Early outcomes data for accelerated partial breast irradiation using balloon brachytherapy

Accelerated partial breast irradiation has been investigated in selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Accelerated partial breast irradiation limits the radiation target to the volume of tissue immediately surrounding the lumpectomy cavity and reduces the overall treatment time from approximately 6 weeks to 5 days. Balloon brachytherapy was introduced in 2000. Since that time, several clinical experiences have demonstrated excellent outcomes in carefully selected patients. Modern intracavitary brachytherapy offers patients with early-stage breast cancer a promising new option for radiation therapy. This treatment appears to offer high rates of local control with minimal toxicity. Newer multilumen devices allow optimal target coverage while minimizing the dose delivered to the skin and chest wall.     

Early outcomes data for accelerated partial breast irradiation using balloon brachytherapy

Accelerated partial breast irradiation has been investigated in selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Accelerated partial breast irradiation limits the radiation target to the volume of tissue immediately surrounding the lumpectomy cavity and reduces the overall treatment time from approximately 6 weeks to 5 days. Balloon brachytherapy was introduced in 2000. Since that time, several clinical experiences have demonstrated excellent outcomes in carefully selected patients. Modern intracavitary brachytherapy offers patients with early-stage breast cancer a promising new option for radiation therapy. This treatment appears to offer high rates of local control with minimal toxicity. Newer multilumen devices allow optimal target coverage while minimizing the dose delivered to the skin and chest wall.     

乳腺导管原位癌伴微浸润与浸润癌患者的临床特征对比分析

目的:分析乳腺导管原位癌伴微浸润（ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion,DCIS-MI）与乳腺浸润性导管癌（invasive ductal carcinoma,IDC）患者的临床特征、治疗方式等。方法:回顾性分析55例乳腺导管原位癌伴微浸润及508例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者的临床资料,包括两组患者的年龄、月经情况、雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ER）、孕激素受体（progestrone receptor,PR）、人表皮生长因子受体（human epidermal growth factor,HER-2）、肿瘤细胞增殖活性标志物（Ki67）的表达情况、分子分型、治疗方式及预后。结果:DCIS-MI组和IDC组患者在年龄上的差异不具有统计学意义（P＞0.05）,DCIS-MI组在已绝经及淋巴结转移阳性比例均低于IDC组（P＜0.05）;DCIS-MI组Ki67阳性表达率显著低于IDC组（P＜0.05）,ER、PR及HER-2阳性表达率与IDC组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。DCIS-MI组Luminal A型比例高于IDC组,而Luminal B(HER-2-)型比例低于IDC组,且差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。其余分子分型差异不具有统计学意义。DCIS-MI组患者单纯乳房切除术比例（10.9%）显著高于IDC组（0.8%）（P＜0.05）。DCIS-MI患者主要采用的手术方式为乳腺癌改良根治术和全乳切除+腋窝淋巴结清扫,其比例分别为60.0%、16.4%,与IDC组患者采用相同手术方式的比例（67.3%、19.9%）无显著差异。DCIS-MI组化疗比例、放疗比例均低于IDC组（P＜0.05）,而两组患者在内分泌治疗、靶向治疗及中药治疗方面差异不具有统计学意义（P＞0.05）。DCIS-MI组和IDC组患者的5年无病生存（disease-free survival,DFS）率分别为97.0%和81.0%,差异具有统计学意义（Log-rank,χ2=4.962,P=0.026）。结论:与IDC患者相比,DCIS-MI组患者绝经前状态比例高、淋巴结转移阳性率及Ki67阳性率更低,Luminal A型比例更高而Luminal B(HER-2-)型比例更低;DCIS-MI组患者行单纯乳房切除术比例更高,放疗及化疗比例更低,其预后更好。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后三维适形加速部分乳腺照射的疗效

目的 分析早期低危乳腺癌保乳术后三维适形加速部分乳腺照射(APBI)的局部控制情况、美容评价及不良反应,并对剂量学结果进行质量评估。方法 2008—2010年前瞻性临床Ⅱ期研究入组 39例早期(0~Ⅰ期)乳腺癌保乳术后患者,其中浸润性导管癌 28例、导管原位癌 5例、其他类型浸润性癌 6例。放疗处方剂量为38.5 Gy分10次,2 次/d,间隔6 h以上。不良反应评价采用NCI-CTC 3.0标准,美容评价依据Harris美容级别标准。结果 三维适形APBI技术应用于早期乳腺癌保乳术后获得了满意的剂量学结果,85%(33例)患者完全满足放疗质量控制评估标准。与ASTRO、GEC-ESTRO共识比较中危/高危患者比例分别为46%、18%和31%、3%。随访率100%,无一局部复发,无3、4级不良反应。放疗后6个月美容评价优异加良好者占90%(35例)。结论 三维适形APBI入组患者选择恰当,局部控制、不良反应和美容评价初步结果较好。     

