胰腺断裂合并主胰管损伤的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨胰腺断裂合并主胰管损伤的手术方式选择和疗效.方法 回顾性分析1995年1月～2009年2月经我院手术治疗的21例胰腺断裂伤患者的临床资料.本组男14例,女7例;平均年龄26岁(9～53岁);开放性损伤8例,闭合性损伤13例;按美国创伤外科医师学会的损伤分级:Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级8例,Ⅴ级5例.18例损伤后12小时内手术治疗,3例延期手术治疗.其中10例行远侧胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;3例行胰头十二指肠切除术;2例行改良十二指肠憩室化手术;3例行胰腺尾部切除术;2例行主胰管吻合内置管引流、胰腺断面缝合;1例行胰腺两侧断端缝扎,后2期手术行远端胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.结果 治愈20例,死亡1例(胰头十二指肠切除术后).发生胰瘘并发症3例,经充分引流、药物治疗治愈. 结论 早期手术探查并贯彻损伤控制性外科理念是提高胰腺断裂伤治疗效果的关键,手术方式要根据分级采取个体化方案.     

胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗的方法.方法:分析1988年1月至2003年12月间收治的29例胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗情况.按美国创伤外科学会(AAST)胰腺损伤分级:Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级13例,Ⅳ级3例和Ⅴ级3例.27例病人经过外科手术治疗.8例胰腺损伤的病人行局部引流.胰头侧断端胰管结扎闭锁缝合、胰体尾部切除术9例(其中经内镜鼻胰管引流术3例;同时因脾脏严重损伤行脾切除5例).胰头侧断端胰管结扎闭锁缝合、体部断端胰空肠Roux-Y吻合术7例.Ⅴ级损伤3例,十二指肠憩室化术2例;行急诊胰十二指肠切除术1例.结果:23例治愈.1例发生创伤性胰腺炎经保守治疗恢复正常;2例发生胰漏,经引流、善宁治疗治愈;2例形成胰腺假性囊肿,3个月后行胰腺假性囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术.1例死于颅脑损伤.结论:胰腺损伤早期诊断是治疗的关键.术中细致探查十分重要.若病情允许,内镜不但有助于胰腺损伤的诊断,而且是治疗胰腺损伤的一种有效方法.依据胰腺损伤类型选择合理的治疗方法,可以减少术后并发症的发生.     

胰腺损伤35例诊治分析

目的总结胰腺损伤诊断和治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析我科2005年12月至2010年6月期间收治的35例胰腺损伤患者的临床资料。结果男32例,女3例;年龄11～47岁,平均29岁。损伤程度:Ⅰ、Ⅱ级20例,Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级2例,Ⅴ级1例。根据病史、临床症状、血清淀粉酶、腹腔穿刺液淀粉酶检测、B超、CT等诊断。4例行非手术治疗;31例行手术治疗,其中16例行胰腺被膜切开、清创、冲洗、引流,6例行损伤胰腺远端切除,6例行近端缝合、远端空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,2例胰腺主胰管吻合放置支撑管经空肠外引流,1例胰头部严重毁损行胰十二指肠切除术。术前明确诊断24例,术中明确诊断11例。本组死亡5例,均为胰腺复合伤,其中1例肠系膜上动脉损伤合并实质脏器损伤术后24h死亡,4例胰腺严重毁损,术前抗休克后术中探查见胰腺损伤合并2个以上脏器损伤,术后肝、肾功能衰竭,经抢救无效死亡。治愈30例。结论胰腺损伤的术前诊断率较低,围手术期应积极剖腹探查弥补术前不足,外科治疗要根据损伤分级采取个体化方案,贯彻损伤控制性外科理念,不宜盲目扩大手术。     

