结直肠癌患者肿瘤组织中KRAS、NRAS和BRAF基因突变的分子病理检测分析

目的：探讨结直肠癌患者肿瘤组织中KRAS、NRAS和BRAF基因各亚型突变状况。方法：应用Taqman-ARMS方法检测101例结直肠癌患者石蜡组织中KRAS、NRAS、BRAF基因突变情况。结果：结直肠癌患者肿瘤组织中KRAS基因总突变率为42.57%,其中30例(29.70%)检测到外显子2第12密码子突变;其中13例(12.87%)检测到KRAS基因外显子2第13密码子突变,为G13D点突变,未检测到G13C点突变;NRAS基因总突变率为3.96%,其中外显子2第12密码子突变1例(0.99%),外显子2第13密码子突变1例(0.99%),外显子3第61密码子突变2例(1.98%);BRAF基因总突变率为3.96%。结论：结直肠癌患者组织中KRAS基因突变率较高,NRAS和BRAF基因突变率虽低但不容忽视。KRAS、NRAS和BRAF基因检测人群的筛选对结直肠癌患者治疗方案的选择意义重大,能够更有效的指导精准医学个体化治疗。     

结直肠癌KRAS突变与临床病理特征的关系

目的检测结直肠患者KRAS的突变情况,分析KRAS突变与临床病理特征的关系。方法应用蝎形探针扩增阻滞突变系统(ARMS)荧光定量PCR技术,检测结直肠癌患者KRAS第12和13位密码子的突变情况并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果 1 207例结直肠癌KRAS突变率为42.92%(518/1 207)。第12号密码子6种突变类型,其中G12D突变率16.32%(197/1 207);G12V突变率10.36%(125/1 207);G12C突变率3.31%(40/1 207);G12S突变率2.40%(29/1 207);G12A突变率1.74%(21/1 207);G12R突变率0.58%(7/1 207)。第13号密码子G13D突变率为9.69%(117/1 207)。还检测出8种同时存在两种突变类型及一种同时存在3种突变类型。女性患者KRAS突变率(46.21%)高于男性(40.46%,P<0.05)。KRAS在右半结肠突变率(46.45%)和直肠突变率(44.50%)均高于左半结肠(37.50%,P<0.05)。结论结直肠癌KRAS突变有多种类型,并且多种突变类型可同时存在。女性患者突变率高于男性患者,右半结肠和直肠突变率均高于左半结肠。     

结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变的一致性分析

目的探讨结直肠癌原发灶及相应肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变及临床意义。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测58例结直肠癌原发灶癌组织及相应肝转移灶组织中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变情况。结果结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS基因的突变率分别为31.03%(18/58)、25.86%(15/58),最常见的突变位点为G12D;PIK3CA基因的突变率分别为8.62%(5/58)、10.34%(6/58),最常见的突变位点为E545K。有1例同时发生KRAS(G12D)、PIK3CA(E545K)基因突变。结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变的一致性较好。单因素分析显示:KRAS突变与结直肠癌原发灶肿瘤部位、转移灶多少、大体类型相关(P0.05),PIK3CA突变与同时性/异时性肝转移、转移灶多少相关(P0.05)。多因素Cox回归模型显示:同时性/异时性肝转移、KRAS突变状态是影响结直肠癌预后的危险因素。结直肠癌同时性肝转移比异时性肝转移患者的总生存期延长,KRAS野生型比突变型患者总生存期延长(P0.05)。结论结直肠癌中KRAS基因G12D位点突变率最高,原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变一致性较好。原发灶可以作为分子检测的标本来源,基于精准医疗对于靶向治疗的选择,则需再次评估肝转移灶中的基因状态,以达到个体化治疗。     

结直肠癌中KRAS基因突变及意义

目的观察结直肠癌患者的KRAS基因突变,探讨其生物学意义。方法收集湖北省荆门市第一人民医院2012年9月~2015年7月以双脱氧末端标记法行KRAS基因测序的结直肠癌根治标本378例,分析KRAS基因12/13密码子基因状态。结果 378例标本中,KRAS基因12/13密码子野生型247例,突变型131例(34.7%)。KRAS基因突变与患者年龄、性别无关;密码子G12突变率在有淋巴结转移组中较高,而G13突变与淋巴结转移无关。实验共检测到8种突变类型,以G12D、G12V、G13D三种类型最多,G12F(GGTTTT)为罕见突变类型。结论 KRAS基因突变的机制尚不明确,测序法能够判读少见的突变类型,有利于精准化治疗。     

