肝移植术后胆系并发症的T管造影表现

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆系并发症的T管造影表现及其意义。资料与方法 搜集52例肝移植术后T管造影病例中发生胆系并发症的患者24例，其中男20例，女4例，年龄21～64岁。所有病例均行T管造影，并将X线表现与肝穿刺病理所见对照。结果并发症发生率为46．1％(24／52)。T管造影表现：(1)9例早期胆汁淤积症，T管造影无胆管梗阻，但肝内胆树稀疏，分支细，有时呈“垂柳状”外观；(2)10例胆总管吻合口胆瘘，表现为吻合口对比剂外漏，形成不规则状阴影；(3)5例胆管吻合口狭窄，表现为胆总管吻合口的不规则形充盈缺损，对比剂经吻合口排人远段胆管困难；(4)5例胆管内结石／胆泥形成，表现为胆管内充盈缺损；(5)6例胆管炎，肝内胆管细小，走行僵硬，胆管炎严重者可表现为胆管近肝门段狭窄、远段扩张的独特外观；(6)3例肝外胆管吻合后过长，长度超过13cm。肝移植术后胆管并发症的患者T管造影表现可同时出现上述征象1～4种。结论 T管造影可以明确肝移植术后的胆管并发症，对肝移植术后胆系的评价具有重要的价值，是肝移植术后常规检查手段之一。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的影像学诊断

目的分析肝移植术后胆道并发症的影像学（ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、“Ｔ”形管造影）表现。材料与方法回顾性分析了我院７例原位肝移植术后影像学资料,７例均为男性,年龄３３～５０岁,肝硬化病史４～１０年。术后１例行腹ＣＴ平扫,５例行平扫加增强扫描,１例行单纯增强扫描,其中３例作了ＭＲＩ检查。所有病例均行“Ｔ”形管造影。结果胆漏１例;肝内胆管狭窄１例,非吻合口胆总管狭窄１例。结论胆系造影是肝移植术后胆道系统并发症（胆漏、胆管狭窄）诊断的常规方法,ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ扫描可以显示间接征象。     

MSCT和MRI诊断肝移植术后并发症

目的：探讨肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析78例肝移植术后患者的病例资料,对其中经手术、肝脏活检及胆管造影证实出现并发症病例的CT、MRI影像资料进行分析。结果：CT及MRI显示门脉主干吻合口狭窄2例,肝动脉狭窄3例,下腔静脉吻合口狭窄2例,下腔静脉血栓形成1例。MRI显示胆管吻合口狭窄9例,CT显示胆管吻合口狭窄3例。术后并发症包括移植排异反应3例,肝移植术后肝内其它并发症4例,包括肝脓肿1例、肝胆管炎2例和肝局灶性坏死1例,其它系统并发症7例。结论：CT和MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

肝移植术后血管和胆系并发症的MRI诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振血管造影(MRA)和MR胰胆管成像(MRCP)对诊断肝移植术后血管及胆管并发症的价值。方法7例原位肝移植术后患者均用磁共振(MR)快速自旋回波(TSE)序列及快速小角度激发梯度回波(FLASH)序列常规扫描、MRCP、钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)动态增强3DMRA检查，分析各序列图像特点。结果术后正常2例，主要表现少量腹水，积血和轻度淋巴结增大。血管并发症4例：肝动脉过长迂曲1例，肝动脉供体端瘤样轻度扩张2例；门静脉轻度狭窄2例，位于吻合口；肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张2例。胆系并发症3例：吻合口胆管狭窄3例；在吻合口以外的胆管狭窄2例，位于肝门及肝内；胆总管在吻合口扭曲2例；胆囊管残端黏液囊肿2例；胆漏1例。结论MRA和胆管造影作为1种非侵袭性影像检查方法，可准确、快速诊断肝移植术后出现的血管和胆管并发症，对指导临床诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

肝移植术后血管与胆管并发症介入治疗初探

目的：评价血管造影和胆管造影诊治肝移植术后血管及胆管并发症的价值。方法：46例原位肝移植术后B超提示血流速度不畅或频谱异常，下肢水肿或黄疸的患者16例，进行腹腔动脉造影10例次，下腔静脉造影并球囊扩张或支架置入6例次，经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影并支架置入2例次，经皮肝穿刺胆管造影并引流4例次。结果：肝动脉血栓形成2例，1例经溶栓治疗后部分开通；肝动脉狭窄4例，1例球囊扩张后狭窄减轻；所有下腔静脉和门静脉阻塞或狭窄行球囊扩张及置放支撑架后临床症状好转，4例胆管狭窄和吻合口瘘者行经皮肝穿刺胆管造影引流（PTCD）治疗后黄疸减轻。结论；对肝移植术后出现的血管和胆管并发症，血管造影和胆管造影不仅可明确诊断，而且能同时工取得较好的近期疗效。     

