颞骨矢状位组织切片与CT图像对照研究

目的制作颞骨矢状位数字化火棉胶薄层断层数据集,CT片与HE染色照片进行对照观察,为临床影像学诊断及手术入路设计提供参考。方法用2例尸头标本进行螺旋CT扫描后制作侧颅底区标本,火棉胶包埋后,用大型轮式切片机沿矢状位切片,厚度100μm,每切一片均采用SonyF-717数码照相机(500万像素)摄影并保存在计算机。选取代表性层面的切片进行HE染色。将断层数码照片与HE染色照片和CT片进行对照观察,对代表性层面结构特点进行描述,包括鼓窦入口层面、面神经锥曲层面、前庭窗层面、蜗窗层面、内耳道底层面。结果获取颞骨完整矢状位数字化薄层断层数据集2套。火棉胶断层照片与CT图像有良好的对应关系,连续观察可以对结构毗邻关系深入理解。火棉胶组织学断层切片为影像学断层片结构的识别提供重要参考。矢状位可以较好显示面神经垂直段行程以及面神经锥曲段与水平半规管之间的关系,对锤砧关节、前庭导水管、颈静脉窝、颈内动脉、内耳道内神经等的显示有优势。结论矢状位组织切片与CT对照研究有助于颢骨三维立体结构和中耳乳突手术入路的理解,HE染色照片可以帮助火棉胶断层图像结构的准确识别,二者结合可以指导CT读片,为影像诊断和手术定位提供有价值的参考。     

HRCT指导下人工耳蜗植入术相关的解剖研究

目的:在HRCT扫描重建的引导下,模拟人工耳蜗植入入路主要步骤解剖,作相关的解剖和HRCT数据测量对照以便为人工耳蜗植入术前影像学评估提供指导.方法:通过6例儿童颞骨标本解剖,模拟人工耳蜗主要步骤解剖,解剖前后作HRCT横轴位和斜矢状位扫描,观察测量手术解剖和HRCT之间的关系.结果:解剖测量面神经隐窝宽度在蜗窗水平为(3.13±0.34)mm,在前庭窗水平宽度为(4.12±0.44)mm,HRCT测量面神经隐窝宽度在蜗窗水平为(3.20±0.38)mm,在前庭窗水平为(4.14±0.47)mm,斜矢状位HRCT可使面神经垂直段、水平段全程显示.解剖测量数据与HRCT测量数据差异无统计学上意义(P>0.05).结论:横轴位面神经到外耳道后壁的距离、斜矢状位面神经到蜗窗距离是反映面神经位置关系的很重要的参数,面神经垂直段 、外耳道后壁、蜗窗是测量的重要解剖标志,术前作HRCT人工耳蜗植入相关测量可用来指导临床手术.     

鼓岬区底转骨螺旋板的分段定位及其临床意义

目的:为耳蜗植入术提供耳蜗鼓岬区底转骨螺旋板的解剖资料,同时寻找从鼓岬表面定位骨螺旋板的方法.方法:取成人颞骨标本15例(30侧),经乳突后鼓室进路,进入鼓室;在手术放大镜下对鼓岬区骨螺旋板走行、分段及毗邻结构进行观测.结果:①耳蜗底转骨螺旋板在鼓岬区可通过位于蜗窗龛上缘及下部的转折点分成3段:钩段(1.52±0.16)mm,蜗窗前下段(3.83±0.37)mm和前行段(2.70±0.36)mm;②蜗窗前下段所在平面与面神经水平段成角为(51.00±5.97)°,且较恒定地与镫骨头后缘相交;以镫骨头后缘为一固定点,在鼓岬上画一经过此点与面神经水平段成51°的直线,可代表骨螺旋板蜗窗前下段在鼓岬上的投影,也即此段骨螺旋板在鼓岬上的投影线;③鼓岬区鼓阶宽度:蜗窗龛上缘中点处宽度为(0.36±0.06)mm;蜗窗龛前缘中点处宽度为(0.97±0.14)mm;蜗窗前下3 mm处宽度为(1.24±0.21)mm.结论:①鼓岬区骨螺旋板可通过2个转折点分成3段,即钩段、蜗窗前下段和前行段;②骨螺旋板在鼓岬上的投影线及与毗邻结构的距离可以为人工耳蜗植入术中准确定位鼓阶,避免损伤基底膜提供形态学依据.     