252例结直肠癌组织中KRAS、NRAS、BRAF、PIK3CA的基因突变分析

目的分析结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)组织中KRAS、NRAS、BRAF和PIK3CA基因的常见突变类型及其与临床病理指标的关系。方法对252例CRC石蜡包埋组织进行DNA提取,采用Sanger测序法对KRAS、NRAS、BRAF和PIK3CA基因进行检测,分析各个基因的突变率与临床病理特征的关系,并统计各个基因的突变类型。结果 252例CRC中,KRAS、BRAF、NRAS和PIK3CA突变发生率在性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、病理分期和有无淋巴结转移上差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);检测阳性突变共140例(55.5%),其中KRAS 113例(44.8%),NRAS 1例(0.4%),BRAF 19例(7.5%),PIK3CA 28例(11.1%),包括PIK3CA与KRAS、NRAS、BRAF基因发生双突变21例(8.3%);KRAS的主要突变类型包括G12A、G12C、G12D、G12R、G12S、G12V、G13D、T20M、A59T、Q61H、Q61L、Q61P;NRAS仅有1例突变为G12D;BRAF的主要突变类型为V600E、D594G、K601E;PIK3CA的主要突变类型包括E542K、E545K、Q546K、Q546P、Q546R、M1043I、H1047R。PIK3CA与KRAS、NRAS、BRAF之间会发生交叉突变,但KRAS、NRAS、BRAF三者之间基本不存在交叉突变。结论 CRC中KRAS阳性突变率居高,PIK3CA次之,BRAF、NRAS突变率最低,且PIK3CA常与KRAS、NRAS、BRAF发生交叉突变。对CRC患者行KRAS、NRAS、BRAF、PIK3CA等多基因检测,可正确指导并选择抗EGFR单抗药,从而实现真正意义上的个体化靶向治疗。     

中国结直肠癌、肺癌和胃癌患者KRAS基因突变情况分析

目的探讨中国结直肠癌、肺癌和胃癌中KRAS基因的突变特征及其与临床病理特征的关系,并比较基因突变在三种癌症间的异同。方法采用直接测序法检测860例结直肠癌、101例肺癌和96例胃癌组织中KRAS基因第2号外显子的突变。结果 KRAS基因突变率在肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌中的差异均有显著性(5.9%vs 4.2%vs 35.1%,P0.05)。三种肿瘤中,KRAS基因突变均以第12密码子为主。KRAS突变与患者年龄、性别无明显相关性。肺腺癌患者KRAS基因突变高于非腺癌包括鳞癌等(10.2%vs 0,P0.05)。肠腺癌和黏液腺癌中KRAS基因突变率显著高于其它类型结直肠癌(35.7%vs 37.6%vs 8%,P0.05)。结论结直肠癌患者的KRAS基因突变率显著高于肺癌和胃癌。因此,KRAS基因突变检测可能对结直肠癌患者的个体化靶向治疗具有更为重要的指导意义。     

结直肠癌患者BRAF,KRAS,NRAS和PIK3CA基因突变与其病理正的关系

目的:探讨265例结直肠癌患者BRAF,KRAS,NRAS和PIK3 CA基因突变及其病理特征关系.方法:选取2014年12月至2016年12月的265例结直肠癌患者肿瘤组织标本进行回顾性分析,采用PCR扩增-直接测序法检测BRAF基因(1 5外显子600密码子),KRAS基因(12,13,61密码子突变),NRAS(2号与3号外显子的12密码子、13密码子与61密码子常见的12个突变位点)及PIK3 CA(第9,20外显子)基因的突变状态,分析其与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系.结果:265例患者中存在BRAF基因突变率为6.8％(18/265),KRAS基因突变率为32.1％(85/265),NRAS基因突变率为5.7％(15/265),PIK3 CA基因突变率为11.3％(30/265).NRAS基因和KRAS基因突变与年龄有关(P＜0.05),与性别、原发部位、组织学类型、分化程度、TNM分期、区域淋巴结转移、远处转移、术后复发转移均无关(P＞0.05);BRAF,PIK3 CA基因在原发部位为右半结肠患者中的突变率明显升高(P＜0.05),但与年龄、性别、组织学类型、分化程度、TNM分期、区域淋巴结转移、远处转移、术后复发转移均无关(P＞0.05).结论:NRAS,PIK3 CA基因在中国结直肠癌患者中的突变率较低.KRAS,NRAS基因突变与年龄相关,BRAF,PIK3 CA基因与肿瘤原发部位相关,联合检测这些基因的突变情况可以判断疾病的发生发展.     

