遗传性痉挛性截瘫

遗传性痉挛性截瘫是一种遗传性脊髓小脑变性疾病，主要表现为双下肢痉挛性截瘫。多为常染色体显性遣传，少数为常染色体隐性，极少Ｘ连锁隐性。目前已发现常显遗传ＨＳＰ基因位于１４ｑ１．２、２ｑ２１．２４和１５ｑ１１．１，常隐ＨＳＰ基因位于８号染色体，Ｘ隐ＨＳＰ位于Ｘｑ２８和Ｘｑ２１．３～２４。单纯型者仅表现为痉挛性截瘫，复杂型者可合并各种脊髓外损害。目前可采用安定、巴氯芬、妙纳等改善病人的肌痉挛。     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫患者MJD1基因的突变分析

目的探讨中国汉族人群中遗传性痉挛性截瘫(Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia,HSP或SPG)患者的MJD1基因突变特点,进一步探索HSP和遗传性脊髓小脑性共济失调(Spinocerebellar Ataxia,SCA)的遗传和临床异质性。方法应用聚合酶链反应、8%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和DNA T载体连接测序等方法对78例临床诊断为HSP的患者进行MJD1基因突变分析。结果在18个HSP家系中检出SCA3/MJD1家系2个,占11.1%,该2例家系均为常染色体显性遗传,2例家系先证者在临床上符合HSP的诊断标准,突变的MJD1等位基因CAG三核苷酸异常重复次数分别为65和69次,散发的HSP病例未发现MJD1等位基因的异常。结论HSP和SCA都具有明显的临床和遗传异质性,其表型在临床上有相互交叉现象,部分SCA3/MJD1患者临床上可为典型的痉挛性截瘫特征而无任何明显的共济失调表现。对临床表现为HSP的患者,尤其是有明显阳性家族史的患者进行MJD1基因诊断可以弥补HSP临床诊断的不足。     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫paraplegin基因的突变分析

目的探讨paraplegin基因在中国人遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP或SPG)中的突变特点,为该病的基因诊断奠定基础。方法应用聚合酶链反应单链构象多态性(PCRSSCP)结合DNA序列分析方法,对来自全国8个常染色体隐性遗传HSP家系的先证者和14例散发性HSP患者进行paraplegin基因突变分析。结果所有外显子均可扩出,发现15号外显子上2例先证者出现异常SSCP条带,经DNA序列分析发现2063及2066位点上存在碱基G被A替换,但家系内不存在共分离的现象,且正常对照者也存在G被A替换,考虑为多态,其中G2066A为首次发现。结论Paraplegin基因突变可能在中国人HSP患者中少见。2063G→A及2066G→A是paraplegin基因的两个多态性改变,其中2066G→A为首次发现。     

中国遗传性痉挛性截瘫的临床特点

目的 明确我国腓骨肌萎缩症的临床特点。方法 总结国内文献中报道的７８个家族，３５４例２及我院３９个家族、８１列患者的临床资料。结果 男：女约为１．７７：１，家族史阳性率６２．４％，其中常显、常隐、Ｘ隐性遗传分别为４１、１３、２个家系，同一家族患者发病年龄具有很高相关性。发病年龄１个月￣５５岁，平均１０．６岁，其中１￣２０岁起病占７１．２％；剪刀样步态７９．１％、双下肢肌张力增高８２．３％、肌力下降     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫的临床和遗传特点

目的：探讨遗传性痉挛性截瘫的临床和遗传特点。方法：对39个家系113例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：男：女为1：1.17，发病年龄2-58岁，平均21.4岁，30例以前发病占81.7％。有家族史者占89.4％，多呈常染色体显性遗传。近亲结婚家系占28.2％。单纯型24例，复杂型89例。双下肢肌力下降占65.5％，肌张力增高和腱反射亢进均为96.5％，病理征阳性68.1％。合并症中共济失调占46.9％，肌萎缩占32.7％，痴呆占18.6％。结论：本组遗传性痉挛性截瘫患者多于青少年或青年发病，女性多于男性，复杂型较单纯型多见，遗传方式以常染色体显性遗传多见，近亲结婚明显增加该病的发生。     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫2个家系临床分析

