丙泊酚与七氟醚复合麻醉对肝炎肝硬化患者术后肝肾功能的影响

目的 探讨丙泊酚与七氟醚复合麻醉对肝炎肝硬化患者术后肝肾功能的影响.方法 选择60例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,肝炎肝硬化门脉高压拟行脾切断流术的患者,随机均分为七氟醚组(A组)、丙泊酚组(B组)和丙泊酚复合七氟醚组(C组).三组患者分别采用七氟醚吸入、单纯丙泊酚静脉输注和丙泊酚复合七氟醚维持麻醉,维持患者生命体征平稳.记录术前、术后第1、3、5天肝、肾功能指标.结果 三组患者术后第1、3、5天肝脏酶显著增高(P＜0.05),在术后第1天达到高峰,总胆红素术后第3天达高峰,白蛋白术后第1天显著降低(P＜0.05),术后第3天和第5天与术前比较差异无统计学意义,三组患者均无肝功能衰竭.术后肾功能指标肌酐、尿素氮组内、组间比较差异无统计学意义.结论 丙泊酚与七氟醚复合麻醉对肝炎肝硬化行脾切断流术患者术后早期肝功能有轻度影响,对肾功能无明显影响.     

普鲁卡因复合异氟醚半紧闭吸入对肝脏的影响

目的：观察临床普鲁卡因复合异氟醚半紧闭吸入对肝脏的影响。方法：２０例ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级病人随机分为两组，静吸复合组（ｎ１＝１０）和全凭静脉复合组（ｎ２＝１０），静吸复合组吸入１．０ＭＡＣ异氟醚１ｈ。两组术前术后１、３、７天测定肝脏功能。结果：术后第１天仅静吸复合组ＡＬＴ、ＡＳＴ有统计学改变，但仍在正常范围，３～７天逐渐恢复正常。结论：普鲁卡因复合吸入异氟醚麻醉对肝功能正常病人的肝功能影响较小。     

地氟醚与七氟醚麻醉对老年病人术后认知功能的影响

目的 探讨地氟醚及七氟醚复合麻醉对老年病人术后认知功能恢复的影响。方法 70例择期行全膝或全髋关节置换术的病人,年龄均在65岁以上。静注芬太尼、异丙酚、琥珀胆碱快速诱导插管后随机分为地氟醚和异氟醚组。麻醉诱导前及手术后1、3、6及24h应用Mini-Mental State（MMS）测试方法评定其认知功能。结果 与术前相比,两组病人术后1h MMS值均明显降低。地氟醚组由29.5±0.5降至27.8±1.7;七氟醚组由29.2±1.0降至27.4±1.7。其中85％以上病人术后3h MMS恢复至术前水平。两组病人术前及术后1、3、6及24h MMS比较均无显著差异。结论 老年病人应用地氟醚或七氟醚麻醉,其术后认知功能恢复相似,仅有一过性认知障碍。     

普鲁瞳因复合异氟醚半紧闭吸入对肝脏的影响

目的：观察临床普鲁卡因复合异氟醚半紧闭吸入对肝脏的影响。方法：２０例ＡＳＡⅠ￣Ⅱ级病人随机分为两组，静吸复合组（ｎ１＝１０）和全凭静脉复合组（ｎ２＝１０），静脉复合组吸入１．０ＭＡＣ异氟醚１ｈ。两组术前术后１、３、７天测定肝脏功能。结果：主后第１天仅静吸复俣组ＡＬＴ、ＡＳＴ有统计学改变，但仍在正常范围，３￣７天逐渐恢复正常。结论：普鲁卡因复合吸入异氟醚麻醉对脏功能正常病人的肝功能影响较小。     

七氟醚全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在肝切除术中的应用

目的：观察两组行肝切除术患者肝门阻断前后血压脉搏变化以及术后肝功能变化情况。方法：２０例择期行肝部分切除术（均阻断肝门）的肝癌患者随机分为两组，Ａ组（复合组）１０例选用七氟醚全身麻醉复合硬膜外阻滞去，Ｂ组（对照组）１０例全凭撖这内吸入七氟醚全麻。结果：两组患者血压脉搏变化基本稳定，且两组间变化无明显差异；Ａ组患者在术后１周后肝功能恢复情况明显优于Ｂ组。结论：吸入七氟醚全身麻醉复合硬膜外阻滞是应用于     

七氟醚和异氟醚对肝硬化患者肝切除术后肝功能的影响

目的 比较七氟醚和异氟醚对肝硬化患者行肝切除术后肝功能变化的影响.方法 将40名年龄为40～70岁的肝硬化(Child-Pugh A级),择期行肝癌肝叶切除术的患者随机分为七氟醚组和异氟醚组.两组患者均以咪唑安定0.1mg/kg体重、舒芬太尼0.4μg/kg体重、哌库溴铵1mg/kg体重诱导,分别予七氟醚或异氟醚辅以舒芬太尼维持麻醉.分别于术前、术后1、3、7d抽取非输液侧上肢静脉血测谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、胆碱酯酶、白蛋白、凝血酶原时间和血小板计数.结果 两组患者血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶较术前明显升高,术后3d达峰,且其增高值在异氟醚组明显高于七氟醚组;术后无患者出现肝衰竭或肝损伤的临床表现.结论 在肝硬化患者的麻醉中,异氟醚对肝功能的影响可能强于七氟醚.     

