心肺转流心脏手术用乌司他丁对肾功能的影响

目的研究乌司他丁对心肺转流（CPB）心脏手术患者。肾功能的影响。方法30例拟行心脏瓣膜置换手术患者,分为两组,每组各15例。对照组未用药（C组）,实验组乌司他丁（U组）。实验组（U组）给予乌司他丁2万U／kg,体外循环前静脉滴入1／3量,体外循环机内预充1／3量,开放升主动脉后给予1／3量。术后第1、2、3天分别静脉输注乌司他丁0．5万U/kg,对照组（C组）给予等量生理盐水。分别于术前（T0）、术后1d（T1）、3d（T3）、5d（T5）、7d（T7）检测血清尿素氮（BUN）、血清肌酐（Cr）、血清β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）的含量。结果①BUN、Cr：C组术后T1和T3显著高于术前及U组同一时点值（P〈0．05）;②血清β2-MG：C组术后仅T1、T3明显高于术前及U组同一时点值（P〈0．05）;③尿RBP：C组术后各时点值及U组T1、T3值明显高于术前值（P〈0．01）,两组术后各时点比较,U组明显低于C组（P〈0．01）;④尿β2-MG：C组术后各时点值显著高于术前值（P〈0．01）,U组T1、T3明显高于术前值（P〈0．05）,两组间术后各同一时点值比较有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。结论乌司他丁对心肺转流（CPB）心脏手术后患者。肾功能有一定保护作用。     

乌司他丁对原位肝移植术患者围术期肾功能的影响

目的乌司他丁对原位肝移植术患者围术期肾功能的影响。方法 40例择期行原位肝移植术患者,随机分为2组,乌司他丁组(U组,n=20):切皮后将乌司他丁30万IU加入100 ml生理盐水,持续静脉输注1 h,之后每4小时重复一次直至术后48 h。对照组(C组,n=20):以等容量生理盐水代替。测定麻醉前、术毕、术后24、48 h血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)的水平及尿N-乙酰β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GTP)的水平。结果麻醉前组间血清BUN、Cr及尿γ-GTP、RBP、α1-MG、NAG水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0．05)。与麻醉前比较,C组血清BUN和Cr在术后24、48 h升高(P<0．05或0．01),尿γ-GTP、α1-MG、RBP和 NAG在各时点升高(P<0．01);U组血清BUN、Cr和尿γ-GTP、NAG在各时点差异无统计学意义(P> 0．05),尿α1-MG在各时点升高(P<0．01),尿RBP在术后24、48 h升高(P<0．05或0．01)。与C组比较,U组血清BUN、Cr和尿α1-MG在术后24、48 h降低,尿γ-GTP、RBP和NAG在各时点降低(P<0．05 或0．01)。结论乌司他丁对原位肝移植术患者围术期肾功能有一定的保护作用。     

体外循环心内直视手术期间乌司他丁对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 评价乌司他丁对先天性心脏病心内直视手术围体外循环期心肌缺血／再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 选择20例房间隔缺损或室间隔缺损修补术病人，随机分为对照组（C组）与乌司他丁组（U组），每组10例。分别于体外转流前（T1）、开放主动脉即刻（T2）、开放主动脉30min（T3）、停止CPB 4h(T4)和24h(T5)抽取动脉血，测定血浆CK－MB、CK活性及cTnI浓度。记录CPB转机时间、主动脉阻断时间、手术时间、围CPB期间心血管活性药物的使用情况、心脏复跳情况以及术后24h引流量。结果 两组病人术前血浆cTnI浓度及CK、CK－MB活性无关 正常范围内，组间比较无差异。C组血浆cTnI浓度在T3、T4和T5时点都显著升高（P＜0．01），于T4时点达峰值，T5时点开始下降。U组血浆cTnI浓度在T3、T4时点显著升高（P＜0．01），于T5时点已下降至正常水平。在T3－T5时点U组cTnI水平明显低于C组（P＜0．05）。C组与U组血浆CK和CK－MB活性在T2－T5时点都显著升高（P＜0．01），T2－T4时点两组比较无显著性差异，至T5时点U组显著低于C组（P＜0．05）。U组自动复跳率多于C组（P＜0．05）。术后24h引流量C组明显多于U组（P＜0．05）。结论 围CPB期间分两次使用乌司他丁1．2万U／kg，能减轻心肌缺血／再灌注损伤。     