目的　通过临床病例和家系调查 ,提高对本病的认识和诊断水平。方法　对 2个家系遗传性痉挛性截瘫的临床表现、遗传学特点进行分析和总结。结果　 2个家系均呈缓慢进展的锥体束症状和体征 ,家系 2同时合并眼球震颤及锥体外系表现 ,本病具有连续传递现象 ,男女均可发病。结论　遗传性痉挛性截瘫临床上并非少见 ,分单纯型和复杂型 ,具有常染色体显性遗传特征。     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫atlastin基因突变分析

目的 探讨中国人遗传性痉挛性截瘫（HSP）atlastin基因的突变特点,为HSP的基因诊断奠定基础。方法 应用聚合酶链反应一单链构象多态性（PCR-SSCP）结合DNA序列分析方法,对来自全国20例常染色体显性遗传HSP家系的先证者和10例散发性HSP患者进行了atlastin基因突变分析。结果 在20例常染色体显性遗传HSP家系的先证者和10例散发性HSP患者中均未发现异常SSCP条带,第7号外显子直接DNA序列分析亦无异常。结论 atlastin基因突变可能在中国人HSP患者中少见。     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫的神经外科治疗

目的 ;探讨遗传性痉挛性截瘫的神经外科治疗方法及其疗效。方法对17例遗传性痉挛性截瘫患者施行周围神经缩窄术,其中单纯周围神经缩窄术12例,周围神经缩窄+矫形术5例。采用改良Asworth分级评定患者的痉挛程度,采用简化Fugl-Meyer量表评估患者下肢运动功能的改善。结果随访8~15个月,平均12个月。术后近期痉挛缓解率为98.5%,随访期间为92.7%。术后近期下肢运动改善率为86.5%,随访期间为90.8%。2例(11.8%)患者下肢出现短暂的感觉障碍,随访期间均消失。1例(5.9%)严重痉挛患者术后伴有肌力减低。2例(11.8%)患者随访期间痉挛复发。结论遗传性痉挛性截瘫患者适时适当的进行外科手术治疗能够较好地缓解痉挛,改善下肢运动功能,延缓病程进展。     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫的研究进展

遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP)是一组由于轴索变性,合并或不合并脱髓鞘和神经元脱失而造成的神经系统变性疾病。目前,其发病机制还不明确,临床表现具有高度临床及遗传异质性,且遗传方式多样,基因诊断复杂。该文主要对HSP的分型、临床表现、病理改变、发病机制、诊断及鉴别诊断和治疗方法的研究进展进行阐述,以利于该病的早期诊断与治疗。     

贵州少数民族遗传性痉挛性截瘫患者spastin基因突变的研究

目的 研究贵州地区少数民族遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP)患者spastin基因突变的特征.方法 应用PCR产物直接DNA测序法,对贵州16例少数民族(布依、苗、彝族)HSP患者(其中14例患者来自3个常染色体显性遗传家系,2例散发患者)spastin基因的8、10、14号外显子进行分析.将测序结果与人类基因组SPG4基因序列进行比对.结果 16例患者的spastin基因8、10、14号外显子直接DNA测序结果均未发现有突变.结论 贵州少数民族HSP患者spastin基因8、10、14号外显子的突变可能较少见,其与汉族HSP患者的spastin基因突变形式可能不同.     

Spastin mutation screening in Chinese patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia

BackgroundHereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations in the spastin (SPAST) gene are the most common cause of pure HSP. However, few data are available regarding the clinical and genetic spectrum of HSP among Chinese patients.MethodsClinical data were collected at diagnosis and follow-up of 42 Chinese patients with pure HSP. All seventeen exons of the SPAST gene were directly sequenced. Additionally, we used a multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay targeting the SPAST gene to evaluate large exon deletion or insertion mutations in patients without SPAST point mutations.ResultsThe age of disease onset of our patients was 19.6 ± 14.4 years. Six novel variations were found, including three missense mutations (p. L363P, p. D441V, and p. S595R), one insertion (c.1511dupT (p. Y505Ifs*7)), and two larger deletions (exons 5–17 and exons 10–17). Four previously reported mutations, including p. S399L, c.1215_c.1219delTATAA (p. N405Kfs*36), exon 1 deletion, and exon 16 deletion, were detected. The SPAST mutation rate was 40% (4/10) in Chinese familial patients and 33.33% (7/21) in Chinese sporadic pure HSP patients. The frequency of large deletions was high in both AD-HSP (20%, 2/10) and sporadic HSP (14.28%, 3/21).ConclusionSPAST mutations are common in Chinese patients with pure HSP. Large exon deletions are an important cause of AD-HSP and sporadic pure HSP in Chinese patients. Large fragment tests should be performed to explore large SPAST mutations in familial and sporadic HSP patients without SPAST point mutations.     

