丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对小鼠肾间质纤维化及CTGF的影响

目的观察丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠(STS)对UUO小鼠肾间质纤维化(RIF)的影响及其作用机制。方法清洁级雄性CD1小鼠20只,随机分为:A组(单纯对照组)、B组(UUO造模组)、C组(STS低剂量组)、D组(STS高剂量组)。每组各5只,行右侧输尿管结扎术,单纯对照组只找到输尿管并不结扎,STS组小鼠在手术前3天开始腹腔内注射STS,低、高剂量组STS浓度分别为15 mg/kg.d、30 mg/kg.d,其他2组予同等剂量的生理盐水。UUO 7天后处死小鼠提取肾组织,Masson染色观察肾小管间质胶原纤维分布,Realtime PCR观察肾组织中结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、Ⅰ型胶原、α-SMA的mRNA表达,Western blot观察肾组织中α-SMA蛋白质表达。结果与对照组相比,UUO小鼠Ⅰ型胶原、α-SMA、CTGF的表达增加,RIF明显(P<0.01),STS可明显抑制UUO小鼠肾组织Ⅰ型胶原、α-SMA、CTGF的表达(P<0.05),减轻RIF。结论 STS具有抑制UUO小鼠肾间质纤维化的作用,且这种作用可能与其对CTGF的抑制有关。     

结缔组织生长因子在单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾脏中的表达及其意义

目的： 观察结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）在单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠模型中的动态表达，探讨CTGF在肾小管间质纤维化中的作用机制。方法： 将48 只Wistar大鼠随机分为UUO组和假手术（SO）组，采用左输尿管结扎术复制UUO模型，于术后1、3、7、14 d分别处死2组大鼠取左肾。采用Masson染色评定肾小管间质损伤程度；逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR) 方法检测肾组织转化生长因子-β₁（TGF-β₁）、CTGF、Ⅰ型胶原（ColⅠ）和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1（PAI-1）mRNA表达；免疫组织化学方法测定TGF-β₁、CTGF、ColⅠ、PAI-1表达；Western blotting方法检测CTGF蛋白表达量的变化。结果: UUO术后1d，梗阻肾TGF-β₁ mRNA表达开始升高，第3-14d时升高更显著（P<0.01），CTGF、ColⅠ、PAI-1 mRNA水平随之逐渐升高。免疫组织化学染色发现，UUO大鼠肾小管和间质区域CTGF表达随病程进展逐渐增强；相关分析显示，UUO术后第7d，CTGF表达量与肾小管间质损伤指数、肾小管间质TGF-β₁、ColⅠ、PAI-1表达强度均呈正相关，相关系数（r）分别为0.62、0.85、0.78和0.76（均P<0.01）。Western blotting结果显示，CTGF蛋白水平在术后第3d开始上升，随病程进展更显著。结论: CTGF可通过促进细胞外基质产生和抑制细胞外基质降解双重途径诱导肾小管间质纤维化的发生和进展。     

硫化氢通过抑制TGF-β1/Smad信号通路抗大鼠肺纤维化

目的观察硫化氢(H2S)对博莱霉素所致大鼠肺纤维化的影响,并探讨其是否通过转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)/Smad信号通路发挥作用。方法 SD大鼠50只随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、模型组、硫氢化钠(Na HS)组和地塞米松组,每组10只,假手术组大鼠以生理盐水气管内注入,而后3组大鼠以博莱霉素A5气管内注入制备肺纤维化模型。自第2天起,Na HS组、地塞米松组大鼠分别以Na HS、地塞米松腹腔注射,其余3组腹腔注射等量生理盐水。全部大鼠第28天处死,留取肺组织,行HE和Masson染色,通过试剂盒测定肺组织羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量,采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分别检测肺组织中TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3、Smad7、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、Ⅰ型胶原(ColⅠ)、Ⅲ型胶原(ColⅢ)m RNA和蛋白表达。结果与模型组比较,Na HS组和地塞米松组肺泡炎症与肺纤维化程度明显减轻(P0.01)。与正常对照组或假手术组比较,模型组肺组织HYP含量以及TGF-β1、Smad 2、Smad 3、α-SMA、ColⅠ、ColⅢm RNA和蛋白表达水平升高,但Smad 7 m RNA和蛋白表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。通过Na HS或地塞米松处理后,肺组织HYP含量以及TGF-β1、Smad 2、Smad 3、α-SMA、ColⅠ、ColⅢm RNA和蛋白表达水平减少,而Smad 7 m RNA和蛋白表达水平增加,与模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。然而,Na HS组与地塞米松组以及假手术组与正常对照组上述指标相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 H2S可能通过抑制TGF-β1/Smad信号转导通路下调α-SMA表达,从而减少ColⅠ、ColⅢ合成发挥抗大鼠肺纤维化作用。     