经耳内镜鼓窦与上鼓室入路人工耳蜗植入的解剖研究

目的 探讨经耳内镜鼓窦、上鼓室自然通道人工耳蜗植入术的可能性.方法 在4例冰冻成人正常颞骨标本开展新手术入路,并测量相关参数,术后中耳高分辨CT加以证实.结果 所有标本均切开鼓窦,经鼓窦入口、上鼓室、中鼓室放置植入电极,在耳内镜下经外耳道鼓室切开显露蜗窗龛,通过蜗窗植入电极,未损伤鼓索神经、面神经.鼓后峡宽度(4.65...     

人工耳蜗植入术相关的耳蜗解剖学

由于人工耳蜗植入术的逐步开展使得对耳蜗结构的认识显得极为重要,研究的目的主要是为人工耳蜗电极植入时鼓阶钻孔的安全位置,电极的长度、直径、插入的角度,与螺旋神经节的位置关系提供解剖学依据,以尽量减小对螺旋板、基底膜的损伤,获得更好的语言识别率.本文主要综述了鼓岬区的蜗窗、螺旋板、前庭窗之间的空间位置关系,蜗管的走行、长度,前庭阶、鼓阶的宽度高度以及蜗轴中螺旋神经节与蜗管的关系.     

与人工耳蜗植入术相关的面神经垂直段应用解剖

目的　通过观测面神经垂直段解剖 ,了解与圆窗龛的关系 ,为人工耳蜗植入手术中避免面神经损伤提供参考。方法　通过对 12个成人颞骨标本解剖 ,模拟人工耳蜗植入术 ,观察和测量面神经垂直段位置与圆窗龛关系。结果　圆窗龛上缘至面神经垂直段距离 5 .49± 1.0 76mm ,圆窗上缘至砧骨短脚 5 .0 7± 2 .0 2mm ,圆窗龛平面面神经至鼓索神经距离 2 .2 5± 0 .3 8mm ,圆窗龛平面面神经垂直段至后半规管距离 2 .41± 0 .46mm。圆窗龛全貌能暴露者 7例 ,前部部分暴露 4例 ,有一例圆窗龛因面神经垂直段影响未能显示 ,未见面神经垂直段有分成两支的情况。结论　面神经垂直段前置将影响圆窗龛暴露 ,对此可考虑将面神经移位或经面神经后与后半规管之间进入后鼓室     

人类正常中耳粘膜(综述)

远在显微镜发明以前,人们已从尸体上认识了咽鼓管,但直到十六世纪解剖学者才真正涉及到中耳。解剖学家Vesalius(1543)首先描述了鼓室、锤骨、砧骨,前庭窗与蜗窗。Fallopius(1561)记载了中耳与邻近气房以及面神经管。Eustachins(1563)第一个描写了沟通咽部与中耳的膜性软骨管(咽鼓管),故迄今仍称此管为欧氏管(Eustachian tube)。此后,Valsalva(1917)在听器的解剖中,才正确地说明咽鼓管由膜性部与骨性部所组成。显微镜的发明弥补了单凭肉眼进行大体解剖     

蝶窦外侧壁相关结构断层解剖学研究

目的 探讨蝶窦外侧壁相关结构断层解剖,旨在提高对此区域结构的认识。方法 观察20例(40侧)头部离体标本的视神经管结构,蝶窦外侧壁特点及与视神经和颈内动脉的关系。用火棉胶包埋10例标本,对蝶窦外侧壁相关结构的区域进行冠状、水平位的薄层切片,观察各层面结构和位置。结果①77.5％颈内动脉和90％视神经在蝶窦外侧壁向窦腔内侧形成突起;②前床突在水平、冠状层面上,为该区域前部的重要骨性标志;③蝶筛隐窝和圆孔在水平、冠状层面上,为该区域前中部的重要骨性标志;④岩尖前端和卵圆孔在水平、冠状层面上,为该区域中后部的重要骨性标志。结论 通过研究蝶窦外侧壁相关结构的断层解剖,并与大体解剖进行对照,为此区域的影像学和手术学的发展提供更可靠的依据。     