Gait analysis of sporadic and hereditary spastic paraplegia

Abstract.Objectives: Sporadic (SSP) and hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders, which are characterised by a slowly progressive spastic paraparesis. Initial symptoms and the rate of progression are variable even among members of the same family. Spastic paraparesis is the major and most disabling clinical symptom and was assessed with gait analysis using a three-dimensional infrared movement analysis system.Methods and results: 22 patients with clinically and/or genetically confirmed SSP/HSP were compared with age-matched control subjects. Significantly lower values were found for gait velocity, stride length, step height and the range of motion of the knee-angle. The gait pattern is characterised by a severe spasticity of both legs with only mild paresis. The balance-related gait parameters show a broad-based gait without inwardly rotated feet. No correlation was found between disease duration and the severity of the gait disorder and the central motor conduction time to the leg muscles and the abnormal gait parameters. The gait pattern did not differ between the 7 SSP cases and the 15 HSP cases.Conclusions: We conclude that three-dimensional gait analysis can uncover specific features of such rare gait disorders, and may be used as an objective tool to quantify the impairment of gait parameters in patients with SSP/HSP and thus can be used to monitor disease progression and the effect of therapeutic interventions.     

Investigating ABCD1 mutations in a Taiwanese cohort with hereditary spastic paraplegia phenotype

BackgroundAdrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked peroxisomal disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene. The clinical manifestations of ALD vary widely with some patients presenting with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) that resembles the phenotype of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency, spectrum, and clinical features of ABCD1 mutations in Taiwanese patients with HSP phenotype.MethodsMutational analysis of the ABCD1 gene was performed in 230 unrelated Taiwanese patients with clinically suspected HSP by targeted resequencing. Clinical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging features of the patients carrying an ABCD1 pathogenic mutation were characterized.ResultsTen different ABCD1 mutations were identified in eleven patients, including two novel mutations (p.Q177Pfs*17 and p.Y357*) and eight ever reported in ALD cases of other ethnicities. All patients were male and exhibited slowly progressive spastic paraparesis with onset ages ranging from 21 to 50 years. Most of them had additional non-motor symptoms, including autonomic dysfunction in nine patients, sensory deficits in seven, premature baldness in seven, skin hyperpigmentation in five, psychiatric symptoms in one and cerebellar ataxia in one. Seven of the ten patients who ever received nerve conduction studies showed axonal polyneuropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed diffuse spinal cord atrophy in seven patients, cerebral white matter hyperintensity in one patient, and cerebellar involvement in one patient.ConclusionsABCD1 mutations account for 4.8% (11/230) of the cases with HSP phenotype in Taiwan. This study highlights the importance to consider ABCD1 mutations in patients with clinically suspected HSP of unknown genetic causes.     

贵州部分少数民族遗传性痉挛性截瘫Spastin基因突变研究

目的筛查及分析遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP)Spastin基因突变,了解贵州地区少数民族(彝族、布衣族、苗族)Spastin基因突变特点。方法应用PCR产物直接DNA测序法,对9例HSP患者(包括3个家系中7例现证者和2例散发患者)Spastin基因1-17号外显子进行突变筛查;被发现存在突变的外显子,其次行家系内其他成员相对应外显子的筛查。结果在9例HSP患者中发现家系3两例患者(Ⅴ24、Ⅴ25)的Spastin基因第4号外显子同一位点上发生错义突变c.847C>T,其他参与抽血的亲属均无该位点突变,推测该位点的突变为一多态。另外的突变位点均位于外显子序列前后的内含子区域。结论此次贵州地区部分少数民族spastin基因突变率低,与国内文献报道的汉族人群不同。     