结缔组织生长因子在单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾组织中的表达

目的：检测大鼠单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）模型不同时期，肾组织中结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）、转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的表达，观察比较在间质纤维化不同阶段，3者的动态变化及关系。 方法： 采用雄性SD大鼠36只，分为假手术组和模型组，模型组行左侧输尿管结扎术，再分3、7、14、21和28 d共6组，每组6只，于各时点处死大鼠，取肾组织，常规HE、Masson染色，按小管间质损害的特征进行半定量评分。免疫组化检测CTGF、TGF-β1和α-SMA表达。 结果： 随梗阻时间的延长，小管间质纤维化加重，28 d间质已基本被纤维化组织所代替。随间质纤维化程度的加重，CTGF和α-SMA表达逐渐增加，两者与小管间质损害积分呈正相关，CTGF与α-SMA的表达之间也呈正相关。TGF-β1表达在7-14 d达高峰后，逐渐减少，但仍高于对照组。 结论： UUO致CTGF表达增加可能与TGF-β升高有关，CTGF可能通过促进间质中肌成纤维细胞的形成而参与肾间质纤维化。     

促红细胞生成素抑制TGF-β诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞增殖

目的 探讨促红细胞生成素在大鼠心肌成纤维细胞(CFs)增殖中的作用.方法 培养大鼠CFs.实验分为对照组(control)、TGF-β刺激组(TGF-β终浓度为5μg/L)和重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO,5 000 U/L)干预组:1h后加入TGF-β.24 h后计数细胞并采用MTT法观察细胞增殖;免疫细胞化学及Western blot法检测α-SMA表达,观察细胞转化;羟脯氨酸定量检测细胞胶原含量;Western blot法检测细胞Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白及MMP-2、MMP-9表达.结果 与对照组比较,TGF-β使细胞明显增殖(P＜0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白合成(P＜0.05)、α-SMA表达(P＜0.05)、细胞MMP-2、MMP-9表达增多(P＜0.05).使用重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO)干预后,CFs增殖、α-SMA表达及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白合成较TGF-β组均显著降低(P＜0.05),MMP-2、MMP-9表达进一步增多(P＜0.05).结论 生理剂量EPO可抑制TGF-β诱导的大鼠CFs增殖、转化及胶原的合成,促进胶原降解.     

小檗碱抑制糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化北大核心CSCD

目的观察小檗碱对糖尿病大鼠血清转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、心肌组织1型胶原蛋白(Col1)和Col3的表达,探讨其对糖尿病心肌纤维化的影响。方法采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)法复制糖尿病大鼠模型,将造模成功的43只大鼠随机分为模型组、(50、100、150)mg/(kg·d)小檗碱组,灌胃给药12周;另设正常对照组和140 mg/(kg·d)二甲双胍组。用药结束后,检测大鼠空腹血糖、左心室收缩压(LVSP)和左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)水平,取大鼠心脏,计算心脏质量指数;ELISA测定血清TGF-β1、CTGF的含量;心肌组织Masson染色观察心肌的纤维化程度;Western blot法检测心肌组织Col1、Col3的表达水平。结果与正常组相比,模型组大鼠空腹血糖水平、心脏质量指数、LVSP水平、LVEDP绝对值、TGF-β1、CTGF、心肌纤维化程度以及Col1、Col3的水平均明显升高;与模型组相比,(100、150)mg/(kg·d)小檗碱组和二甲双胍组大鼠空腹血糖水平、心脏质量指数、LVSP水平、LVEDP绝对值、TGF-β1、CTGF、心肌纤维化程度以及Col1、Col3的水平均明显降低。结论小檗碱可降低糖尿病大鼠TGF-β1、CTGF的含量,减少Col1、Col3在心肌间质沉积,对糖尿病大鼠的心肌纤维化有一定的抑制作用。     

小檗碱抑制糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化

目的观察小檗碱对糖尿病大鼠血清转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、心肌组织1型胶原蛋白(Col1)和Col3的表达,探讨其对糖尿病心肌纤维化的影响。方法采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)法复制糖尿病大鼠模型,将造模成功的43只大鼠随机分为模型组、(50、100、150)mg/(kg·d)小檗碱组,灌胃给药12周;另设正常对照组和140 mg/(kg·d)二甲双胍组。用药结束后,检测大鼠空腹血糖、左心室收缩压(LVSP)和左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)水平,取大鼠心脏,计算心脏质量指数;ELISA测定血清TGF-β1、CTGF的含量;心肌组织Masson染色观察心肌的纤维化程度;Western blot法检测心肌组织Col1、Col3的表达水平。结果与正常组相比,模型组大鼠空腹血糖水平、心脏质量指数、LVSP水平、LVEDP绝对值、TGF-β1、CTGF、心肌纤维化程度以及Col1、Col3的水平均明显升高;与模型组相比,(100、150)mg/(kg·d)小檗碱组和二甲双胍组大鼠空腹血糖水平、心脏质量指数、LVSP水平、LVEDP绝对值、TGF-β1、CTGF、心肌纤维化程度以及Col1、Col3的水平均明显降低。结论小檗碱可降低糖尿病大鼠TGF-β1、CTGF的含量,减少Col1、Col3在心肌间质沉积,对糖尿病大鼠的心肌纤维化有一定的抑制作用。     

