手足口病患儿不同病程肛拭子中EV71的分离与鉴定

目的 对4例疑似手足口病患儿的肛拭子标本进行EV71的分离与鉴定. 方法 采集患儿不同病程肛拭子17份接种Hela细胞,盲传3代,观察细胞病变;提取RNA,逆转录,设计三对肠道病毒特异性引物PCR扩增细胞培养物上清中的EV71,分离鉴定. 结果 具体样本均能引起Hela细胞产生CPE;细胞培养前肛拭子EV71的RT-PCR阳性检出率为52.9%(9/17),培养后细胞上清的阳性检出率为88.2%(15/17);4例患儿全部诊断为肠道病毒EV71感染引起的手足口病. 结论 病毒分离和核酸检测的联合应用能为肠道病毒EV71的临床诊断提供有力依据;通过病毒分离能提高EV71的核酸检测的阳性率.     

渭南市2016年手足口病病原学及EV 71型基因特征分析

目的了解2016年渭南市手足口病病原学特征和肠道病毒71型(EV 71)基因特征。方法收集渭南市2016年疑似手足口病病例咽拭子样本,采用实时荧光定量PCR法进行核酸分型检测,同时对2株EV 71型病毒株VP1片段进行核苷酸序列测定以及同源性及系统进化分析。结果共检测手足口病病例咽拭子样本1 019份,检出肠道病毒阳性689份,总阳性率为67.62%;各型别病毒阳性率由高到低依次为其他肠道病毒26.89%、EV 71型24.63%和Cox A16型16.09%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。病毒核酸检出阳性主要集中在5―10月,占总阳性数的91.04%(549/603)。病毒核酸检出阳性病例男女性别比为1.26∶1;年龄集中在5岁以下儿童,占93.90%(647/689);散居儿童占67.94%,托幼儿童占32.06%。重症病例以EV 71阳性率最高(72.22%),普通病例以其他肠道病毒阳性率最高(29.04%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。2株EV 71毒株VP1区序列与C4a基因亚型核苷酸和氨基酸同源性最高,分别为96.6%~96.7%和99.3%;系统进化树分析显示,2株EV 71毒株与福建流行株(KU595899.1)同源性最高。结论 2016年渭南市手足口病主要病原体为其他肠道病毒,EV 71是引起渭南市手足口病重症病例的优势病毒型别,渭南市EV 71型毒株属于C4a基因亚型。     

宁夏地区2008年肠道病毒71型分离株基因特征分析

目的 研究宁夏地区手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型(EV71)分离株的基因特征.方法 采集手足口病患者标本进行病毒分离培养,阳性标本进行RT-PCR鉴定后,选取29株EV71分离毒株,对其VP1区进行核苷酸序列测定,并参考A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和以往中国EV71的分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树.结果 从439份标本中分离肠道病毒215株,经RT-PCR鉴定,93株为EV71.选取其中29株进行VP1基因全序列测定,根据VP1全基因序列构建系统发生树,29株毒株均在C基因型中,与C4亚型属同一分支,与C4亚型代表株核苷酸同源性为91.7%～99.4%,氩基酸同源性为96.6%～100.0%.结论 宁夏地区手足口病患者中分离的EV71毒株属C基因型的C4亚型.     

宁夏地区2008年肠道病毒71型分离株基因特征分析

目的 研究宁夏地区手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型(EV71)分离株的基因特征.方法 采集手足口病患者标本进行病毒分离培养,阳性标本进行RT-PCR鉴定后,选取29株EV71分离毒株,对其VP1区进行核苷酸序列测定,并参考A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和以往中国EV71的分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树.结果 从439份标本中分离肠道病毒215株,经RT-PCR鉴定,93株为EV71.选取其中29株进行VP1基因全序列测定,根据VP1全基因序列构建系统发生树,29株毒株均在C基因型中,与C4亚型属同一分支,与C4亚型代表株核苷酸同源性为91.7%～99.4%,氩基酸同源性为96.6%～100.0%.结论 宁夏地区手足口病患者中分离的EV71毒株属C基因型的C4亚型.     

宁夏地区2008年肠道病毒71型分离株基因特征分析

目的 研究宁夏地区手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型(EV71)分离株的基因特征.方法 采集手足口病患者标本进行病毒分离培养,阳性标本进行RT-PCR鉴定后,选取29株EV71分离毒株,对其VP1区进行核苷酸序列测定,并参考A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和以往中国EV71的分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树.结果 从439份标本中分离肠道病毒215株,经RT-PCR鉴定,93株为EV71.选取其中29株进行VP1基因全序列测定,根据VP1全基因序列构建系统发生树,29株毒株均在C基因型中,与C4亚型属同一分支,与C4亚型代表株核苷酸同源性为91.7%～99.4%,氩基酸同源性为96.6%～100.0%.结论 宁夏地区手足口病患者中分离的EV71毒株属C基因型的C4亚型.     

