结核性与癌性胸腔积液超声显像鉴别诊断50例

目的 了解结核性与癌性胸腔积液超声显像特点，研讨两者超声鉴别诊断要点。方法应用B型超声检查，回顾性分析50例结核性与癌性胸腔积液的超声显像特点。结果结核性胸腔积液超声检查显示胸腔内胸腔积液无回声区透声清，胸膜均匀性增厚，液性暗区内未见实质性肿块；癌性胸腔积液超声检查显示胸腔内胸腔积液无回声区内充满细小光点，透声欠清，胸膜多呈非均匀性增厚，液性暗区内可见有实质非均质性肿块。结论应用B型超声检查对于结核性和癌性两种不同性质的胸腔积液进行鉴别诊断，有较高实用价值。     

胸腔积液341例回顾性分析

目的探讨胸腔积液病因、诊断及治疗。方法对341例胸腔积液的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果在341例患者中,结核性胸腔积液164例（48.09%）,恶性胸腔积液98例（28.74%）,心功能衰竭25例（10.26%）,非特异性细菌感染17例（4.99%）;结核性胸腔积液患者间皮细胞、CEA、ADA与恶性胸腔积液患者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;良性胸腔积液患者总有效率为94.92%,恶性胸腔积液总有效率为17.35%。结论胸腔积液的病因以结核性胸腔积液和恶性胸腔积液为主;胸腔积液间皮细胞含量、CEA和ADA水平是早期诊断、鉴别诊断良性和恶性胸腔积液的首选方法;结合患者年龄、起病情况、临床症状、体征、影像学检查、实验室检查（病原体检查及胸膜活检）、地域特征等,可确定病因进行有效的治疗。     

多指标联合测定在胸腔积液中的诊断价值

目的探讨联合检测腺苷脱氢酶(ADA)、结核抗体(TB-Ab)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、铁蛋白(Fer)、C反应蛋白(CRP)对胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法收集临床已确诊的胸腔积液标本86例(结核性胸腔积液32例、恶性胸腔积液35例和化脓性胸腔积液19例),检测胸腔积液中ADA、TB-Ab、CEA、Fer和CRP的数值,并进行各组间统计学分析。结果结核性胸腔积液组ADA活性,TB-Ab阳性率明显高于恶性和化脓性胸腔积液;化脓性胸腔积液组CRP明显高于恶性和结核性胸腔积液组;恶性胸腔积液组CEA、Fer明显高于化脓性和结核性胸腔积液组。结论 ADA、TB-Ab的检测对结核性胸腔积液有较高的实用价值。CRP检测对化脓性胸腔积液有较大的价值。CEA和Fer的联合检测对恶性胸腔积液有很大的实用价值。     

结核性与恶性胸腔积液患者血清及胸水IL-6水平的测定及其临床意义

目的测定结核性与恶性胸腔积液患者血清及胸水IL-6水平并探讨IL-6在结核性与恶性胸腔积液鉴别中的价值。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测32例结核性胸腔积液、32例恶性胸腔积液患者血清和胸水中IL-6水平及30例健康者血清IL-6水平。结果结核性、恶性胸腔积液患者血清中IL-6水平较正常对照组升高(P<0.05);其中结核性胸水IL-6水平较恶性胸腔积液组升高更为明显(P<0.05),结核性胸水中IL-6含量较恶性胸腔积液明显升高,结核组胸水/血清IL-6比值也较恶性胸腔积液组高(P<0.05);不同病理类型恶性胸腔积液患者的胸水、血清IL-6水平及胸水/血清IL-6比值比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论结核性与恶性胸腔积液患者血清中IL-6水平较正常人有明显升高,且IL-6在结核性与恶性胸腔积液患者鉴别诊断中有一定价值。     

超声引导胸膜穿刺组织活检联合胸腔积液生化检查在恶性和结核性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值