人参皂苷Rh1对UUO大鼠肾纤维化的抑制作用

目的:观察并探讨人参皂苷Rh1(G-Rh1)对单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠肾纤维化的抑制作用及其机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,分为假手术组(sham组)、UUO组、G-Rh1低剂量组和G-Rh1高剂量组。手术后第2天开始,G-Rh1低剂量组和G-Rh1高剂量组分别每日灌胃50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg G-Rh1,连续2周。给药2周后,收集24 h尿测定尿蛋白,收集血清测定血清肌酐(SCr)和血尿素氮(BUN)。HE染色观察肾组织病理变化并对肾组织损伤程度评分。利用免疫组化和Western blot法观察肾组织中转化生长因子β_1(TGF-β_1)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白和结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)的表达。结果:肾功能检测显示,各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量的差异无统计学显著性。UUO组BUN和SCr明显高于sham组(P 0. 05),G-Rh1低剂量组和G-Rh1高剂量组BUN和SCr明显低于UUO组(P 0. 05),同时G-Rh1高剂量组BUN和SCr低于G-Rh1低剂量组(P 0. 05)。光镜下观察,与sham组比较,UUO组病理改变显著,肾组织损伤明显,G-Rh1低剂量组和G-Rh1高剂量组与UUO组比较,肾损伤明显改善,G-Rh1高剂量组改善程度较G-Rh1低剂量组更显著。肾组织免疫组化显示,与sham组比较,UUO组肾小管及肾间质中TGF-β_1表达明显增多,G-Rh1低剂量组和G-Rh1高剂量组与UUO组比较,TGF-β_1表达明显下降,G-Rh1高剂量组较G-Rh1低剂量组降低更明显。Western blot检测显示,与sham组比较,UUO组Ⅰ型胶原蛋白、α-SMA和CTGF蛋白表达明显增多(P 0. 01),G-Rh1低剂量组和G-Rh1高剂量组与UUO组比较,Ⅰ型胶原蛋白、α-SMA表达明显下降(P 0. 05),G-Rh1高剂量组较G-Rh1低剂量组α-SMA和CTGF蛋白表达明显降低(P 0. 05),而Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达无显著差异。结论:人参皂苷Rh1可缓解UUO大鼠肾组织纤维化,改善肾功能,其主要机制可能是抑制TGF-β_1信号通路中纤维化相关因子的表达。     

丹参素对TGF-β1诱导的肝星状细胞增殖与活化的影响

目的:观察丹参素对转化生长因子-β1(TGFβ-1)诱导的肝星状细胞(HSCs)增殖与活化的影响。方法:体外分离培养大鼠HSCs,细胞分为4组:对照组、TGFβ-1组、TGFβ-1+丹参素组及丹参素组。MTT法检测HSCs增殖情况;细胞免疫化学法分析各组HSCs表达结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)及α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的变化。结果:与对照组比较,TGFβ-1无明显促进HSCs增殖的作用,TGFβ-1+丹参素组及丹参素组均促进HSCs增殖(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,TGF-β1能明显促进HSCs表达CTGF和α-SMA,丹参素单独作用降低CTGF和α-SMA的表达;TGFβ-1+丹参素组CTGF和α-SMA的表达低于TGFβ-1组。结论:丹参素对HSCs的增殖有抑制作用,且部分抑制TGFβ-1诱导的HSCs活化。     

5-氟尿嘧啶抑制TGF-β1诱导人肝内胆管上皮细胞间质化

目的探讨5-氟尿嘧啶对TGF-β1诱导人肝内胆管上皮细胞间质化的抑制作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法原代培养人肝内胆管上皮细胞,角蛋白19荧光染色鉴定;细胞分为:对照(normal)组,TGF-β1(TGF-β1)组,5-氟尿嘧啶(TGF-β1+5-FU)组;免疫荧光染色观察CK-19、E-cadherin、vimentin和α-SMA标记蛋白;Western blot检测细胞标记蛋白及TGF-β1表达量;Real-time PCR检测细胞Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原及TGF-β1 mRNA含量。结果原代培养的人肝内胆管上皮细胞呈多边形或者锥形,CK-19荧光染色为胞质着色;TGF-β1诱导72 h后,胆管上皮出现间质化表现,与正常组比较,vimentin、α-SMA和TGF-β1表达明显增强(P0.05),CK-19和E-cadherin表达显著减弱(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原及TGF-β1 mRNA含量显著升高(P0.05);5-FU抑制胆管上皮间质化,与TGF-β1组比较,CK-19和E-cadherin表达增强(P0.05),vimentin、α-SMA和TGF-β1表达明显减弱(P0.05),TGF-β1 mRNA和Ⅲ型胶原mRNA含量明显降低(P0.05)。结论 5-FU通过下调TGF-β1的表达抑制胆管上皮细胞间质化。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.