钝性胰腺损伤合并主胰管损伤的诊断和治疗:附35例报告

目的探讨钝性胰腺损伤合并主胰管损伤的早期诊断和合理的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995年4月至2005年4月间35例胰腺钝性伤病人的临床资料，其早期诊断和损伤严重度的分级根据术前动态的淀粉酶及影像学检查（特别是动态螺旋CT和MRCP扫描）和早期外科手术的术中发现，就胰腺钝性伤的早期诊断方法、不同的手术处理方式及并发症等进行分析。结果22例Ⅲ级胰腺损伤病人中，14例行远端胰腺切除术和脾切除术，6例行远端胰腺切除术和保留脾脏手术，2例行单纯胰周引流术。8例Ⅳ级胰腺损伤病人中，2例行远端胰腺切除术和脾切除术，2例行胰尾切除术，4例行胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。5例Ⅴ级胰腺损伤病人中，4例由于复合伤情较重且合并十二指肠损伤，根据伤害严重度（injury severity score，ISS）评分，首先应用损伤控制手术先进行止血和制止肠内容物的外溢、胰腺外引流等简化手术，于急诊ICU监护待血液动力学稳定后，于受伤后48-72h再次行彻底性手术，1例胰头严重毁损伤行Whipple手术，平均住院时间是40d（2～147d），总死亡率是14．3％（35例中5例），其余均治愈。结论对胰腺损伤病人，及时正确的诊断和合理的外科手术治疗是减少死亡率，改善预后的重要因素。     

胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗

目的:总结胰腺损伤的诊治经验.方法:回顾分析14例胰腺损伤患者的临床资料.结果:14例中治愈11例,死亡3例.按1990年发表的美国创伤外科协会关于"胰腺损伤的器官损伤分级标准"分级,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ级损伤4例单纯清创引流;Ⅲ级损伤4例行胰体尾切除,伴脾切除3例;Ⅳ级2例行近端主胰管结扎,远段胰腺、空肠Roux-Y吻合;Ⅴ级4例,1例行胰十二指肠切除,术后发生胰瘘而死亡.2例行十二指肠憩室化手术,1例因肠瘘死亡.合并脾静脉损伤1例大出血,死于术中.治愈者无内分泌功能障碍.结论:重视术前诊断、术中探查,明确胰腺损伤,掌握分级标准,合理选择术式,能够降低胰腺损伤的合并症发生率和病死率.     

单纯及复合型胰腺外伤的诊断与个体化手术体会

目的:探讨单纯及复合型胰腺外伤的诊断及个体化手术治疗方法;方法:回顾分析大庆油田总医院2005年1月至2011年12月急诊收治的42例胰腺外伤患者的临床资料;结果:术前确诊22例,其余均经术中探查确诊,治疗均采用手术治疗,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级胰腺损伤18例,其中单纯行胰周引流3例,清除胰周坏死组织、缝合止血、外引流1 3例,腹腔镜下胰周引流2例;Ⅲ级胰腺损伤15例,其中胰腺远端、脾联合切除,胰腺近端结节缝合9例,胰腺远端与空肠吻合术近端结节或褥氏缝合缝合4例,胰腺遗端胃吻合加空肠造瘘术2例,Ⅳ级胰腺损伤7例,给予行胰头坏死组织彻底清除、近侧断端缝合、远侧断端与空肠吻合、彻底引流,Ⅴ级损伤2例,行胰十二指肠切除术及改良十二指肠憩室化手术;结论:联合应用影像学及生化检查可提高术前胰腺损伤患者的诊断率,术中认真细致探查是防止遗漏胰腺损伤的重要措施,根据患者胰腺损伤级别给予个体化手术方式可提高胰腺损伤的治愈率.     

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目的 探讨胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗经验.方法 分析自2002年4月至2007年2月间中国医科大学.附属第一医院普通外科收治的15例胰腺损伤的临床资料情况.按美国创伤外科学会(AAST)以及术中探查所见胰腺损伤分级:Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ7例,Ⅲ级3例.Ⅳ级2例和V级1例.5例行非手术治疗.10例病人经过手术治疗:胰头血肿清创止血、腹腔多管引流1例;胰头颈部破裂缝合修补、胰周引流术4例;胰头侧断端胰管结扎闲镇缝合、胰体尾部切除术3例;胰头侧断端胰管结扎闭锁缝合、体部断端胰空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例.结果 12例治愈.其中1例发生创伤性胰腺炎,2例发生胰漏,经引流、胰酶抑制剂、抗炎等治疗治愈.2例好转,腹痛症状较前减轻,血淀粉酶降至正常范围.1例因多发创伤死亡.结论 早期诊断、准确掌握手术时机、必要时果断开腹仔细探查是治疗胰腺损伤的关键.依据胰腺损伤类型选择合理的术式与充分引流,可以有效提高治愈率并减少术后并发症.     