目的分析超声引导胸膜穿刺组织活检联合胸腔积液生化检查在恶性和结核性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选取64例中至大量胸腔积液合并胸膜增厚患者,根据术前胸部CT的检查结果,超声再次寻找可疑胸膜病变处,以选择合适的穿刺路径,并在超声引导下行斜行胸膜穿刺组织活检术,送病理检查以获取病理分型。完成胸膜活检后,进行胸腔积液的抽吸或置管引流,胸腔积液送生化等检查。采用成组设计两样本均数的t检验统计分析恶性和结核性胸腔积液内癌胚抗原、CAl25、CYFRA21、乳酸脱氢酶水平的差异;采用完全随机设计两样本率比较的,检验分析恶性和结核性胸腔积液中的癌胚抗原、CAl25、CYFRA21、乳酸脱氢酶阳性率的差异。结果64例患者均一次成功取到胸膜组织,超声引导胸膜穿刺组织活检取材成功率为100％（64／64）,有73％（46／64）的患者超声引导胸膜穿刺组织活检病理明确诊断为肿瘤性或结核性胸腔积液。经临床综合评价,64例病例中,27例确诊为恶性胸腔积液,37例诊断为结核性胸腔积液。癌胚抗原、CAl25、CYFRA21、乳酸脱氢酶在恶性胸腔积液中的阳性率分别为100％（27／27）、100％（27／27）、100％（27／27）、89％（24／27）,在结核性胸腔积液中的阳性率分别为0％（0／37）、84％（31／37）、78％（29／37）、76％（28／37）,在恶性和结核性胸腔积液中癌胚抗原、CAl25、CYFRA21阳性率的差异均有统计学意义（庐=64．0、3．1、4．8,P均〈0．05）。癌胚抗原、CAl25、CYFRA21、乳酸脱氢酶在恶性胸腔积液中的水平分别为（727．1±658．8）pg／L、（795．2±1249．6）kU／L、（296．2±320．7）μg／L、（1077．9±1058．5）U／L,在结核性胸腔积液中的水平分别为（1．7±1．1）μg/L、（336．3±208．6）kU／L、（20．7±14．9） μg,L、（309．2±182．7）U／L,在恶性和结核性胸腔积液中癌胚抗原、CYFRA21、乳酸脱氢酶水平的差异均有统计学意义（t=-45．1、27．4、18．8,P均〈0．01）。结论超声引导胸膜穿刺组织活检联合癌胚抗原、CYFRA21及乳酸脱氢酶可以为临床判断胸腔积液的性质提供可靠依据,而肿瘤标志物CAl25的鉴别诊断意义较小。     

结核性胸膜炎的超声诊断及其鉴别

目的 探讨结核性胸膜炎的声像图特征，提高超声诊断的正确率。方法 回顾分析我院38例结核性胸腔积液的声像图特征，并与临床诊断进行对照分析。结果 共检出胸腔积液患者38例，超声提示结核性胸膜炎25例，临床确诊30例，超声诊断符合率83．33％。结论 超声检查对结核性胸膜炎有较高的诊断率，但结核性胸腔积液需与恶性肿瘤所致的胸腔积液鉴别。     

联合检测ADA、LDH和CRP对结核性与恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的探讨联合测定胸腔积液中的腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和C反应蛋白(CRP)在结核性与恶性胸腔积液上鉴别诊断的价值。方法酶法和免疫比浊法检测59例结核性胸腔积液和17例恶性肿瘤积液中ADA、LDH和CRP的含量,并进行统计学分析。结果结核性胸腔积液中ADA和CRP水平显著高于恶性积液的值,具有统计学意义,P<0.01。但是,结核性胸腔积液中LDH含量低于恶性积液的LDH值,有显著性差异,P<0.01。结论胸腔积液中ADA、LDH和CRP的联合检测,对鉴别结核性与恶性胸腔积液有重要价值。     

