宫颈癌组织及细胞株中长链非编码RNA CCAT1 的表达水平及意义

目的:研究宫颈癌组织及细胞株中长链非编码RNA肠癌相关转录因子1(CCAT1)的表达水平及意义。方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测2015年1月至2017年6月接受宫颈癌根治术的48例宫颈癌患者的癌组织、对应癌旁正常组织(距癌3 cm)以及人正常宫颈鳞状细胞系ECT1/E6E7、宫颈癌细胞系Hela、C33A中CCAT1的表达,并分析其临床意义;应用小分子RNA(siRNA)分别转染人宫颈癌细胞系Hela、C33A,构建CCAT1低表达细胞系,采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法检测CCAT1对人宫颈癌细胞增殖的影响,流式细胞仪检测各组细胞周期,蛋白印迹(Western blot)法检测CCAT1对人宫颈癌细胞中RAS相关区域家族1A蛋白(RASSF1A)、细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1)表达的影响。结果:与癌旁正常组织相比,人宫颈癌组织中CCAT1的表达显著升高(P0.05);与正常宫颈细胞ECT1/E6E7相比,宫颈癌细胞系Hela、C33A中CCAT1的表达显著升高(P0.05);TMN分期较晚、肿瘤大、有淋巴结转移的宫颈癌患者宫颈癌组织中CCAT1相对表达量更高(P0.05);不同年龄、分化程度患者中CCAT1的表达无显著性差异(P0.05);与siRNA-NC组相比,转染siRNA-CCAT1的Hela、C33A细胞中CCAT1、细胞增殖活性、cyclin D1蛋白的表达显著降低,RASSF1A蛋白的表达显著升高。结论:CCAT1的表达上调与宫颈癌发生发展密切相关,沉默CCAT1的表达会抑制宫颈癌细胞的增殖,可能与上调RASSF1A的表达、下调cyclin D1的表达有关。     

长链非编码RNA CCAT1对人宫颈癌XB1702细胞裸鼠移植瘤放射敏感性的影响

目的探讨长链非编码RNA(lnc RNA)结肠癌相关转录因子1(CCAT1)对宫颈癌XB1702细胞裸鼠移植瘤放射敏感性的影响。方法通过电穿孔法分别将CCAT1 si RNA和重组表达载体pcD NA3.1-CCAT1转染人宫颈癌XB1702细胞后,G418筛选得到稳定转染细胞系,实验分为3组:CCAT1si RNA转染组、pc DNA3.1-CCAT1转染组和空白对照组。转染48 h后,RT-PCR检测细胞中CCAT1 lnc RNA表达水平;CCK8检测细胞增殖,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡影响;裸鼠移植瘤实验检测上调和下调RNA CCAT1表达联合X射线照射对宫颈癌的生长抑制作用。结果干扰XB1702细胞中CCAT1 lnc RNA表达后,XB1702细胞增殖被抑制,细胞凋亡率增加;裸鼠移植瘤平均体积明显小于对照组(正常XB1702细胞种植组)差异有统计学意义(P0.05);上调XB1702细胞中CCAT1lnc RNA表达后,XB1702细胞增殖能力明显增强,细胞凋亡率降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而上调组裸鼠皮下种植瘤平均体积较照射前无明显变化。结论下调CCAT1 mR NA表达能抑制人宫颈癌XB1702细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长,增强瘤体的放射敏感性。     

长链非编码RNA结肠癌相关转录本2在胃癌血清中的表达及临床意义

目的:检测长链非编码RNA结肠癌相关转录本2(CCAT2)在胃癌患者和正常对照组血清中的差异表达,探讨其对胃癌临床诊断的效能及意义。方法:通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测胃癌和正常对照组血清CCAT2的表达,分析其与胃癌临床病理特征的相关性;通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线和危险分数分析法评估CCAT2对胃癌的诊断效能,并与肿瘤标志物癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)、糖类抗原72-4(CA72-4)以及甲胎蛋白(AFP)的诊断效能进行比较。结果:胃癌患者血清中CCAT2的表达量明显高于正常对照组;其表达水平与年龄、性别、肿瘤临床分期、淋巴结转移以及肿瘤远处转移等均不相关,但与肿瘤细胞的分化程度呈负相关。CCAT2诊断胃癌的曲线下面积为0.619,敏感度和特异度分别为78.63%和53.00%,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为66.18%和67.95%。与CA19-9、CEA以及CA72-4相比,诊断的敏感度显著增高。结论:CCAT2在胃癌血清中高表达,有可能成为胃癌临床诊断的潜在生物标志物。     

沉默长链非编码RNA CCAT2对人骨肉瘤细胞MG-63增殖与凋亡的影响

目的探讨靶向沉默长链非编码RNA肠癌相关转录子2(lncRNA CCAT2)对人骨肉瘤细胞MG-63增殖与凋亡的影响。方法实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法检测骨肉瘤MG63细胞与人成骨hFOB1.19细胞中lncRNA CCAT2表达水平;转染小干扰RNA沉默MG63细胞中lncRNA CCAT2的表达,qPCR方法验证沉默效率。沉默MG63细胞中lncRNA CCAT2表达后,MTT方法检测MG63细胞增殖能力的变化,流式细胞术检测MG63细胞的凋亡率,Western blot方法检测MG63细胞p53及Bcl-2蛋白的表达变化。结果lncRNA CCAT2在骨肉瘤MG63细胞中的表达显著高于人成骨hFOB1.19细胞(P<0.01);转染小干扰RNA能够显著降低MG63细胞中lncRNA CCAT2的表达水平(P<0.01)。沉默lncRNA CCAT2后,MG63细胞的增殖能力显著降低,凋亡率显著上升,Bcl-2蛋白表达显著降低p53蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01)。结论靶向沉默lncRNA CCAT2能够抑制人骨肉瘤细胞MG-63的增殖并诱导凋亡。     

长链非编码RNA CCAT2在肿瘤中的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)是继微小RNA(miRNA)之后非编码RNA(ncRNA)研究的热点.LncRNA在基因组中普遍转录,由于其在转录调控、转录后调控和表观遗传调控中的不同功能,使其正在成为肿瘤发生研究的新热点.结肠癌-相关转录本2(CCAT2)作为一种长链非编码RNA首先在大肠癌中被发现并命名,后被证实在其他多种肿瘤如乳腺癌、卵巢癌、胃癌、非小细胞肺癌、子宫颈癌、食管鳞状细胞癌的发生发展中存在异常表达,说明C C A T 2可以作为肿瘤标记物广泛应用.     