经乳突-上鼓室入路面神经手术主要解剖标志的多螺旋CT双斜位多平面重建

目的:探讨利用多螺旋CT双斜位多平面重建技术(MPR),进行经乳突-上鼓室入路面神经手术中涉及的面神经段及定位解剖标志同层重建的可行性及意义。方法:在1具尸头标本上模拟经乳突-上鼓室面神经手术入路,观察面神经暴露的范围及定位解剖标志。利用双斜位MPR,对30具完整的成年国人尸体头颅标本进行经乳突-上鼓室面神经手术入路中涉及到的面神经段及定位解剖标志同层面重建,并对4个不同方位图像同层显示解剖标志的程度进行分级评价。结果:经乳突-上鼓室入路可显露面神经垂直段、面神经锥段、水平全段、膝状神经节和迷路段远端,定位解剖标志有水平半规管、匙突、上鼓室前隐窝。以上解剖标志在双斜位MPR重建图像中可同层显示,显示成功率均为100%,显示程度双斜位均优于横断位、冠状位及矢状位,不同方位图像显示程度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:双斜位MPR可清晰同层显示经乳突-上鼓室入路面神经手术中涉及的主要解剖标志,结合手术进路及手术目的,利用双斜位MPR,针对性地进行相关解剖标志的同层重建,能为术者提供更有使用价值的影像学信息。     

人工耳蜗电极植入耳蜗入口的定位

目的 :确定人工耳蜗电极植入耳蜗入口的位置。方法 :对 2 5具尸头 50耳标本进行人工耳蜗植入手术有关的解剖数据测量。结果 :人工耳蜗电极植入耳蜗鼓阶入口与前庭窗最近距离为 2 .77mm。结论 :该解剖参数为蜗窗难以找到的人工耳蜗植入病例提供了定位参考     

Correlation of high-resolution computed tomography and gross anatomic sections of the temporal bone: Part I. The facial nerve

Detailed anatomic analysis of the human temporal bone has been made possible by correlating high-resolution computed tomography (CT) with gross anatomic sections. Serial CT scans of isolated temporal bones were obtained in the transaxial (horizontal), coronal, and sagittal planes at 1.5-mm intervals. The temporal bone was sectioned at 2.0-mm intervals in planes parallel to the CT scans. Based on a correlation of these sections, the facial nerve canal was divided into four segments and the planes in which each is best observed are described and illustrated. The first segment in the internal auditory canal is best visualized in the sagittal plane, the labyrinthine segment and geniculate ganglion in the coronal and transaxial planes, the tympanic portion in the sagittal plane, the genu, between the tympanic and mastoid portion, in the sagittal plane, and the mastoid portion and the stylomastoid foramen in the coronal and sagittal planes.     

Correlation of high-resolution computed tomography and gross anatomic sections of the temporal bone: II. Vestibular apparatus

High-resolution computed tomography (CT) of isolated temporal bones was performed in the transaxial, coronal, and sagittal planes at 1.5-mm intervals. The temporal bones were then sectioned at 2.0-mm intervals in planes parallel to the CT scans. The structures making up the vestibular apparatus were identified, and the planes in which each is best visualized were selected for the illustrations. The vestibule, oval window, tympanic cavity, and tympanic portion of the facial nerve are best seen in the transaxial and coronal planes; the arch of the superior semicircular canal in the transaxial plane and its limbs in the coronal plane; the arch of the posterior semicircular canal in the coronal and sagittal planes and its limbs in the transaxial plane; and the common crus in the sagittal plane. The horseshoe-shaped lateral semicircular canal is displayed in the transaxial plane, and the relationship of its lateral limb to the tympanic segment of the facial nerve is best demonstrated in the sagittal plane. The ampullae of all three canals can be appreciated equally well in all three planes.     

先天性外耳道骨性闭锁患者人工耳蜗植入的手术分析

目的探讨先天性外耳道骨性闭锁行人工耳蜗植入患者的听力学检查、影像学特征及手术径路的选择。方法收集2015年7月—2019年1月诊治的5例先天性外耳道骨性闭锁行人工耳蜗植入术的患者,回顾性分析其病史、听力学检查、影像学特征及手术径路。结果5例患者听力均表现为重度感音神经性聋。影像学表现为外耳道骨性闭锁,伴听骨链畸形,面神经走形异常,均无内耳畸形。5例患者均采用鼓窦径路,其中2例患者经面神经后下植入人工耳蜗。所有患者均为圆窗膜植入,植入电极过程顺利,术后开机反应佳。结论针对外耳道骨性闭锁畸形需行人工耳蜗植入的患者,应采用外耳道骨性闭锁的鼓窦径路的手术方式,开放部分乳突及鼓窦,取出畸形的听骨链,在此基础上,进一步暴露圆窗龛。对于面神经乳突段前移,完全遮挡圆窗龛的患者,则可转经面神经后下暴露圆窗龛。     