Intragenic modifiers of hereditary spastic paraplegia due to spastin gene mutations

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease characterized by wide variability in phenotypic expression, both within and among families. The most-common cause of autosomal dominant HSP is mutation of the gene encoding spastin, a protein of uncertain function. We report the existence of intragenic polymorphisms of spastin that modify the HSP phenotype. One (S44L) is a previously described recessively acting allele and the second is a novel allele affecting the adjacent amino acid residue (P45Q). In 4 HSP families in which either L44 or Q45 segregates independently of a missense or splicing mutation in the AAA domain of spastin, L44 and Q45 are each associated with a striking decrease in age at onset in the presence of the AAA domain mutations. Using a bioinformatics approach, we found that the highly conserved S44 is predicted to be phosphorylated by a number of family members of the proline-directed serine/threonine cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Cdk1 and Cdk5 showed no kinase activity toward synthetic spastin peptide in an in vitro kinase assay, suggesting that this serine residue may be phosphorylated by a different Cdk. Our identification of S44L and P45Q as modifiers of the HSP phenotype suggests a role for spastin phosphorylation by Cdks in the neurodegeneration of the most-common form of HSP.     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫伴薄型胼胝体的临床特征

目的 探讨遗传性痉挛性截瘫伴薄型胼胝体（HSP-TCC）的临床特征。方法 对4例HSP-TCC患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 4例患者均于青少年起病，表现为智能低下，痉挛步态，双下肢痉挛，无力，腱反射亢进，病理征阳性，无感觉障碍，2例有共济失调及大小便障碍；1例有双上肢痉挛及肌肉萎缩，头颅MRI显示胼胝体变薄。结论 HSP-TCC的主要临床特征为青少年起病的痉挛性截瘫，智能低下，头颅MRI显示胼胝体变薄。     

Clinical phenotype of hereditary spastic paraplegia due to KIF1C gene mutations across life span

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of genetic disorders resulting in pyramidal tract impairment, predominantly in lower limbs. KIF1C gene has recently been identified as one of the genetic causes of HSP and associated with pure or complicated HSP. We present three patients with complicated HSP from two unrelated families, who had early onset progressive cerebellar signs and developed pyramidal tract signs during follow-up. Whole exome sequencing in these patients followed by segregation analysis identified novel truncating KIF1C mutations (c.463C> T; p.R155¹ and c.2478delA; p.Ala828Argfs¹13). Neuroimaging findings showed cerebral and upper cervical spinal atrophy, bilateral symmetrical pyramidal tract involvement, and focal cerebral white matter lesions. Patients with KIF1C mutations may present with cerebellar signs and pyramidal findings may emerge later, therefore complicated HSP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unidentified cases with cerebellar dysfunction.     

Clinical and genetic characterization of hereditary spastic paraplegia type 3A in Taiwan

AimTo investigate the clinical and genetic features of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) type 3A (SPG3A) in Taiwan.MethodsMutational analysis of the ATL1 gene was performed for 274 unrelated Taiwanese HSP patients. The diagnosis of SPG3A was ascertained by the presence of a heterozygous pathogenic mutation in ATL1. The SPG3A patients received clinical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging evaluations. Disease severity was assessed by using Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS) and disability score. Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers flanking ATL1 were genotyped for haplotype analysis of ATL1 p.R416C mutation.ResultsEighteen SPG3A patients from 11 families were identified. They typically presented a pure form HSP phenotype with disease onset ranging from age 1–68 years. Five heterozygous ATL1 mutations were identified, including p.R239C, p.V253I, p.Y336H, p.P342R and p.R416C. ATL1 p.R416C was the most common mutation and presented in five SPG3A pedigrees. Haplotype analyses demonstrated a shared haplotype in the 12 individuals carrying a p.R416C allele.ConclusionSPG3A accounts for 4% (11 out of 274) of HSP in the Taiwanese cohort. Patents with the ATL1 p.R416C mutation in Taiwan may descend from a common ancestor. This study defines the clinical and genetic features of SPG3A in Taiwan and provides useful information for the diagnosis and management, especially in patients of Han Chinese descent.