饮绿茶预防顺铂所致肾毒性的临床观察

目的 探讨饮用绿茶对顺铂化疗致急性肾损害的保护作用。方法 将82例应用顺铂化疗的肺癌患者随机分为对照组与观察组各41例，观察组于应用顺铂化疗的同时饮用绿茶1500ml／d，对照组饮等量温开水。观察化疗前及化疗后第1、5、10、21天两组血β2-MG、尿α1-MG、血BUN、血Cr值的变化。结果 对照组尿α1-MG化疗后显著升高，与化疗前比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），血β2-MG第5、10天亦显著高于化疗前（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）；观察组化疗后各指标与化疗前比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）；对照组与观察组化疗后第1、5、10天尿α1-MG比较，差异有显著性意义（均P〈0．01）。结论 在大剂量顺铂化疗的同时饮用绿茶可显著减轻其对肾脏的毒性。     

1,6-二磷酸果糖对体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术后患者肾功能的影响

目的 评价1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)对体外循环(CPB)下心脏瓣膜置换术后患者肾功能的影响.方法 择期在CPB下行心脏瓣膜置换术的患者40例,随机分为对照组(C组)和FDP组(F组),每组20例.F组术中FDP 200 mg/kg注入预充液中随机转入体内,术后1～3 d均静脉输注FDP200 mg·kg-1·d-1,C组静脉输注等容量生理盐水.分别于术前(T0)、术后1 d(T1)、术后3 d(T3)、术后5d(T5)、术后7 d(T7)取静脉血及留取新鲜晨尿,检测尿中视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、N-已酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖酐酶(NAG)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平及血清β2-MG、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)浓度.结果 与T0时相比,C组T1,3时血清BUN及Cr,T3时血清β2-MG,T1,3,5,7时尿β2-MG、RBP及NAG的水平升高,F组T1,3时尿β2-MG、RBP、T5时尿NAG的水平升高(P＜0.05);与C组相比,F组T1,3时血清BUN,T3时血清Cr和β1-MG,T1,3,5,7时尿β2-MG、RBP及NAG的水平降低(P＜0.05).结论 FDP对CPB下心脏瓣膜置换术后肾功能产生保护作用.     

吗啡、芬太尼、曲马多术后镇痛对病人白细胞介素-2的影响

目的 观察吗啡、芬太尼、曲马多用于术后病人静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)时对血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)分泌的影响。方法 150例择期行上腹部手术的病人，随机分成三组：M组(吗啡组)；F组(芬太尼组)；T组(曲马多组)。分别于麻醉前、术后1、3、24h采血，应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清IL-2水平。结果 与麻醉前比较，M组病人术后各时点血清IL-2水平明显降低(P＜0．05)，F组在各时点明显升高(P＜0．05)，T组术后1h与麻醉前比较差异无显著性(P＞0．05)，术后3h明显升高(P＜0．05)，术后24h达到更高水平(P＜0．01)。结论 吗啡、芬太尼、曲马多均可有效减轻术后疼痛。与吗啡抑制IL-2分泌相反，芬太尼和曲马多可明显增强上腹部手术病人术后IL-2的分泌。     

心内直视术后心包填塞23例的临床诊治分析

目的探讨心内直视术后心包填塞的原因、临床表现、早期诊治方法和预防。方法回顾性复习1996年1月～2003年12月心内直视术后30例疑为心包填塞而行二次(开胸)探查术患者的临床资料，对血压。心率、中心静脉压、pH值等一些重要参数进行了统计学分析：并将其分为两组：T组(心包填塞组23例)和C组(非心包填塞组7例)，T组包括19例急性心包填塞(含6例局限性心包填塞)和4例延迟性心包填塞。结果经二次探查后17例康复出院，13例死亡(其中T组7例，C组6例)。两组患者在探查前心率、中心静脉压均显著增高(P＜0．05)，血压、脉压差、尿量均明显下降(P＜0．05)，T组对血管活性药物反应差；在心包探查后T组血压、尿量迅速回升(P＜0．01)，心率、中心静脉压明显回落(P＜0．01)，C组除pH、碱剩余显著下降(P＜0．05)，心率进一步增快(P＜0．05)外，其余指标变化不明显(P＞0．05)。与T组相比c组探查后血压、碱剩余、氧分压均较低(P＜0．05)，探查引流总量显著少于T组(P＜0．01)，死亡率明显高于T组(P＜0．05)。结论心内直视术后心包填塞的临床表现主要为非特异性血流动力学紊乱；及时准确的诊断有赖于对其进行动态观察分析，并应排除心源性低心排出量综合征(LC0S)。紧急心包探查仍是解除术后急性心包填塞的主要方法，心包穿刺抽液适用于延迟性心包填塞。     