胰腺损伤的外科治疗（附48例报告）

目的 探讨胰腺损伤治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析自2002年4月至2014年10月中国医科大学附属第一医院普通外科收治的48例胰腺损伤病人的临床资料,按美国创伤外科学会（AAST）对胰腺损伤分级,结合影像学资料及术中所见将全部病例分级为：Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例。7例行非手术治疗。41例行手术治疗：胰腺清创冲洗引流术10例;胰腺破裂修补引流术16例;于外院行脾切除术,后入中国医科大学附属第一医院行胰体胰尾切除术1例;胰体尾切除术5例;保留脾脏胰体尾切除术1例;近端断裂胰腺缝闭,远端胰腺-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术6例;胰十二指肠切除术1例;一期近端胰腺缝闭、远端胰管外引流术,二期胰腺瘘管-空肠或胃吻合术1例。 结果 44例治愈,其中13例出现单种或多种术后并发症。4例因多发创伤死于多器官功能障碍。结论 正确掌握手术时机,合理选择手术方式以及完善的支持治疗是成功治疗胰腺损伤的关键。     

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目的探讨胰腺损伤治疗经验。方法回顾性分析自2002年4月至2014年10月中国医科大学附属第一医院普通外科收治的48例胰腺损伤病人的临床资料,按美国创伤外科学会(AAST)对胰腺损伤分级,结合影像学资料及术中所见将全部病例分级为:Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例。7例行非手术治疗。41例行手术治疗:胰腺清创冲洗引流术10例;胰腺破裂修补引流术16例;于外院行脾切除术,后入中国医科大学附属第一医院行胰体胰尾切除术1例;胰体尾切除术5例;保留脾脏胰体尾切除术1例;近端断裂胰腺缝闭,远端胰腺-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术6例;胰十二指肠切除术1例;一期近端胰腺缝闭、远端胰管外引流术,二期胰腺瘘管-空肠或胃吻合术1例。结果 44例治愈,其中13例出现单种或多种术后并发症。4例因多发创伤死于多器官功能障碍。结论正确掌握手术时机,合理选择手术方式以及完善的支持治疗是成功治疗胰腺损伤的关键。     

胰腺损伤的诊断和治疗(附32例报告)

本文报告胰腺损伤32例,均经手术治疗。其中胰腺挫伤小网膜腔行腹腔引流术13例,胰腺挫裂伤行清创缝合及引流术10例,胰腺十二指肠联合伤行十二指肠憩室化手术2例,均治愈。7例胰腺横断伤中,行近端胰腺缝合及远端胰切除加脾切除术或远端胰空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术各3例,均治愈;1例行胰腺对端吻合术,术后因胰瘘、胰源性腹膜死亡。     

胰腺损伤的外科处理（附28例报告）

报告了胰腺外伤２８例,其中闭合性损伤２３例、开放性损伤５例,占同期腹外伤的３．７５％。９６．４％合并腹部其它脏器损伤,术前确诊率１０．７％,术中确诊占８９．３％,指出腹部损伤有明确剖腹探查指针时尽早手术是早期诊断胰腺外伤的重要途径。根据胰腺损伤程度及合并十二指肠损伤情况分别行单纯胰周引流、胰腺局部缝合止血加胰周引流、损伤远端胰腺切除、损伤近端缝合远端Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－ｙ胰空肠吻合术、改良十二指肠憩室化、胰头十二指肠切除术。强调选择创伤小、简捷、有效的术式。术后死亡率２１．４％,其中２／３死于严重创伤失血性休克,强调治疗过程中抗休克、及时控制出血、合理选择术式的重要性。生存病例３１．８％发生胰瘘,对防治胰瘘的方法进行了讨论。     

Pancreatic transection from blunt abdominal trauma: early versus delayed diagnosis and surgical management