肝移植术后并发胆道狭窄的内镜下治疗

 目的:初步探讨内镜在肝移植术后胆道狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值.方法:通过十二指肠镜逆行胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiography,ERC)检查对肝移植术后胆道狭窄进行诊断,并根据检查结果做相应的内镜下介入治疗.结果:肝移植术后胆道狭窄38例,其中21例为吻合口狭窄(10例合并有胆瘘),17例为非吻合口胆道狭窄.针对不同情况进行鼻胆管引流术及塑料支架引流术等治疗,非吻合口胆道狭窄的患者内镜治疗较困难,需要多次进行内镜治疗.所有患者治疗后临床症状均明显改善,无严重并发症发生.结论:内镜对于肝移植术后胆道狭窄并发症的诊断与治疗安全而有效,胆道狭窄并发症的较快发现及时处理可使患者较快治愈.     

US及经肝胆管造影诊断肝移植后胆系合并症的作用

作者介绍了41例肝移植后经PTC诊断的胆系合并症之US所见,均在PTC前一周内作了US检查。经PTC诊断的胆系合并症最多为吻合口及非吻合狭窄(26例,63%);还有与胆系内涵管狭窄有关的问题(6例);胆总管冗长(3例);胆瘘(3例);结石(2例);残余胆囊管脓肿(1例)。有以下之一个或更多的声象改变考虑为阳性:肝内胆管扩张;胆总管口径小于7mm;肝内或肝下积液及胆道内结石。作者见到,胆道狭窄者(26例)中16例US见有异常,6例胆系内涵管闭塞者2例US见有异常;1/3胆道冗长者US见有异常,3例胆瘘1例见有US异常;2例胆道结石1例见有US异常;证实为残余胆囊管脓肿者US见胆管周围积液。在41例病人中22例US见有异常(敏感性为54%),19/22(86%)US仅见胆道扩张,余19例PTC异常     

胰胆管疾病的ERCP影像诊断

目的评价内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对胰胆管疾病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析了经手术或病理及临床证实胰胆管疾病480例的ERCP表现,并与CT,MRI,MRCP,超声及透皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)等检查方法进行对比。结果正常胰胆管75例,先天性胆管囊肿14例,胆系结石292例,奥狄括约肌狭窄症46例,壶腹癌、胆管癌52例,胰管癌4例,胰腺炎2例,胰管结石3例,胆道蛔虫症9例,肝内胆管发育变异2例,胆囊管异位开口6例,胆道-腹腔漏2例,十二指肠乳头旁憩室9例,十二指肠乳头开口于憩室内2例,肝移植后吻合口狭窄2例,肝移植后吻合口狭窄并胆漏1例,肝移植后肝外胆管条状结石2例。结论ERCP及MRCP检查同为诊断胰胆管疾病的“金标准”,但每种影像学方法均有其优缺点,应根据患者情况选择。ERCP虽有一定的创伤性,但检查同时可行内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)等微创治疗。     

超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的应用

目的:探讨超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的价值.材料和方法: 6例实施肝移植术后临床拟诊胆道并发症的患者,以二维超声检查移植肝及肝周情况,以彩色多普勒超声评估肝动脉、下腔静脉血流,并与其他影像学检查相对比.结果: 胆系梗阻3例(2例合并肝内多发胆汁肿)、胆管内胆泥形成1例、胆漏2例(在超声引导下置管引流).肝动脉血栓2例.肝流出道狭窄合并血栓1例.结论: 超声在肝移植术道并发症的诊治中有着重要的应用价值.     

肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI诊断

目的:分析肝移植术后各种并发症的CT、MRI表现,评价CT、MRI在肝移植术后并发症中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析24例肝移植术后发生并发症的患者的CT、MRI资料,全部病例并发症均经手术、肝组织活检或血管、胆道造影证实。结果:24例患者CT、MRI诊断门脉主干吻合口狭窄4例;肝动脉狭窄3例;下腔静脉吻合口狭窄1例;胆管吻合口狭窄4例;肝门水平非吻合口狭窄5例;移植排异反应4例,肝癌复发7例。结论:CT、MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

MR cholangiography of late biliary complications after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the role of MR cholangiography in the diagnosis of late biliary complications after liver transplantation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three liver transplantation patients (18 men and five women; mean age, 46 years) underwent MR cholangiography using a nonbreath-hold, fat-suppressed three-dimensional turbo spin-echo sequence (TR/TE, 3000/700; echo train length, 128) optimized on a 0.5-T magnet. Inclusion criteria were liver function tests with abnormal results and hyperbilirubinemia with a clinical pattern not specific for biliary obstruction. All patients were referred by clinicians for contrast-enhanced cholangiography. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (n = 4), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (n = 8), T-tube cholangiography (n = 1), or clinical follow-up (n = 10). RESULTS: In 11 patients, no abnormalities of the biliary tract were revealed by MR cholangiography. In 11 patients, twelve strictures were diagnosed (nine anastomotic, two nonanastomotic-intrahepatic, and one nonanastomotic-extrahepatic, with association between anastomotic and nonanastomotic strictures in two cases). In one other patient, kinking of the common bile duct at the level of the anastomosis was observed. In all cases, MR cholangiography correctly showed the site of the stricture and the dilatation of bile ducts above, with excellent correlation with contrast-enhanced cholangiographic findings. Strictures were correctly graded in eight of 10 patients and were overestimated in two. Other findings included a 1-cm stone detected proximal to the obstructed common bile duct in one patient and multiple intrahepatic stones in another patient. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography can show biliary obstruction and provide important information for planning therapeutic procedures.     

MR cholangiography in biliary complications after liver transplantation in children

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of MR Cholangiography in a pediatric population with biliary complications after liver transplantation and particularly with anastomotic stenosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten MR cholangiography studies were performed in 10 children with liver transplant who were suspected of having biliary complications between December 1996 and April 1998. The findings on MR were correlated with the results from liver biopsy, liver ultrasound, liver function tests and with clinical information when available. RESULTS: MR cholangiography identified 9 children with biliary tree dilatation, 4 with anastomotic stenosis, 5 with multiple bile ducts stenosis, 2 with stones in the intra-hepatic biliary tree and 2 with abnormalities suspicious for acute cholangitis. Three of 4 anastomotic stenoses were confirmed and treated by percutaneous cholangiography. There was no correlation between the different exams in 6 children but MR cholangiography confirmed the final diagnosis. CONCLUSION: In children with liver transplantation, MR cholangiography may be useful to evaluate and to confirm a diagnosis of bile duct complications and it is helpful in the absence of correlation between liver biopsy, ultrasound and liver function test.     

Bone marrow edema and associated pain in early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head: prospective study with serial MR images

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography for demonstration of the biliary tract and detection of biliary complications in patients who have undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breath-hold half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement MR cholangiography was performed in 25 patients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. MR cholangiograms were prospectively and independently interpreted by two radiologists for depiction of the biliary tract and ductal anastomosis and for complications (eg, biliary dilatation, stricture, stones). MR cholangiographic findings were correlated with findings from direct cholangiography (n = 24) and surgery (n = 1). RESULTS: MR cholangiography completely demonstrated first-order intrahepatic bile ducts in 23 (92%) patients, the donor extrahepatic bile duct in 25 (100%), the recipient extrahepatic bile duct in 17 of 18 (94%), and the anastomosis in 24 (96%). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MR cholangiography for detection of biliary dilatation and stricture were each 100%. Complete interobserver agreement occurred in the detection of biliary dilatation and stricture. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MR cholangiography for detection of stones were 100% for one radiologist and 86%, 100%, 96%, 100%, and 95%, respectively, for the other. Both radiologists agreed on the diagnosis of bile duct stones in six of seven cases (kappa = 0.90). CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography enables accurate depiction of the biliary tract and detection of biliary complications in patients with an orthotopic liver transplant.     