气管表面麻醉或/和硬膜外阻滞降低异氟醚吸入全麻用药量

目的 探讨气管表面麻醉或/和硬膜外阻滞能否降低全身麻醉时异氟醚的使用量.方法 上腹部手术病人60例,随机分为单纯全身麻醉组(G组)、全身麻醉联合气管表面麻醉组(GL组)、全身麻醉联合硬膜外阻滞组(GE组)、全身麻醉联合气管表面麻醉和硬膜外阻滞组(GLE组).各组术前及诱导用药相同,术中异氟醚维持麻醉,维库溴铵维持肌松,根据病人生命体征调整异氟醚吸入浓度.比较各组术中异氟醚的使用量及术后不良反应的发生情况.结果 G、GL、GE、GLE四组呼气末异氟醚MAC维持值分别为(1.01±0.11)、(0.89±0.07)、(0.63±0.06)和(0.51±0.08);异氟醚消耗量分别为(12.9±1.8)、(11.2±1.7)、(6.7±1.2)和(5.3±0.9)ml/h.GLE组术后不良反应最少,无一例病人发生术中知晓.结论 气管表面麻醉或/和硬膜外阻滞明显降低吸入全身麻醉时异氟醚需用量.     

七氟醚静吸复合麻醉与全凭静脉麻醉用于小儿手术的比较

目的 比较七氟醚静吸复合麻醉与丙泊酚、芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于小儿手术的临床效果.方法 60例4～14岁ASA Ⅰ级择期行外科手术的小儿,随机均分为丙泊酚、芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉组(丙泊酚组)和七氟醚静吸复合麻醉组(七氟醚组).丙泊酚组静脉麻醉诱导,静脉麻醉药物维持.七氟醚组七氟醚麻醉诱导,七氟醚麻醉维持.记录术中血流动力学变化,术后麻醉恢复情况.结果 两组诱导方法都能实现快速诱导,且丙泊酚组麻醉诱导起效更快,意识消失时间、插管时间较七氟醚组缩短(P＜0.01).而七氟醚组麻醉诱导对心率的影响更小,诱导更平稳.七氟醚组苏醒时间、拔管时间、定向力恢复时间和PACU滞留时间均短于丙泊酚组(P＜0.01).结论 七氟醚静吸复合麻醉后术中循环稳定,术后清醒迅速、平稳,可安全有效地应用于小儿手术.     

七氟醚复合丙泊酚静吸复合麻醉对老年食管癌患者术后早期认知功能的影响

目的 观察七氟醚复合丙泊酚静吸复合麻醉对老年食管癌患者术后早期认知功能的影响.方法 择期食管癌根治术老年患者30例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,年龄60～75周岁,随机均分为七氟醚复合丙泊酚麻醉组(S组)和丙泊酚全凭静脉组(P组).分别于手术前1天、术后第3天和第7天测定简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分,并分别于麻醉前、术毕和术后第3天检测血清S1000β和血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶( NSE)的含量.结果 与手术前1d比较,两组患者术后第3天MMSE评分均降低(P<0.05),但组间差异无统计学意义,术后第7天恢复正常.S组术后出现轻度认知功能障碍的患者为4例(27%),P组为2例(13%).与麻醉前相比,两组患者术毕及术后第3天NSE的含量显著增高(P<0.05),但组间差异无统计学意义.结论 与丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉相比,七氟醚复合丙泊酚静吸复合麻醉并不增加术后早期认知功能障碍的发生率.     

七氟醚与异氟醚麻醉用于支撑喉镜下声带息肉摘除术的比较

目的探讨七氟醚与异氟醚麻醉在支撑喉镜下声带息肉摘除术的临床效果。方法支撑喉镜下声带息肉摘除术患者40例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为七氟醚组（S组）与异氟醚组（Ⅰ组）,每组20例。两组静注异丙酚2mg／kg、维库溴胺0．05mg／kg,随即S组吸入8％七氟醚或Ⅰ组吸入4．5％异氟醚2min后行气管插管术,术中分别以七氟醚或异氟醚维持麻醉。监测围术期血压、心率、心电图及脉搏氧饱和度等生命体征,记录术毕自主呼吸恢复、拔管及认知恢复的时间。结果麻醉诱导后,S组与Ⅰ组平均动脉压均明显降低,心率加快（P〈0．01）;气管插管后MAP、HR均升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。七氟醚或异氟醚维持麻醉均满足手术要求,两组麻醉苏醒顺利,不良反应少,但S组自主呼吸恢复、拔管及认知恢复的时间均快于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）。结论七氟醚或异氟醚全麻均适用于支撑喉镜下声带息肉摘除术,七氟醚的麻醉苏醒比异氟醚快。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.