brain except for a few diencephalic radial fibres, the spinal cord ependyma exhibits a clearly vimentin positivity and no GFAP staining. In the Podarcis CNS the immunocytochemical response of the astroglial intermediate filaments appears typical of mature astroglia cell lineage since it fundamentally expresses GFAP immunoreactivity. Moreover, this immunocytochemical study shows that the Podarcis fibre pattern with predominant radial glial cells is morphologically more immature than in avians and mammalians, a condition suggesting that reptiles represent a fundamental step in the phylogenetic evolution of vertebrate astroglial cells.     

L-NAME对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌流后海马区星形胶质细胞活化的作用机制研究

目的 探讨一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)合成的影响。方法 钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型，应用免疫荧光法染色，观察GFAP密度的变化及分布。结果 脑缺血再灌流后海马区GFAP合成增加，GFAP阳性细胞主要分布在放射层及分子层，L-NAME能减少海马区GFAP的合成。结论 L-NAME是NOS强有力的抑制剂，L-NAME可能通过抑制NO的产生抑制了GFAP的合成。     

Developmental analysis of GFAP immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of the meander tail mutant mouse

It is thought that Bergmann glial fibers assist in the inward migration of granule cells. Model systems in which there is a perturbation of either the migrating cells or the glial cell population have been useful in understanding the migratory process. In the meander tail mutant mouse, the anterior cerebellar region is agranular, whereas the posterior cerebellum is relatively unaffected by the mutation. This study presents a qualitative analysis of the development of cerebellar radial glia in mea/mea and +/mea mice aged from postnatal day 0 to adult, using an antibody against the glia specific antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein. The results indicate a slight delay in the onset of immunoreactivity in the mea/mea cerebellum and abnormal glial formation in the anterior and posterior regions by postnatal day 5. At postnatal day 11, the full complement of labeled fibers appears to be present and although they appear abnormal in formation, they eventually reach the surface and terminate in oddly shaped and irregularly spaced endfeet. In adult mea/mea and +/mea mice, as compared to the early postnatal stages, there is a significant reduction in GFAP immunoreactive fibers. Cresyl violet stained adult mea/mea sections revealed the presence of ectopic granule cells in radial columns and small clumps at the surface of and within the molecular layer of the caudal cerebellum. Quantitative analyses revealed a 4- to 5-fold increase in the number of ectopic granule cells in lobule VIII of the mea/mea when compared with the +/mea cerebellum. These results suggest that the radial glia in the mea/mea cerebellum exhibit some uncharacteristic morphologies, but that these abnormalities are most likely the consequence of environmental alterations produced by the mutant gene.     

N-甲基-D-天(门)冬氨酸致兴奋性毒性脑损伤大鼠海马内BMP4、BrdU与GFAP的表达

目的:观察N-甲基-D-天(门)冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA)致兴奋性毒性脑损伤大鼠海马内BMP4mRNA、BrdU与GFAP的表达。方法:原位杂交检测BMP4的表达, 流式细胞仪检测NMDA致兴奋性毒性脑损伤后齿回内BrdU与GFAP阳性细胞的比例, 免疫荧光双标法检测BrdU标记细胞与GFAP蛋白的共存。结果:BMP4mRNA阳性细胞数在NMDA致兴奋性毒性损伤后1d与3d显著升高, 7d与15d组海马内BMP4mRNA阳性细胞数降低。流式细胞仪检测发现, NMDA致兴奋性毒性脑损伤使齿回内BrdU阳性细胞的比例降低, 而GFAP阳性细胞的比例显著升高, 并在7d与15d组表达最高。免疫荧光双标法检测BrdU标记细胞与GFAP蛋白的共存, 证实70％的BrdU标记细胞为GFAP免疫反应阳性细胞, 表明NMDA致兴奋性毒性损伤有明显的促胶质发生作用。结论:以上结果提示NMDA致兴奋性毒性损伤有明显的促胶质发生作用, 而该作用可能与海马内BMP4的过度表达相关。     

钙离子对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌流后海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白的作用

目的探讨钙离子对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌流后海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)合成的影响。方法钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型 ,体外孵育海马组织脑片 ,应用免疫荧光法染色 ,观察GFAP浓度的变化及分布。结果脑缺血再灌流后钙离子增加海马区GFAP的合成 ,GFAP阳性细胞主要分布在放射层及分子层。结论钙离子与GFAP的合成有关     

Characterization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced rat liver injury