The role of sonography and transhepatic cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary complications after liver transplantation

We retrospectively reviewed the results of real-time sonography in 41 patients in whom biliary complications after liver transplantation were documented by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Abnormalities included bile duct stricture (26 cases), occluded internal biliary stent (six cases), common duct redundancy with resultant functional biliary obstruction (three cases), bile leak (three cases), choledocholithiasis (two cases), and an abscess in a cystic duct remnant (one case). Sonography was abnormal in 22 of the 41 cases (sensitivity, 54%). Bile duct dilatation was the positive sonographic finding in 19 (86%) of the 22 abnormal examinations. In the remaining 19 patients, sonography was normal. Sonography is not a reliable test for the early detection of biliary abnormalities after liver transplantation. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography should be performed in patients with suspected biliary complications after liver transplantation.     

经皮肝穿胆道引流术治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症

目的 评价介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症的价值.方法 回顾性分析1999年10月-2005年10月肝移植术后发生的6例胆道并发症的相关资料,其中胆总管狭窄2例、胆总管狭窄并胆瘘1例、胆瘘1例、胆汁瘤2例.结果 术后出现胆道并发症患者,经皮肝穿胆道引流治疗5例,放置胆道支架1例.手术均取得成功,患者的临床症状有所好转.结论 介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症可减少再手术创伤,提高生存率与生存质量,具有良好的近期效果.     

移植肝排斥反应血管和胆管改变的MR表现

目的：探讨磁共振血管造影（MRA）和胰胆管成像（MRCP）对诊断肝移植术后排斥反应的价值。方法：6例原位肝移植术（OLT）后排斥反应患者均用磁共振（MR）快速自旋回波（TSE）序列及快速小角度激发梯度回波（FLASH）序列常规扫描、磁共振胆管成像（MRCP）、钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd-DTPA）动态增强3D MRA检查,分析各序列图像特点。结果：①形态和信号改变：6例患者均有肝脏体积增大,饱满。仅1例重度急性排斥反应患者肝实质信号异常;②血管异常表现：1例急性排斥反应肝左动脉串珠样改变及供体段门静脉明显变细。1例急性排斥反应肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张而下腔静脉吻合口通畅。其余4例血管无明显异常表现;③胆管异常表现：4例急性排斥反应患者肝内胆管纤细稀疏,1例肝内胆管未显影,1例无明显异常表现。3例慢性排斥反应患者中2例肝内胆管分支稀疏并左肝管串珠样改变;1例胆总管胆泥形成而肝内胆管未见扩张。结论：肝移植术后排斥反应有一些特征性的血管和胆管MR表现。磁共振血管造影和胆管造影作为一种非侵袭性影像检查方法,可以辅助临床诊断肝移植术后排斥反应。     

MR cholangiography in children and young adults with biliary disease

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to describe the MR cholangiography findings for young patients with suspected biliary disease who underwent half-Fourier acquisition fast spin-echo technique with respiratory triggering. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight MR cholangiography studies were performed in 22 patients on a 1.5-T MR unit. Ten of these 22 patients had undergone liver transplantation. RESULTS: MR cholangiography revealed abnormalities of both the extrahepatic and the intrahepatic major and minor bile duct systems, despite the small diameter of the duct system in this group of patients. Four patterns of biliary disease were shown: global dilatation of extrahepatic or intrahepatic ducts (n = 7); segmental, uniform dilatation of central or peripheral intrahepatic ducts (n = 9); segmental, nonuniform dilatation of central or peripheral intrahepatic ducts (n = 2); and fusiform ectasia with segmental, irregular intrahepatic dilatation and bile lakes (n = 2). The findings of eight studies were interpreted as normal. The four patterns of abnormalities were correlated with the results from percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, T-tube cholangiography, and liver biopsy and with clinical and surgical information, as available. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography is a noninvasive technique for evaluation of biliary disease. The improved resolution afforded by respiratory triggering permits evaluation of both major and minor bile ducts, even in young, uncooperative subjects. Four patterns of abnormalities were prospectively identified, correlated with other information, and used to direct clinical treatment.     

二维超声对肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断价值

目的:探讨二维超声对肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析48例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的二维超声图像,并与其它影像学检查结果相对比.结果:超声检出胆漏13例,胆管扩张36例,胆汁淤积16例,胆泥形成10例,结石形成13例.术后1个月内发生者37.8%,3个月内发生者68.9%.7例患者出现极其相似的病程,表现为胆管扩张,后扩张胆管内出现胆汁淤积,继而胆泥形成,最后发展至胆管结石.结论:超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断中有重要应用价值,是首选检查方法.