高分辨CT检查面神经管与周围结构解剖关系

目的探讨高分辨CT（high resolution CT,HRCT）中面神经管与周围结构解剖关系,为进行手术操作提供可靠信息。方法回顾2007年8月～2009年9月我院行颞骨HRCT检查且无颞骨病变的患者118例,其中男性65例,女性53例;在工作站上对轴位及重组出的矢状位、冠状位,观察各段面神经管周围重要结构的距离进行测量,比较不同侧别、性别上述测量值有无差异。结果垂直段前缘距外耳道后壁距离成人为（4 23±0.73）mm,垂直段距乙状窦前壁距离（9.93±2.16）mm,垂直段距蜗窗距离（3.21±0.31）mm,垂直段距鼓岬外缘最短距离（4.32±0.57）mm,砧骨短脚距面神经锥段距离（3.32±0.37）mm,水平段距蜗窗水平距离（2.28±0.48）mm,水平段距鼓岬外缘水平距离（2.23±0.18）mm,面隐窝宽度（5.12±0.31）mm。结论 HRCT是研究面神经管与周围结构影像解剖的优良方法,可为耳显微外科手术中避免面神经的意外伤害提供可靠信息。     

1448例人工耳蜗植入手术中疑难问题的总结

目的通过对1448例人工耳蜗植入手术的总结,讨论人工耳蜗植入术中疑难问题,为提高人工耳蜗植入手术的成功率提供参考。方法1448例人工耳蜗植入手术病例资料来源于1998年1月～2009年3月。术前信息年龄8．5个月～51．2岁,平均年龄为4．57。全部为双耳重度和极重度感音神经性聋,其中语前聋患者1430例、成人语后聋患者18例。术前进行常规检查包括：①听力学检查、影像学检查、小儿肢体智力发育评估。②全麻常规检查。手术方法：①按常规面神经隐窝入路自耳蜗底转鼓阶植入耳蜗电极。②自乳突入路从耳蜗与前庭共同腔后下植入耳蜗电极。③在开放式乳突腔内埋藏电极线后仍于圆窗入路植入耳蜗电极。手术疑难判断方法：①无法按常规面隐窝入路手术者。②由于乙状窦、天盖、外耳道壁等解剖问题不能顺利完成乳突轮廓化者。③由干面神经、鼓索神经、外耳道骨壁的解剖问题使开放面隐窝的空间狭小导致暴露圆窗困难者。④耳蜗或圆窗等骨化或畸形等问题不能按常规自圆窗口部顺利植入耳蜗电极者。结果①手术成功率：1448例人工耳蜗植入手术均～期成功,成功率为100％。②术中疑难问题：术中疑难问题共241例（耳）,占16．64％,其中非常规手术入路10例,乙状窦前移影响手术入路4例,面神经垂直部高位并前移使与鼓素神经或外耳道壁的距离狭小影响圆窗的暴露179例,耳蜗底转骨化影响打开耳蜗鼓阶23例,圆窗骨化无法以圆窗为标记打开耳蜗鼓阶15例,耳蜗海绵状改变判断鼓阶正确位置困难5例,耳蜗与内听道共同腔耳蜗电极在共同腔内正确摆放困难5例。结论对1448例人工耳蜗植入手术总结体会认为,人工耳蜗植入手术中的疑难问题主要表现为：①面神经垂直部过度前移影响圆窗的暴露。②耳蜗骨化或海绵状改变影响开放耳蜗     

MSCT多模态三维重建观测颞骨结构及对人工耳蜗手术的指导意义

目的 探讨采用MSCT影像三维多模态重建技术在人工耳蜗植入术术前评估、术后复查中的应用价值.方法 ①应用双阈值重建技术显示耳蜗、前庭、半规管的膜性立体结构及听小骨,颞骨透明成像,逐一融合显示听小骨、内耳与颞骨的关系;②面神经曲面重建显示面神经的走行,观察面神经与面神经隐窝、外耳道后壁、鼓索神经等邻近结构的关系;③双斜径多平面重建(MPR)技术测量鼓岬平面面神经垂直段与鼓索神经的距离.结果 该组83例,内耳畸形11例中Mondini畸形2例、半规管畸形2例、共同腔畸形2例、内听道狭窄1例、前庭导水管扩大4例.正常结构耳鼓岬平面面神经垂直段与鼓索神经距离左侧(0.270±0.057)cm,右侧(0.280±0.068)cm.术后复查5例,清晰显示植入电极位置良好.结论 多模态重建技术能较好地满足临床多角度、全方位观察中耳和内耳解剖的需要,评估手术风险,确保手术顺利进行并可应用于术后复查植入电极的位置.     