长链非编码RNA CCAT1靶向miR-218对子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞增殖和侵袭的影响

目的 探索长链非编码RNA CCAT1对子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞增殖和侵袭的影响及可能机制。方法 体外培养子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞,将lncRNA CCAT1抑制物转染子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞,抑制CCAT1表达,实时定量PCR检测各组细胞CCAT1和miR-218的表达,双荧光素酶报告基因实验分析CCAT1和miR-218的靶向关系。CCK-8法检测HEC-1A细胞增殖能力,Transwell实验检测HEC-1A细胞侵袭能力。结果 转染CCAT1抑制物能够显著降低HEC-1A细胞中CCAT1的表达,上调miR-218的表达（P<0.05）;双荧光素酶实验表明CCAT1可直接靶向miR-218。转染CCAT1抑制物后,HEC-1A细胞增殖和侵袭能力下降（P<0.05）。结论 抑制lncRNA CCAT1可以使子宫内膜癌细胞HEC-1A的增殖和侵袭能力下降,其机制可能与上调miR-218的表达有关。     

LncRNA CCAT1 在子宫内膜癌组织的表达意义以及雷公藤甲素的干预作用

目的:观察雷公藤甲素对子宫内膜癌组织中长链非编码RNA结肠癌相关转录子1(LncRNA-CCAT1)表达的影响,探讨其在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达意义。方法:C57BL/6小鼠接种子宫内膜癌瘤HEC-1A细胞制备荷子宫内膜癌小鼠模型,成瘤后取40只小鼠随机分为模型组、低剂量雷公藤甲素组(25μg/kg)、中剂量雷公藤甲素组(50μg/kg)和高剂量雷公藤甲素组(100μg/kg)。给药15 d后取小鼠肿瘤组织称重,计算抑瘤率;HE染色观察肿瘤组织形态;TUNEL染色观察肿瘤组织细胞凋亡情况;免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤组织caspase-3蛋白表达水平,定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)检测肿瘤组织LncRNA CCAT1表达水平。结果:模型组肿瘤组织血管丰富,细胞生长密集,排列不规则;低、中、高剂量雷公藤甲素组小鼠肿瘤组织内血管减少,结构破坏,细胞出现不同程度坏死。与模型组比较,低、中、高剂量雷公藤甲素组小鼠肿瘤组织质量均明显减轻(P0.05),抑瘤率均明显升高(P0.05),凋亡细胞数均明显增加(P0.05),肿瘤组织caspase-3蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P0.05),LncRNA CCAT1表达水平均明显降低(P0.05),呈剂量依赖性。结论:雷公藤甲素可通过降低LncRNA-CCAT1表达,下调caspase-3蛋白表达,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,对荷子宫内膜癌小鼠移植瘤生长起抑制作用。     

LncRNA CCAT1通过调控MYC蛋白的表达激活MAPK信号通路影响胃癌细胞的生物学行为

目的：探讨lncRNA CCAT1通过调控瘤细胞病毒癌基因（MYC）蛋白的表达激活MAPK信号通路影响胃癌细胞的生物学行为及机制。方法：qPCR检测lncRNA CCAT1在胃癌组织和不同胃癌细胞株中的表达情况;qPCR检测MYC在胃癌组织中的表达和lncRNA CCAT1的关系,双荧光素酶报告基因检测lncRNA CCAT1和MYC之间的相互作用;流式细胞术实验检测lncRNA CCAT1对胃癌细胞的凋亡行为和细胞周期的影响;划痕愈合试验和Transwell侵袭实验检测lncRNA CCAT1对胃癌细胞的迁移和侵袭行为的变化情况;Western blot实验检测lncRNA CCAT1对MAPK通路相关蛋白表达情况的影响。结果：与正常胃组织相比,胃癌组织中lncRNA CCAT1的表达水平相对上调,与其他细胞株相比,HCG-27细胞中lncRNA CCAT1表达最高;MYC表达与相对lncRNA CCAT1的表达呈负相关关系;双荧光素酶实验证实lncRNA CCAT1能与MYC的3′UTR特异性结合,可以调控MYC的表达与活性;抑制lncRNA CCAT1的表达可以诱导G0/G1期的细胞周期停滞并促进细胞凋亡;抑制lncRNA CCAT1的表达后可以抑制胃癌细胞的迁移和侵袭能力;抑制lncRNA CCAT1后下游MAPK通路蛋白表达水平相应下调。结论：LncRNA CCAT1通过调控MYC蛋白表达激活MAPK信号通路影响胃癌细胞的生物学行为。     

长链非编码RNA OIP5-AS1在肿瘤中的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关.LncRNA反义Opa反应蛋白5RNA(Opa interacting protein 5-antisense RNA 1,OIP5-AS1)在多种肿瘤中不仅异常表达,还发挥癌基因的作用,是潜在的肿瘤治疗靶点,并有望成为肿...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.