联合检测CA15-3、CEA、GPDA、ADA对胸腔积液性质诊断价值

目的 探讨联合检测CA15-3、CEA．GPDA、ADA四项生化和免疫指标在胸腔积液性质中鉴别诊断中的意义。方法收集100例胸腔积液分三组，非结核性胸腔积液16例，结核性胸腔积液48例，恶性胸腔积液36例。采用相应的方法测定CA15-3、CEA、GPDA、ADA的含量。结果恶性胸腔积液CA15-3、CEA含量均高于非结核性良性组及结核组胸腔积液（P〈0.001）恶性胸腔积液及结核性胸腔积液组其GPDA的含量均显著高于非结核性良性组胸腔积液（P〈0.01），结核性胸腔积液组其ADA含量显著高于非结核性良性及恶性组（P〈0.01）。结论联合检测胸腔积液中CA15-3、CEA、GPDA、ADA对胸腔积液性质的鉴定有一定的意义。     

50例胸腔积液超声诊断及病因分析

目的为探讨胸腔超声检查在胸腔积液鉴别中的作用，并对其病因进行分析。方法对我院2004～2005年经超声检查诊断胸腔积液患者中抽查50例对其超声特征临床表现，诊冶经过进行分析总结。结果胸腔积液的病因中以结核性占首位，其次为心衰及恶性肿瘤胸膜转移。3个年龄组中男女性别之间胸腔积液的检出率相近，但引起胸腔积液的病因有一定差别，35岁以下患者的胸腔积液以结核性居多。结论超声检查分析胸腔积液的结果并在超声引导下定位穿刺抽液结合临床及必要的实验室检查可明确胸腔租液的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

恶性胸腔积液误诊46例临床分析

目的 探讨恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断的方法。方法 对确诊为恶性胸腔积液，在院外误诊为结核性渗出性胸膜炎的46例临床夤料进行回顾性分析。结果 误诊肺癌24例(52．17％)，胸膜间皮瘤13例(28．3％)，误诊为骨肉瘤、胰头癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、恶性淋巴瘤、惠性淋巴细胞白血病各l例(均占2．2％)，不明原发部位3例(6．5％)。误诊时间30-300天。平均75天。结论 ①对临床症状不典型，胸水反复增长，抗结核治疗效果不佳的结核性胸膜炎患者，需进一步检查以排除恶性胸腔积液。②纤维支气管镜、胸腔镜检查对恶性胸腔积液诊断、鉴别诠断有重要作用．     

白细胞介素-18及血管内皮生长因子检测对结核性和恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断

目的:探讨白细胞介素-18(IL-18)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)检测在结核性和恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值.方法:选择结核性胸腔积液52例设为结核组,恶性胸腔积液50例设为恶性组,分别采用酶显色法、酶免疫法检测胸腔积液中腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、癌胚抗原(CEA)水平,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测IL-18和VEGF水平.应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线计算上述指标和VEGF/IL-18比值的诊断敏感度、特异度、准确度及ROC曲线下面积.结果:结核组ADA、IL-18水平显著高于恶性组(P＜0.01);恶性组CEA、VEGF水平及VEGF/IL-18比值显著高于结核组(P＜0.01);IL-18诊断结核性胸腔积液的敏感度、特异度、准确度及ROC曲线下面积高于ADA(P＜0.05);VEGF/IL-18比值对恶性胸腔积液诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确度及ROC曲线下面积显著高于CEA和VEGF(P＜0.01).结论:IL-18和VEGF/IL-18比值可作为临床上鉴别结核性和恶性胸腔积液的良好指标.     

血管内皮生长因子、端粒酶、腺苷脱氨同工酶联合检测在胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、端粒酶、腺苷脱氨同工酶(ADA)联合检测在良恶性胸腔积液中的诊断价值。方法应用ELISA法检测VEGF的浓度、采用聚合酶联反应-酶联免疫吸附分析法(PCR-ELISA)检测胸腔积液端粒酶活性、用比色分析法检测胸腔积液ADA含量。结果恶性及结核性胸腔积液组VEGF值分别为(327±152)pg/L和(35±15)pg/L,结核组显著低于恶性组(P<0.01)。恶性胸腔积液中端粒酶活性显著高于结核性胸腔积液(P<0.01)。结核性胸液组ADA含量为(45.78±12.78)u/L,高于恶性胸液组(13.56±4.91)u/L,两者间差异有统计学意义。结论检测胸腔积液端粒酶、VEGF和ADA同工酶对癌性胸腔积液的诊断均有一定的价值,联合检测综合诊断能提高诊断准确率。     