Feasibility of accelerated whole-breast radiation in the treatment of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

BACKGROUND: We report the results of a prospective trial investigating the use of accelerated, hypofractionated whole-breast radiation therapy after breast-conservation surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 59 patients with a median age of 54 years (range, 36-78 years) completed a phase I/II study of hypofractionated radiation therapy for treatment of DCIS. Eligibility criteria included patients with mammographically detected DCIS, status after segmental mastectomy with negative margins, and no residual calcifications. All patients were treated with external-beam radiation therapy without a boost, over 3 weeks, to a total dose of 42 Gy to the entire breast (2.8 Gy per fraction in 15 fractions). To optimally spare heart and lung, 34 of the 59 patients (57%) were treated in the prone position. Twenty-nine of 59 patients (49%) received adjuvant hormonal therapy. RESULTS: Overall, radiation therapy was well tolerated, with modest acute toxicity limited to grade 1 radiation dermatitis (76%), breast edema (17%), and fatigue (12%). With a median follow-up of 36 months, late toxicities included grade 1 hyperpigmentation changes (85%), induration (66%), asymmetry (64%), and breast fibrosis (17%), with 3 cases of grade 2 fibrosis and 1 case of grade 2 hyperpigmentation. Among the patients with >or= 3 years of follow-up, cosmesis was scored as good to excellent in 21 patients (91%) and fair in 2 patients (9%). At the time of this report, no ipsilateral or contralateral breast recurrences have occurred. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate the feasibility of treating the whole breast for DCIS with a hypofractionated regimen, with modest acute and late toxicity.     

乳腺导管原位癌与导管原位癌伴微浸润的临床比较

目的 分析乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)及原位癌伴微浸润(DCIS-MI)患者治疗模式变化、临床特征、治疗结果及预后因素。方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1999-2013年收治的866例女性患者资料。DCIS患者631例,DCIS-MI患者235例。用Kaplan-Meier法计算局控(LC)、无瘤生存(DFS)、总生存(OS)率,并Logrank检验和单因素预后分析。结果 DCIS及DCIS-MI两组之间OS、LC及DFS相近(P>0.05)。单因素分析显示Her-2阳性为OS及DFS影响因素,保乳未放疗患者LC和DFS劣于全乳切除术患者。结论 导管原位癌和导管原位癌伴微浸润总体生存结果类似,Her-2阳性为OS及DFS预后不良因素,保乳未放疗患者的LC和DFS劣于全乳切除术。     

Axillary lymph node failure in patients treated with accelerated partial breast irradiation

BACKGROUND:

Data on the risk of axillary failure (AF) after accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) are limited. In this study, the authors determined the rate of AF and regional lymph node failure (RNF) in patients who received various forms of APBI and identified factors that were associated with its occurrence.

METHODS:

In total, 534 patients with early stage breast cancer were treated at William Beaumont Hospital with APBI, including 466 patients (87%) with invasive breast cancer and 68 patients (13%) with ductal carcinoma in situ. Clinical variables (patient age, tumor location), pathologic variables (tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor status, margin status, lymph node status), and treatment‐related variables (receipt of hormone and systemic chemotherapy) were analyzed to determine which factors were associated with AF and RNF. The median length of follow‐up was 63 months (range, 1‐201 months).

RESULTS:

The 5‐year actuarial AF rate was 0.19%. Three patients (0.56%) developed RNF (all patients initially had invasive breast cancer) with a 5‐year actuarial rate of 0.37%. Two of the regional recurrences were in the supraclavicular fossa, and 1 was in the axilla. No variables were associated with AF. However, patient numbers were very small. The median survival after RNF was 0.8 years (range, 0.3‐1.7 years), and 2 of the 3 patients died of disease.