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pancreatic trauma is relatively uncommon, but carries high morbidity and mortality rates, especially when diagnosis is delayed or inappropriate surgery is attempted. PATIENT MATERIAL: The clinical course and surgical management of 14 patients with distal pancreatic transection or severe laceration with or without main pancreatic duct (MPD) injury caused by blunt abdominal trauma were analyzed in a university teaching hospital. The average age of the 14 patients (12 male, 2 female) was 28.9 years (range 5-56). Six patients had isolated pancreatic trauma, and intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal (mean 0.8) injuries associated with pancreatic transection were seen in the other 8 patients. RESULTS: Nine patients were diagnosed and operated on within the first 24 h. Eight of them underwent transection of the gland with MPD injury; distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed in 3 and without splenectomy in 2, distal pancreatogastrostomy in 1, and - due to associated duodenal laceration and/or contusion of the pancreatic head - pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy in 2. In 1 case (grade II laceration) only external drainage was necessary. All the patients with early, correctly diagnosed parenchymal and ductal injury survived. Only 1 patient required reoperation due to haemorrhage after pancreatoduodenectomy. The other 5 cases were referred elsewhere after initial treatment, and all of them underwent some kind of external drainage. Three had undetected MPD injury, and in the other 2 cases the parenchymal lesions were either underestimated or missed. All of these cases required subsequent resection (1), internal drainage due to fistula (2), or drainage of developed abscess (2). Three of them had severe septic and pulmonary complications; 1 patient with MPD injury was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Patients requiring delayed surgical intervention after an unsuccessful period of observation or a subsequent operation due to undetected MPD injury demonstrated a higher rate of pancreas-specific mortality and morbidity.     

Pancreatic Trauma Revisited*

Abstract Pancreatic trauma is rare with an incidence between one and two percent in patients with abdominal trauma. Morbidity and mortality, however, are significant with rates approaching 40–45% in some reports. The majority of patients with injuries to the pancreas have associated trauma to other organs which are primarily responsible for the high mortality rate. The continuity of the main pancreatic duct is the most important determinant of outcome after injury to the pancreas. If there is no evidence of ductal injury on fine-cut CT or on ERCP, nonoperative management is chosen. The indications for operative management are as follows: (1) peritonitis on physical examination; (2) hypotension and a positive FAST; and (3) evidence of disruption of the pancreatic duct on fine-cut CT or on ERCP. After exposure and evaluation of the extent of injuries to the pancreas and duodenum, a decision must be made on the procedure. For pancreatic contusions, hematomas, or small lacerations, simple external drainage or pancreatorrhaphy with drainage can be performed. For ductal transection at the neck, body, or tail, the procedure of choice is a distal pancreatectomy or Roux-en-Y distal pancreatojejunostomy. If the patient has suffered a ductal transection at the head of the pancreas without injury to the duodenum, a Roux-en-Y distal pancreatojejunostomy or anterior Roux-en-Y pancreatojejunostomy is the operation of choice. For combined pancreatoduodenal injuries, the options are repair and drainage, diversion via a pyloric exclusion procedure, or pancreatoduodenectomy. Complications of pancreatic injuries include fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses, and an occasional pancreatic pseudocyst. Key Words *Please see related articles in Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 33;3:221–37     

胰管结石的诊断及处理

目的探讨胰管绱石的诊断及外科处理方法。方法对1985—2005年于术治疗的24例胰管结石的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组均采用影像学检查方法（B超，腹部X线平片，CT，内镜逆行胰胆管造影．磁共振胰胆管造影）确诊。行胰切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧Roux-en-Y吻合术19例，胰体尾切除、胰断端套入空肠端Roux-en-Y吻合术4例，胰十二指肠切作术1例。无手术并发症。术后24例随访2个月至4年。23例术前有上腹痛症状者，术后19例腹痛消失，4例腹痛减轻。8例合并糖尿病者，4例血糖恢复正常。5例合并脂肪泻者，2例脂肪泻消失，1例减轻。结论影像学检查是确诊胰管结石的主要方法。胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧Roux-en-Y吻合术为治疗胰管结石的主要术式。     

严重胰腺损伤的诊断与手术策略

目的 探讨胰腺损伤的诊断,提高严重胰腺损伤的救治水平。方法 对1986年1月－1998年12月我院收治的14例胰腺横断及胰头毁损患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组胰体尾横断5例、胰颈部横断6例、胰头毁损3例,11例有腹内合并伤。术前诊断4例,开腹探查诊断9例,首次手术漏诊、再次开腹诊断1例。手术方式：远端胰腺切除5例,近端缝合加远端胰腺空肠吻合5例,胰头部切除加远端胰腺空肠吻合3例,单纯外引流1例。本组发生胰瘘5例,死亡3例。结论 早期诊断胰腺损伤仍有困难,多数需靠术中发现;根据胰腺损伤的部位和程度选择恰当的手术方式可有效地减少并发症、降低死亡率。     