Evaluation of interferon-gamma, interferon-gamma-inducing cytokines, and interferon-gamma-inducible chemokines in tuberculous pleural effusions

Tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions are representative of lymphocytic pleural effusions. In tuberculous pleurisy, especially, T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines are dominant, containing, for example, high concentrations of interferon (IFN)-gamma. We focused on cytokines that induce expression of IFN-gamma and Th1 cell-specific CXC chemokines induced by IFN-gamma. We also evaluated the diagnostic utility of these markers in tuberculous pleural effusions. Forty-three patients with pleural effusions (11 with tuberculous pleuritis, 32 with malignant pleuritis) were studied. We measured the pleural concentrations of IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines (interleukin IL-12 and IL-18), and IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines (interferon-gamma-inducible protein of 10-kD [IP-10], monokine induced by interferon-gamma [Mig], and interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant [I-TAC]). Our results demonstrate that the concentrations of IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines, and IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines were all higher in tuberculous pleural effusions than in malignant pleural effusions. Also, IFN-gamma was significantly correlated with IL-12, Mig, and I-TAC. Moreover, receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that IFN-gamma produced a greater area under the ROC curve than any other factor. We conclude that the concentrations of IFN-gamma, cytokines that induce expression of IFN-gamma, and chemokines induced by IFN-gamma in tuberculous pleural effusion were all increased. The Th1 chemokines we examined, especially IP-10, are comparable to IFN-gamma as diagnostic markers of tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions, although IFN-gamma is the most valuable.     

Pleural effusion: diagnostic value of measurements of PO2, PCO2, and pH

A review of the literature suggests that the measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) and pH may provide additional diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic information in the management of pleural effusions. Parapneumonic effusions with a pH less than 7.2 indicate an impending empyema requiring tube thoracostomy in more than 98% of cases. A distinction between a tuberculous pleural effusion and a malignant pleural effusion of recent onset (less than two months) can frequently be made by measuring the pleural fluid pH. In 100% of reported cases, tuberculous pleural effusions have a pleural fluid pH less than 7.4, whereas over 60% of recent malignant effusions have a pleural fluid pH greater than 7.4. Generally, measurements of PO2 and PCO2 have little discriminatory value in determining cause or proper management of pleural effusions. It is recommended that proper anaerobic collection of pleural fluid for pH measurements be obtained routinely in all pleural effusions of unknown cause.     

Role of biochemical tests in the diagnosis of exudative pleural effusions

OBJECTIVES: To examine the diagnostic utility of pleural adenosine deaminase (PADA), pleural lactate dehydrogenase (PLDH), and several other biochemical tests in bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma, and to compare biochemical characteristics of their fluid with nonmalignant pleural effusions. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study consisted of 226 patients diagnosed with malignant (75), tuberculous (65), and parapneumonic pleural effusions (86). We examined the following biochemical parameters in the pleural fluid and serum: adenosine deaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose level, protein level, pleural fluid/serum ADA ratio (P/S ADA), P/S LDH ratio, and P/S protein ratio. RESULTS: Parapneumonic pleural effusions had a significantly higher level of PLDH and of P/S LDH than malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions (P = 0.000), and malignant pleural effusions had a higher level of PLDH than tuberculous pleural effusions. Tuberculous and parapneumonic effusions had significantly higher levels of PADA than those of malignant effusions (P = 0.000). When the 54 patients having bronchogenic carcinoma were compared to the remaining 21 mesothelioma patients, the former had a lower median level of PADA (P = 0.001) with a higher level of PLDH (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results show that high pleural LDH and low PADA levels are suggestive of pleural effusion due to bronchogenic carcinoma, whereas high levels of PADA alone can be indicative of tuberculous pleural effusion and high levels of both markers can show complicated parapneumonic effusions or empyema.     