CONCLUSIONS:

The rate of AF and RNF after APBI was low and appeared to be similar to the rate observed with whole‐breast irradiation. No variables were associated with a higher rate of AF after APBI. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

乳腺导管原位癌与导管原位癌伴微浸润的临床比较

目的 分析乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)及原位癌伴微浸润(DCIS-MI)患者治疗模式变化、临床特征、治疗结果及预后因素。方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1999-2013年收治的866例女性患者资料。DCIS患者631例,DCIS-MI患者235例。用Kaplan-Meier法计算局控(LC)、无瘤生存(DFS)、总生存(OS)率,并Logrank检验和单因素预后分析。结果 DCIS及DCIS-MI两组之间OS、LC及DFS相近(P>0.05)。单因素分析显示Her-2阳性为OS及DFS影响因素,保乳未放疗患者LC和DFS劣于全乳切除术患者。结论 导管原位癌和导管原位癌伴微浸润总体生存结果类似,Her-2阳性为OS及DFS预后不良因素,保乳未放疗患者的LC和DFS劣于全乳切除术。     

Overview of accelerated partial breast irradiation

Breast conserving therapy (BCT) has become an accepted option in the management of patients with early-stage breast cancer. However, studies have suggested that a lengthy course of adjuvant whole breast irradiation, as a component of BCT, may not always be necessary and that radiation therapy delivered only to the region of the tumor bed may be acceptable in appropriately selected patients. Several modalities are currently being explored as a means to deliver accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI), including multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy, the MammoSite breast brachytherapy catheter (Cytyc Corporation, Marlborough, MA), and three-dimensional conformal external-beam radiation therapy. To date, phase 1/2 published data have demonstrated excellent local control rates and cosmesis. As additional data addressing the effectiveness of this treatment approach accumulate, a new standard of care may emerge. This review discusses data accumulated to date exploring the experience with all APBI modalities and presents future studies exploring this concept.     

乳腺导管原位癌26例疗效分析

目的 通过对导管原位癌(DCIS)的疗效分析,探讨对DCIS的合理治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析1992年1月—200l年12月间我院收治的26例DCIS,中位随访时间42(12—112)个月,随诊资料完整者22例。26例中,全乳切除3例,全乳切除加腋淋巴结清扫23例。术后接受辅助化疗8例,接受辅助放疗1例。结果 26例中失访3例,1例死于糖尿病。余22例均生存5年以上,无因DCIS死亡的病例,有1例为胸壁局部复发。23例行腋淋巴结清扫切除之淋巴结全部没有转移,3例出现上肢水肿。结论 DCIS系非侵袭性癌,缺乏转移能力,推荐采用不加淋巴结清扫的保乳手术。     

乳腺导管原位癌和乳腺导管原位癌伴微浸润的分子分型差异性研究

背景与目的：乳腺导管原位癌伴微浸润（ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion,DCISMI）是乳腺导管原位癌（ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS）发展到浸润性乳腺癌（invasive breast cancer,IDC）的中间阶段,该研究旨在分析乳腺DCIS和DCIS-MI这两类早期乳腺癌不同临床病理学特征和各个分子分型间的差异。方法：本回顾性研究纳入了317例DCIS患者,其中227例（71.6%）为纯DCIS患者,90例（28.4%）为DCIS-MI患者。所有患者根据其DCIS成分而非微浸润成分的免疫组织化学检查结果分成腔面A型［雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ER）和（或）孕激素受体（progesterone receptor,PR）阳性,人类表皮生长因子受体2（human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2）阴性］、腔面B型［ER和（或）PR阳性,HER-2阳性］、HER-2过表达型（ER和PR阴性,HER-2阳性）和基底样型（ER和PR阴性,HER-2阴性）。结果：DCIS-MI患者的肿瘤大小倾向更大（P=0.059）,病理核分级显著更高（P=0.002）。和DCIS患者相比,乳腺DCIS-MI患者中腔面A型比例较低而基底样型比例较高（P=0.001）。结论：乳腺DCIS和DCIS-MI间分子分型分布不同,临床病理特征迥异,提示DCIS-MI是DCIS发展的新阶段,有了“质”的改变,本结论有待后续更大样本量的研究进行验证。     

Adverse surgical outcomes in screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