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which can express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in normal rat livers, play important roles in hepatic fibrogenesis through the conversion into myofibroblasts (MFs). Cellular properties and possible derivation of GFAP-expressing MFs were investigated in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced rat liver injury and subsequent fibrosis. Seven-week-old male F344 rats were injected with TAA (300 mg/kg BW, once, intraperitoneally), and were examined on post single injection (PSI) days 1–10 by the single and double immunolabeling with MF and stem cell marker antibodies. After hepatocyte injury in the perivenular areas on PSI days 1 and 2, the fibrotic lesion consisting of MF developed at a peak on PSI day 3, and then recovered gradually by PSI day 10. MFs expressed GFAP, and also showed co-expressions such cytoskeletons (MF markers) as vimentin, desmin and α-SMA in varying degrees. Besides MFs co-expressing vimentin/desmin, desmin/α-SMA or α-SMA/vimentin, some GFAP positive MFs co-expressed with nestin or A3 (both, stem cell markers), and there were also MFs co-expressing nestin/A3. However, there were no GFAP positive MFs co-expressing RECA-1 (endothelial marker) or Thy-1 (immature mesenchymal cell marker). GFAP positive MFs showed the proliferating activity, but they did not undergo apoptosis. However, α-SMA positive MFs underwent apoptosis. These findings indicate that HSCs can proliferate and then convert into MFs with co-expressing various cytoskeletons for MF markers, and that the converted MFs may be derived partly from the stem cell lineage. Additionally, well-differentiated MFs expressing α-SMA may disappear by apoptosis for healing. These findings shed some light on the pathogenesis of chemically induced hepatic fibrosis.     

Cellular,synaptic, and biochemical features of resilient cognition in Alzheimer's disease

Although neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in older adults are correlated with cognitive impairment and severity of dementia, it has long been recognized that the relationship is imperfect, as some people exhibit normal cognition despite high levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We compared the cellular, synaptic, and biochemical composition of midfrontal cortices in female subjects from the Religious Orders Study who were stratified into three subgroups: (1) pathological AD with normal cognition (“AD-Resilient”), (2) pathological AD with AD-typical dementia (“AD-Dementia”), and (3) pathologically normal with normal cognition (“Normal Comparison”). The AD-Resilient group exhibited preserved densities of synaptophysin-labeled presynaptic terminals and synaptopodin-labeled dendritic spines compared with the AD-Dementia group, and increased densities of glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytes compared with both the AD-Dementia and Normal Comparison groups. Further, in a discovery-type antibody microarray protein analysis, we identified a number of candidate protein abnormalities that were associated with a particular diagnostic group. These data characterize cellular and synaptic features and identify novel biochemical targets that may be associated with resilient cognitive brain aging in the setting of pathological AD.     

甜菜碱对戊四氮致痫大鼠海马GFAP、甘氨酸和甘氨酸受体表达的影响

 目的：研究甜菜碱对癫痫大鼠海马胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、甘氨酸(Gly)及甘氨酸受体(GlyR)表达的影响。方法：将健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为：正常对照组（腹腔注射生理盐水,1.0 mL生理盐水灌胃);癫痫组（腹腔注射戊四氮,1.0 mL生理盐水灌胃）;甜菜碱高、中、低浓度组（腹腔注射戊四氮,甜菜碱灌胃）;丙戊酸钠组（腹腔注射戊四氮,丙戊酸钠灌胃）。实验结束后大鼠眼眶取血检测血清中同型半胱氨酸的含量;在低温条件下迅速取脑组织,分析Gly含量的变化,免疫荧光检测GFAP的水平,兔疫荧光和Western bloting检测海马区GlyR表达的变化。结果：各组大鼠大发作潜伏期无显著差异(P＞0.05),但是甜菜碱治疗组较癫痫组的首次大发作持续时间显著缩短(P<0.01)。癫痫组同型半胱氨酸的含量与正常组比较显著降低（P<0.01）,甜菜碱高、低浓度组同型半胱氨酸含量与癫痫组比较明显降低（P<0.05）。癫痫组甘氨酸的含量与正常对照组相比显著下降（P<0.01）。甜菜碱高、中、低浓度组甘氨酸的含量与癫痫组比较显著增高（P<0.01）。免疫荧光检测GFAP结果,癫痫组与正常组比较显著增高（P<0.01）,而甜菜碱高中低浓度与癫痫组相比显著降低（P<0.01）。免疫荧光与Western bloting检测GlyR结果,癫痫组GluR的表达与正常对照组相比显著降低（P<0.01）,甜菜碱高、中、浓度组较癫痫组显著升高（P<0.01）。结论：甜菜碱具有较好的抗癫痫作用。     

拟痴呆大鼠海马结构MAP2与GFAP的变化

目的观察拟痴呆大鼠海马结构MAP2与GFAP的变化,探讨痴呆病理机制。方法应用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜等技术,观察MAP2和GFAP在海马结构的分布和平均荧光强度的变化。结果①假手术对照组和拟痴呆组大鼠平均逃避潜伏期分别为(9.14±2.81)s和(22.88±3.27)s(P<0.05)。②拟痴呆组大鼠海马结构MAP2阳性反应物减少,分布不均,其平均荧光强度低于假手术对照组(P<0.01)。③拟痴呆组GFAP阳性反应物增多,阳性细胞突起增粗,较多突起围绕于锥体细胞或颗粒细胞周围,CA1、CA3和齿状回GFAP阳性反应物平均荧光强度高于假手术对照组(P<0.01)。结论①永久性结扎双侧颈总动脉可建立拟痴呆模型;②海马神经细胞骨架结构发生破坏是导致痴呆原因之一;③星形胶质细胞参与痴呆发生与发展进程。     

Phenotypes of articular disc cells in the rat temporomandibular joint as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for nestin and GFAP