RAS突变和微卫星不稳定与Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者临床病理特征及预后的相关性分析

目的:检测Ⅲ期结直肠癌患者中RAS和BRAF基因突变以及微卫星不稳定(microsatellite instability,MSI)状态,并分析其临床病理关系及预后。方法:收集2010~2015年广东省人民医院共281例经病理学证实的Ⅲ期结直肠癌组织标本,采用PCR-Sanger测序法和免疫组织化学法对石蜡切片进行分析,检测RAS/BRAF基因突变和MSI状态,并探讨其与结直肠癌临床病理特征和预后的关系。结果:281例患者中,RAS/BRAF突变率为48.4%(136/281),其中KRAS突变率最高(116/281,41.3%)。RAS/BRAF基因突变与癌胚抗原水平密切相关(P0.05)。免疫组织化学法检测到高度MSI(MSI-H)患者18例(6.4%),MSI-H状态在淋巴结转移N2b期患者中更为常见(P0.05)。BRAF基因在MSI-H肿瘤中的突变率较高(P0.01)。RAS/BRAF野生型或者MSI-H患者的总生存期和无进展生存期均明显高于突变型或低度MSI/微卫星稳定患者。结论:RAS/BRAF突变和MSI检测有助于结直肠癌生物学行为分析和患者预后判断。     

非小细胞肺癌中九基因联合检测突变分析

目的通过ARMS-PCR法联合检测非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancers, NSCLC)中9个驱动基因(ALK、ROS1、RET、EGFR、KRAS、HER-2、PIK3CA、NRAS和BRAF)的突变情况,分析其突变状态及临床意义。方法采用ARMS-PCR技术检测2018年2月～2019年2月陆军军医大学第一附属医院病理科存档的522例NSCLC肿瘤组织中的9个驱动基因的突变情况。结果 522例NSCLC中ALK、ROS1和RET的融合突变率分别为5.17%、1.34%、1.34%,EGFR、KRAS、HER-2、PIK3CA、NRAS和BRAF的突变率分别为47.32%、7.28%、1.72%、1.72%、0.95%和0.57%。女性患者中EGFR突变和ALK融合突变率明显高于男性患者(P0.001),而KRAS突变率低于男性患者(P0.001)。EFGR和KRAS突变在肺腺癌中显著高于肺鳞癌(P0.001)。无吸烟史患者中EGFR突变和ALK融合发生率均高于吸烟患者(P0.001),KRAS突变在吸烟患者的发生率显著高于无吸烟史患者。利用ARMS法联合检测9个基因在单点检测EGFR基础上增加了10.15%的患者可使用靶向药物(P0.01)。结论在9个驱动基因突变中,EGFR突变、ALK融合、KRAS突变与患者性别、吸烟以及组织学类型密切相关,其它较为罕见驱动基因突变并未发现与组织学类型、患者性别及吸烟与否相关。九基因联合检测可作为NSCLC更简便适用的药物靶向检测方法。     

K-ras基因状态与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系

目的观察结直肠癌原发灶K-ras基因的突变,探讨其与临床病理特征的关系。方法运用实时荧光定量PCR法检测230例结直肠癌组织K-ras基因12、13密码子的突变,利用χ2检验分析其与临床病理特征的相关性。结果 230例结直肠癌患者中,84例K-ras基因发生突变,突变率为36.5%,其中12密码子突变65例(28.2%)、13密码子突变19例(8.3%)。结直肠癌肺转移患者K-ras基因突变率较无肺转移患者高(P=0.022),12、13单密码子突变与临床病理特征(患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、病理分型、TNM分期、Dukes分期、区域淋巴结及肝肺转移)无关(P>0.05)。结论结直肠癌K-ras基因突变可能与肺转移存在相关性,检测K-ras基因突变对结直肠癌患者临床个体化治疗具有指导意义。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.