BackgroundThe Sloane Project is the largest prospective audit of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) worldwide, with over 12,000 patients registered between 2003 and 2012, accounting for 50% of screen-detected DCIS diagnosed in the United Kingdom (UK) over the period of accrual.MethodsComplete multidisciplinary data from 8313 patients with screen-detected DCIS were analysed for surgical outcome in relation to key radiological and pathological parameters for the cohort and also by hospital of treatment. Adverse surgical outcomes were defined as either failed breast conservation surgery (BCS) or mastectomy for small lesions (<20 mm) (MFSL). Inter-hospital variation was analysed by grouping hospitals into high, medium and low frequency subgroups for these two adverse outcomes.ResultsPatients with failed BCS or MFSL together accounted for 49% of all mastectomies. Of 6633 patients embarking on BCS, 799 (12.0%) required mastectomy. MFSL accounted for 510 (21%) of 2479 mastectomy patients. Failed BCS was associated with significant radiological under-estimation of disease extent and MFSL significant radiological over-estimation of disease extent. There was considerable and significant inter-hospital variation in failed BCS (range 3–32%) and MFSL (0–60%) of a hospital’s BCS/mastectomy workload respectively. Conversely, there were no differences between the key radiological and pathological parameters in high, medium and low frequency adverse-outcome hospitals.ConclusionsThis evidence suggests significant practice variation, not patient factors, is responsible for these adverse surgical outcomes in screen-detected DCIS. The Sloane Project provides an evidence base for future practice benchmarking.     

Current status of accelerated partial breast irradiation

Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is a radiotherapy method used in breast-conserving therapy. In APBI, the tumor bed is topically irradiated over a short period after breast-conserving surgery. The fundamental concept underlying APBI is that more than 70% of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence occurs in the neighborhood of the original tumor, and that hypofractionated radiotherapy can be applied safely when the irradiated volume is small enough. It is expected to reduce the time and cost required for conventional whole breast irradiation while maintaining equivalent local control. Several techniques including multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy, intracavitary brachytherapy, intraoperative radiation therapy, and 3D conformal external beam radiation therapy have been proposed, and each of them has its own advantages and drawbacks. Although APBI is increasingly used in the United States and Europe, and the short-term results are promising, its equivalence with whole breast radiation therapy is not fully established. In addition, because the average breast size in Japan is considerably smaller than in the West world, the application of APBI to Japanese patients is technically more challenging. At this point, APBI is still an investigational treatment in Japan, and the optimal method of radiation delivery as well as its long-term efficacy and safety should be clarified in clinical trials.     

Quality of life in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast treated with conservative surgery and postoperative irradiation

Aim of the study: To evaluate the quality of life (QL) in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast treated with conservative surgery and postoperative irradiation.Material and methods: A selfcompleted questionnaire covering many disease, symptom, and treatmentspecific issues was administered to 106 conservatively treated patients affected by noninfiltrating breast cancer. The questionnaire was based on a series of 34 items assessing five main fields of posttreatment adjustment: physical well being, sexual adaptation, aesthetic outcome, emotional/psychological well being, relational behaviour. Furthermore, the patients were requested to evaluate the degree of information provided by the medical staff concerning surgical procedures and radiation therapy, and to evaluate the effects of the treatment on their social and overall life.Results: The questionnaire was completed by 83 patients (78%), who had a median followup of 54.5 months. This final sample had a median age of 50 years (range 29–88) at the time of treatment and 54 years (range 32–94) at the time of study. The patients claimed to be in good physical condition. Data relating to sexual life were provided by 93% of the sample. Some limitations in sexuality, some interference with sexual desire, and some modifications during intercourse were reported by 5, 6, and 5 patients, respectively. The subjective evaluations of the cosmetic results of the therapies were generally good. Only 13 patients (16%) reported the perception of a worsened body image. Fortysix percent of the sample (38 patients) declared that they felt tense, 48% (39 patients) nervous, 29% (38 patients) lonely, 59% (41 patients) anxious, and 41% (34 patients) depressed. Only seven patients (8%) declared that the treatment had had a bad effect on their social life, and 15 (18%) thought that their current life had been affected by the treatment. The amount of information received concerning the disease and treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) was considered sufficient by 79%, 75%, and 79% of the sample, respectively.Conclusions: This study revealed a good QL in patients treated with breast conservation and postoperative irradiation, with a preserved favourable body image and a lack of negative impact on sexuality. Radiation therapy did not lead to any significant additional problems capable of affecting the QL.