胸腔积液ADA、CRP和LAM-IgG联合检测的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨胸腔积液腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、阿拉伯糖甘露糖脂抗体(LAM-IgG)联合检测对良恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断的意义。方法以氨试剂法、散射比浊法和金标渗滤法同时检测了48例结核性胸水、27例癌性胸水和31例非结核炎性胸水的ADA、CRP和LAM-IgG。结果结核性胸水ADA、CRP活性明显高于癌性胸水(P<0.01),其它炎性胸腔积液CRP含量明显高于结核性和恶性胸腔积液(P<0.01);以ADA>30u/L,CRP>8mg/L,及LAM-IgG阳性等单个指标来诊断结核性胸腔积液,其敏感性达到95.7%,特异性为98.1%;以ADA<30u/L,CRP<8mg/L,及LAM-IgG阴性等单个指标来诊断恶性胸腔积液,其敏感性达到98.7%,特异性为97.1%。结论ADA、CRP、LAM-IgG联合检测可为良恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断提供可靠的实验室依据。     

胸水中IL-18、IFN-γ和ADA检测对结核性和恶性胸水的鉴别诊断价值

[目的]探讨白细胞介素-18（IL-18）,γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）和腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）对结核性和恶性胸水的鉴别诊断价值.[方法]将胸水标本分为结核性胸水组和恶性胸水组,用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测IL-18和IFN-γ水平,用酶速率法检测ADA 水平.[结果] 结核性胸水组中IL-18、IFN-γ和ADA水平均显著高于恶性胸水组（P〈0.01）.IL-18界值为82.92 pg/mL时,敏感度为82.8%,特异性为92.3%.IFN-γ界值为50.78 pg/mL时,敏感度为82.8%,特异性为92.3%.ADA界值为38.35 U/L时,敏感度为82.8%,特异性为94.9%.[结论]胸水中IL-18、IFN-γ和ADA检测对结核性胸水和恶性胸水有鉴别诊断意义.     

Tuberculous pleural effusions: ultrasonic diagnosis.

Twenty patients with tuberculous pleural effusions were studied with ultrasonography. In 18 patients, ultrasonography demonstrated regular pleural thickening which was less than 1 cm except in 1 case. In 4 cases there were a few pleural nodules, whereas in 2 cases the pleural surface showed small nodularity. The latter finding may be diagnostic for a tuberculous etiology. Eighteen patients had multiple, delicate, mobile septations in the effusions, and a lattice-like appearance had formed in 6 cases. Computed tomography was obtained in 7 cases, and pleural thickening was demonstrated in 6 of them. Ultrasonography is a useful imaging modality in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.     

Association between inflammatory mediators and the fibrinolysis system in infectious pleural effusions

The response of the fibrinolytic system to inflammatory mediators in empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions is still uncertain. We prospectively analysed 100 patients with pleural effusion: 25 with empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion, 22 with tuberculous effusion, 28 with malignant effusion and 25 with transudate effusion. Inflammatory mediators, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and polymorphonuclear elastase, were measured in serum and pleural fluid. Fibrinolytic system parameters, plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase PA, PA inhibitor type 1 (PAI 1) and PAI type 2 concentrations and PAI 1 activity, were quantified in plasma and pleural fluid. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare plasma and pleural values and to compare pleural values according to the aetiology of the effusion. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between fibrinolytic and inflammatory markers in pleural fluid. Significant differences were found between pleural and plasma fibrinolytic system levels. Pleural fluid exudates had higher fibrinolytic levels than transudates. Among exudates, tuberculous, empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions demonstrated higher pleural PAI levels than malignant effusions, whereas t-PA was lowest in empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions. PAI concentrations correlated with TNF-alpha, IL-8 and polymorphonuclear elastase when all exudative effusions were analysed, but the association was not maintained in empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions. A negative association found between t-PA and both IL-8 and polymorphonuclear elastase in exudative effusions was strongest in empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions. Blockage of fibrin clearance in empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions was associated with both enhanced levels of PAIs and decreased levels of t-PA.