The articular disc is a dense collagenous tissue containing disc cells that are phenotypically described as chondrocyte-like cells or fibrochondrocytes. Despite the possible existence of these phenotypes in systemic joints, little is known about the detailed classification of the articular disc cells in the temporomandibular joint. In this immunocytochemical study we examined the localization and distribution patterns of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the articular disc of the rat temporomandibular joint at postnatal day 1, and weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8, based on the status of tooth eruption and occlusion. Nestin and GFAP are intermediate filament proteins whose expression patterns are closely related to cell differentiation and cell migration. Both types of immunopositive cell greatly increased postnatally to a stable level after postnatal week 4, but they showed different distribution patterns and cell morphologies. Nestin-reactive disc cells, which were characterized by a meagre cytoplasm and thin cytoplasmic processes, were scattered in the articular disc, whereas GFAP-positive cells, characterized by broader processes, existed exclusively in the deeper area. In mature discs, the major proportion of articular disc cells exhibited GFAP immunoreactivity. Furthermore, a double-immunostaining demonstrated that the nestin-negative cells, consisting of GFAP-positive and -negative cells, exhibited immunoreactions for heat shock protein 25. These findings indicate that the articular disc cells comprise at least three types in the rat temporomandibular joint and suggest that their expressions closely relate to mechanical loading forces within the joint, including occlusal force, as observed through postnatal development.     

Fatty acid amide hydrolase is located preferentially in large neurons in the rat central nervous system as revealed by immunohistochemistry

The distribution in the rat brain of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide was studied by immunohistochemistry. An immunopurified, polyclonal antibody to the C terminal region of FAAH was used in these studies. The large principal neurons, such as pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cells the hippocampus, Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb, showed the strongest FAAH immunoreactivity. These FAAH-containing principal neurons except the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb are in close proximity with cannabinoid CB1 receptors as revealed by our previous immunohistochemical study. Moderately or lightly stained FAAH-containing neurons were also found in the amygdala, the basal ganglia, the deep cerebellar nuclei, the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus, the optic layer and the intermediate white layer of the superior colliculus and the red nucleus in the midbrain, and motor neurons of the spinal cord. These data demonstrate that FAAH is heterogeneously distributed and this distribution exhibits considerable, although not complete, overlap with the distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in rat brain.     

慢性脑缺血对大鼠丘脑神经代谢物质的影响

目的为探求慢性脑缺血或脑血流灌注不足(CBH)的过程所导致的缺血性脑损伤的病理生理和神经化学机制,运用离体高分辨质子磁共振波谱(1HNMRS)的方法和免疫组织化学技术,对慢性脑缺血所导致大鼠丘脑神经代谢的影响进行研究。方法建立大鼠慢性低灌注性脑缺血的动物模型,观察手术后延迟期大鼠丘脑内的神经代谢物或神经化学物质包括肌酸/磷酸肌酸(Cr)、乳酸(Lac)、N-乙酰-天冬氨酸复合物(NAA)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、谷氨酸(Glu)、谷氨酰胺(Gln)、牛磺酸(Tau)以及肌醇(myo-Ins)浓度的变化。同时采用免疫组织化学的方法,对该大鼠丘脑区域内的胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的变化进行观察。结果与对照组相比较,所检测的实验组大鼠丘脑的主要神经化学物质中,Gln和myo-Ins总浓度显著升高(P<0.01),GABA的总浓度显著降低(P<0.05),而NAA、Cr、Lac、Glu和Tau的总浓度变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。同时,免疫组织化学结果显示,与对照组相比较,实验组大鼠丘脑内星形胶质细胞的标志物质GFAP着色光密度与细胞数量均显著增强和增加。结论慢性脑血流灌注不足过程中,大鼠丘脑区域内的一些神经代谢物质仍未能恢复到正常水平,这可能与其导致的慢性神经损伤有关;同时,多种重要的神经代谢物质维持正常水平,可能是神经系统内自我保护机制作用的显示。     

热惊厥对21 d龄大鼠杏仁核PRL、GFAP和FOS表达的影响

目的：探讨催乳素（PRL）参与热惊厥的机制及免疫、神经、内分泌相互调节的形态学基础。方法：采用热水浴诱导大鼠热惊厥模型。21 d龄大鼠随机分为正常对照组（n=6）和高热处理组（n=14）。根据大鼠是否有惊厥，将高热处理组又分为热应激未惊厥组（n=6）和热惊厥组（n=6）（两只未达到5级惊厥弃用）。免疫组织化学染色观察杏仁核PRL，胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和FOS的表达。结果：热应激未惊厥组和热惊厥组大鼠杏仁核PRL，GFAP和FOS阳性表达细胞数均显著高于正常对照组（P<0.01），并且热惊厥组GFAP和FOS表达显著高于热应激未惊厥组（P<0.01），而PRL表达无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论：①中枢PRL参与热惊厥的病理生理过程与热应激有关而与惊厥可能无关。②在热惊厥的发病过程中，杏仁核GFAP和FOS表达上升，表明GFAP和FOS不但与热应激有关，而且也可能与热惊厥的发生有关，热惊厥是在热应激基础上进一步发展的结果。