乌司他丁对心脏直视手术患者围体外循环期炎性细胞因子和自由基的影响

目的 评价乌司他丁对血浆促炎细胞因子和自然基代谢水平的影响。方法 选择20例拟在CPB下行心内直视手术的先心病患者,随机分为两组,每组10例。乌司他丁组（U组）患者接受乌司他丁1．2万IU／kg,于切后皮至CPB前缓慢静注半量,另半量加入预充液中随转机进入体内。对照组（C组）用等容量生理盐水代替。分别于麻醉后切皮前（T1）、CPB30min（T2）、CPB结束后30min（T3）、4h（T4）和24h（T5）测定血浆TNF－α、IL－6、IL－8和MDA浓度及SOD活性。结果 C组TNF－α在T2、T3明显升高（P＜0．05）;U组仅在T2高于基础值（P＜0．05）,且于T3较C组低（P＜0．05）。C组IL－6于T2即升高,持续至T5;U组无明显变化,于T2明显低于C组（P＜0．01）。C组IL－8于T2升Y高（P＜0．05）,至T3达峰值（P＜0．01）,于T5下降至基础水平;U组只在T3较基础值升高（P＜0．05）,于T2－T6均显著低于C组（P＜0．05－0．01）。两组MDA均在T2升高（P＜0．01）,C组持续至T4,U组持续至T3。C组SOD活性自T2开始降低（P＜0．01）,持续至T3（P＜0．05）;U组无明显变化,且在T2－T4与C组比较有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论 乌司他丁可抑制CPB心脏手术导致的全身性炎性反应,减少自由基的产生,从而减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。     

乌司他丁对体外循环心内直视手术婴儿围术期肾功能的影响

目的 评价乌司他丁对体外循环心内直视手术婴儿围术期肾功能的影响.方法 择期拟行心内直视手术的室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压婴儿40例,月龄3～5月,体重5.3～6.8kg,ASA分级Ⅱ级,性别不限.随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和乌司他丁组(U组).U组将乌司他丁20 000 U/kg溶于20 ml生理盐水中,颈内静脉注射1/3量,体外循环开始时和主动脉开放即刻预充液中各充入1/3量;C组用生理盐水替代.分别于切皮前30 min(T1)、主动脉阻断前5 min(T2)、主动脉开放后5 min(T3)、术毕(T4)、术后24 h(T5)和48 h(T6)时,留取新鲜尿液,并采集颈内静脉血样,测定尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)浓度和N-乙酞-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性、血清Cr和BUN的浓度.结果 两组血清BUN和Cr浓度组内和组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与T1时比较,两组T2-6时尿NAG活性和β2-MG浓度升高(P＜0.05);与C组比较,U组T3-5时尿NAG活性和β2-MG浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 乌司他丁可保护体外循环心内直视手术婴儿围术期的肾功能.     

肾盂尿蛋白检测在评定小儿先天性肾积水病肾损害程度中的意义

目的探讨肾盂尿β2-微球蛋白(β2一MG)、白蛋白(Alb)、T-H糖蛋白(THP)及免疫球蛋白(IgG)检测在小儿肾积水病肾损害程度判定中的临床意义。方法采用放免法测定78例肾积水患儿病肾肾盂尿β2-MG、Alb、THP及IgG含量,其中36例测定了肾盂尿肌酐(Cr),并以健侧肾盂尿作对照。78例同时行病肾组织学检查分级,并与病肾肾盂尿β2-MG、Alb、THP、IgG及β2-MG/ Cr、Alb/Cr、THP/Cr、IgG/Cr作相关分析。结果①健侧及积水侧肾盂尿β2-MG分别为(130．06±22．02)、(386．18±42．15)ng/ml,Alb分别为(80．52±9．32)、(275．54±69．46)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)；尿β2-MG/Cr分别为(0．16±0．04)、(1．57±0．39)ng/μmol,Alb/Cr分别为(0．11±0．03)、(1．07±0．56)ng/μmol,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。②健侧肾、病肾肾盂尿THP分别为(25．80±9．02)、(31．43±10．56)ng/ml,IgG分别为(15．21±3．56)、(20．52±10．85)ng/ml,差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05)。尿THP/Cr分别为(0．05±0．01)、(0．14±0．06)ng/μmol,IgG/Cr分别为(0．04±0．01)、(0．12±0．05)ng/μmol,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。③尿β2-MG、Alb水平与病理分级呈正相关(r=0．799,P＜0．05),β2-MG/Cr、Alb/Cr水平与病理分级呈正相关(r分别为0．799、0．743,P＜0．01)；尿THP、IgG与病理分级呈正相关,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05)；THP/Cr、IgG/ Cr与病理分级呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。结论简单易行的输尿管插管留取病肾肾盂尿检测尿蛋白能较准确地反映病肾损害程度,其中尿β2-MG/Cr反映病肾肾小管的损害程度,Alb/Cr反映病肾肾小球的损害程度；尿THP/Cr、IgG/Cr升高分别表明病肾肾小管、肾小球严重受损。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.