宁夏地区2008年肠道病毒71型分离株基因特征分析

目的 研究宁夏地区手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型(EV71)分离株的基因特征.方法 采集手足口病患者标本进行病毒分离培养,阳性标本进行RT-PCR鉴定后,选取29株EV71分离毒株,对其VP1区进行核苷酸序列测定,并参考A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和以往中国EV71的分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树.结果 从439份标本中分离肠道病毒215株,经RT-PCR鉴定,93株为EV71.选取其中29株进行VP1基因全序列测定,根据VP1全基因序列构建系统发生树,29株毒株均在C基因型中,与C4亚型属同一分支,与C4亚型代表株核苷酸同源性为91.7%～99.4%,氩基酸同源性为96.6%～100.0%.结论 宁夏地区手足口病患者中分离的EV71毒株属C基因型的C4亚型.     

哈尔滨市2008年手足口病病原学检测结果分析

目的研究2008年哈尔滨市手足口病的病原学情况。方法应用RT-PCR和病毒分离两种方法对疑似手足口病患者标本进行检测。结果 RT-PCR快速检测EV71阳性率为25.64%,CA16阳性率0.64%;病毒分离培养EV71阳性率为37.82%,CA16阳性率为2.56%。156份标本分离出阳性病毒株63份,其中EV71阳性59份(占总阳性数的93.65%),CA16阳性4份(占总阳性数的6.35%)。结论哈尔滨市2008年手足口病的流行株为肠道病毒EV71型。手足口病病毒分离培养法阳性率高于RT-PCR法。粪便(包括肛拭子)和咽拭子标本手足口病病毒分离阳性率较高。     

宁夏地区2008年肠道病毒71型分离株基因特征分析

目的 研究宁夏地区手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型(EV71)分离株的基因特征.方法 采集手足口病患者标本进行病毒分离培养,阳性标本进行RT-PCR鉴定后,选取29株EV71分离毒株,对其VP1区进行核苷酸序列测定,并参考A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和以往中国EV71的分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树.结果 从439份标本中分离肠道病毒215株,经RT-PCR鉴定,93株为EV71.选取其中29株进行VP1基因全序列测定,根据VP1全基因序列构建系统发生树,29株毒株均在C基因型中,与C4亚型属同一分支,与C4亚型代表株核苷酸同源性为91.7%～99.4%,氩基酸同源性为96.6%～100.0%.结论 宁夏地区手足口病患者中分离的EV71毒株属C基因型的C4亚型.     

宁夏地区2008年肠道病毒7 1型分离株基因特征分析

目的 研究宁夏地区手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型(EV71)分离株的基因特征.方法 采集手足口病患者标本进行病毒分离培养,阳性标本进行RT-PCR鉴定后,选取29株EV71分离毒株,对其VP1区进行核苷酸序列测定,并参考A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和以往中国EV71的分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树.结果 从439份标本中分离肠道病毒215株,经RT-PCR鉴定,93株为EV71.选取其中29株进行VP1基因全序列测定,根据VP1全基因序列构建系统发生树,29株毒株均在C基因型中,与C4亚型属同一分支,与C4亚型代表株核苷酸同源性为91.7%～99.4%,氩基酸同源性为96.6%～100.0%.结论 宁夏地区手足口病患者中分离的EV71毒株属C基因型的C4亚型.     

宁夏地区2008年肠道病毒71型分离株基因特征分析

目的 研究宁夏地区手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型(EV71)分离株的基因特征.方法 采集手足口病患者标本进行病毒分离培养,阳性标本进行RT-PCR鉴定后,选取29株EV71分离毒株,对其VP1区进行核苷酸序列测定,并参考A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和以往中国EV71的分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树.结果 从439份标本中分离肠道病毒215株,经RT-PCR鉴定,93株为EV71.选取其中29株进行VP1基因全序列测定,根据VP1全基因序列构建系统发生树,29株毒株均在C基因型中,与C4亚型属同一分支,与C4亚型代表株核苷酸同源性为91.7%～99.4%,氩基酸同源性为96.6%～100.0%.结论 宁夏地区手足口病患者中分离的EV71毒株属C基因型的C4亚型.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.