Resection of complex pancreatic injuries: Benchmarking postoperative complications using the Accordion classification

AIM To benchmark severity of complications using the Accordion Severity Grading System(ASGS) in patients undergoing operation for severe pancreatic injuries. METHODS A prospective institutional database of 461 patients with pancreatic injuries treated from 1990 to 2015 was reviewed. One hundred and thirty patients with AAST grade 3, 4 or 5 pancreatic injuries underwent resection(pancreatoduodenectomy, n = 20, distal pancreatectomy, n = 110), including 30 who had an initial damage controllaparotomy(DCL) and later definitive surgery. AAST injury grades, type of pancreatic resection, need for DCL and incidence and ASGS severity of complications were assessed. Uni-and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied. RESULTS Overall 238 complications occurred in 95(73%) patients of which 73% were ASGS grades 3-6. Nineteen patients(14.6%) died. Patients more likely to have complications after pancreatic resection were older, had a revised trauma score(RTS) 7.8, were shocked on admission, had grade 5 injuries of the head and neck of the pancreas with associated vascular and duodenal injuries, required a DCL, received a larger blood transfusion, had a pancreatoduodenectomy(PD) and repeat laparotomies. Applying univariate logistic regression analysis, mechanism of injury, RTS 7.8, shock on admission, DCL, increasing AAST grade and type of pancreatic resection were significant variables for complications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis however showed that only age and type of pancreatic resection(PD) were significant. CONCLUSION This ASGS-based study benchmarked postoperative morbidity after pancreatic resection for trauma. The detailed outcome analysis provided may serve as a reference for future institutional comparisons.     

胰腺损伤148例诊治分析

目的 探讨胰腺损伤的早期诊断、手术方式和并发症防治.方法 回顾分析20年间收治的胰腺损伤病历资料,包括性别、年龄、伤因、AAST分级、术式和疗效、并发症和死因等,并作统计学处理.结果 全组148例,手术132例,包括修补或仅引流、远端胰切除、远端胰(或囊肿)空肠Roux-n-Y吻合或其他内引流、憩室化、Whipple手术和损伤控制外科方法等术式.术后并发症发生率27.83%.Ⅲ～Ⅴ级与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级伤的胰瘘发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).病死率11.49%,死因主要为合并伤大出血(76.47%);而胰腺损伤级别间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 首先控制合并伤大出血是提高胰腺损伤生存率的关键;术式取决于主胰管是否损伤,清除失活组织、充分外、内引流是胰腺损伤治疗的核心;早期诊断和正确的术式将明显减少并发症.     

Indications for the surgical management of pancreatic trauma: An update

Pancreatic trauma is rare compared to other abdominal solid organ injuries, accounting for 0.2%-0.3% of all trauma patients. Moreover, this type of injury may frequently be overlooked or not readily appreciated on initial clinical examinations and investigations. The organ injury scale determines the severity of the trauma. Nonetheless, there are conflicting recommendations for the best strategy in severe cases. Overall, conservative management of induced severe traumatic pancreatitis is adequate. Modern imaging modalities such as ultrasound scanning and computed tomography scanning can detect injuries in fewer than 60% of patients. However, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have diagnostic accuracies approaching 90%-100%. Thus, management options include ERCP and stent placement or distal pancreatectomy in cases of complete gland transection and wide drainage only for damage control surgery, which can prevent mortality but increases the risk of morbidity. In the majority of cases, surgical intervention is not required and should be reserved for only severe grade III to grade V injuries.     

Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic trauma

Pdasenisvcterinereactt iiacvbe dt rsoaymumminpaatol mis isn a.ju Brryeult as tioitvm heealytsim caeo hmsig pwhlii ctihantoceuiddte aannncdeyof morbidity and complications.The mortality rate canbe as high as12%-20%.1Essential points inmanagement of pancrea…