A true minimally invasive approach for cochlear implantation: high accuracy in cranial base navigation through flat-panel-based volume computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: High-precision intraoperative navigation using high-resolution flat-panel volume computed tomography makes feasible the possibility of minimally invasive cochlear implant surgery, including cochleostomy. Conventional cochlear implant surgery is typically performed via mastoidectomy with facial recess to identify and avoid damage to vital anatomic landmarks. To accomplish this procedure via a minimally invasive approach--without performing mastoidectomy--in a precise fashion, image-guided technology is necessary. With such an approach, surgical time and expertise may be reduced, and hearing preservation may be improved. INTERVENTIONS: Flat-panel volume computed tomography was used to scan 4 human temporal bones. A drilling channel was planned preoperatively from the mastoid surface to the round window niche, providing a margin of safety to all functional important structures (e.g., facial nerve, chorda tympani, incus). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperatively, computed tomographic imaging and conventional surgical exploration of the drilled route to the cochlea were performed. RESULTS: All 4 specimens showed a cochleostomy located at the scala tympani anterior inferior to the round window. The chorda tympani was damaged in 1 specimen--this was preoperatively planned as a narrow facial recess was encountered. CONCLUSION: Using flat-panel volume computed tomography for image-guided surgical navigation, we were able to perform minimally invasive cochlear implant surgery defined as a narrow, single-channel mastoidotomy with cochleostomy. Although this finding is preliminary, it is technologically achievable.     

人工耳蜗植入术相关的面神经隐窝及后鼓室应用解剖研究

目的:通过对人工耳蜗植入术相关的面神经隐窝及后鼓室解剖结构进行观察测量,为人工耳蜗植入术中避免面神经、鼓索神经等损伤及准确定位鼓阶开窗口提供理论参考。方法:对20侧成人颞骨标本进行解剖,模拟经面神经隐窝入路人工耳蜗植入术,在手术显微镜下观察、测量与人工耳蜗植入手术相关的解剖数据。结果:外耳道后上棘至砧骨短脚之间的距离为(12.44±0.51)mm;鼓索神经发出点至茎乳孔之间的距离为(2.67±0.51)mm;砧骨短脚至鼓索神经发出点之间的距离为(15.22±0.83)mm;面神经隐窝最宽处至砧骨短脚之间距离为(6.28±0.41)mm;面神经隐窝最宽处至鼓索神经发出点之间距离为(9.81±0.71)mm;面神经隐窝最大宽度为(2.73±0.20)mm;镫骨头水平面神经隐窝宽度为(2.48±0.20)mm;圆窗水平的面神经隐窝宽度为(2.24±0.18)mm;锥隆起至圆窗膜前缘之间的距离为(2.22±0.21)mm;镫骨头至圆窗膜下缘之间的距离为(2.16±0.14)mm。结论:利用面神经垂直段并非一条直线垂直下行,而是向后有一拱形的弧度,因此面神经垂直段弧度最大位置是打开并充分开放面神经隐窝起始位置;术中切开耳蜗底回的位置位于锥隆起前下方约2.22mm。     

Cochlear implantation in rats: a new surgical approach

The laboratory rat has been used extensively in auditory research but has had limited use in cochlear implant related research due mainly to the surgically restricted access to the scala tympani. We have developed a new surgical method for cochlear implantation in rats. The key to this protocol was cauterizing the stapedial artery (SA) and making a small cochleostomy near the round window in order to enlarge the surgical access to the scala tympani. Five normal hearing Hooded Wistar rats were used to investigate the effect of cauterizing the SA on hearing and auditory nerve survival. Results showed that cauterizing the SA was surgically feasible, afforded excellent exposure of the round window niche for cochleostomy, and did not adversely affect acoustic thresholds measured electrophysiologically. Moreover, there was no difference in spiral ganglion cell densities for any cochlear turn when compared with the contralateral control ears. Three deafened rats were subsequently implanted with a scala tympani electrode array using this new surgical approach. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses using bipolar stimulation, and subsequent cochlear histopathology demonstrated that cochlear implantation using a custom-made rat electrode array was safe and effective. The surgical approach presented in this paper presents a safe and effective procedure for acute or chronic cochlear implantation in the rat model.