Psychometric evaluation of the Spanish and English versions of the spiritual coping strategies scale

The Spiritual Coping Strategies (SCS) Scale measures how frequently religious and nonreligious (spiritual) coping strategies are used to cope with a stressful experience. This study's purpose is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly translated Spanish version of the SCS. A total of 51 bilingual adults completed the SCS in Spanish and English, with 25 completing them again 2-3 weeks later. Internal consistency reliability for the Spanish (r = 0.83) and English (r = 0.82) versions of the SCS in the total sample were good. Test-retest reliability was .84 for the Spanish and .80 for the English version. Spanish and English responses to the SCS items and the resulting score for the subscales and the total scale were not significantly different. Scores on the English and Spanish versions were correlated as expected with time since the stressful event and happiness with family and with spouse or partner, supporting the validity of the Spanish SCS. Study findings support the reliability and validity of the newly translated Spanish SCS.     

Psychometric properties of the Thai versions of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and Child Medical Fear Scale

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Thai versions of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and the Child Medical Fear Scale (CMFS) in Thai school age children. Subjects were 419 Thai students in grades 3-6 in three schools in Bangkok. Classrooms of students were randomly selected, and students within each classroom were divided into two groups to test the two instruments. Data were collected from students in the classrooms twice, 2 weeks apart. Content Validity Indices of the Thai STAIC and the CMFS were between 90-95%. Internal consistencies were > .80. Test-retest reliability coefficient for the Thai CMFS was .80, and coefficients for the STAIC were .62 for A-State scale and .68 for A-Trait scale. Both instruments seem to be promising anxiety/fear measures for Thai school age children; however, the Thai version of STAIC needs modification to enhance reliability and validity.     

Psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale in English,Maltese, back-translation and bilingual versions

BACKGROUND: The little research that has been done on the topic considers spiritual coping as consisting mainly of religious coping strategies. This limits spiritual coping solely to believers. However, it is argued that spiritual coping should address both believers and non-believers. The development of the new Spiritual Coping Strategies (SCS) scale, which consists of both religious and non-religious coping strategies attempts to fill this research gap. Aim. The aim of this article is to discuss the psychometric assessment of the SCS scale designed in four versions, namely English, Maltese, back-translation and bilingual. METHODS: The Likert-type SCS scale comprises 20 items, each represented by the frequency and helpfulness of both religious and non-religious coping strategies. Test-retest of the four versions was conducted between October 1999 and January 2000, with 55 final year nursing students, mean age of 24.5 years, recruited from the same class to facilitate supervision and prevent contamination of results. Test-retest reliability of the scale was investigated by cross-tabulations, Kappa (kappa) measures and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Internal consistency was tested by Cronbach's alpha. The correlation structure was examined by the multivariate techniques of R-type cluster analysis and direct oblimin factor analysis. RESULTS: Cross-tabulations between tests and retests gave highly significant values of chi-squared (P < or = 0.0001) for most items in all versions of the scale. These cross-tabulations also yielded reasonably good values for kappa. Additionally, satisfactory values for Spearman's coefficient of correlation resulted between tests and retests. Twelve frequency variables and 13 helpfulness variables had test-retest correlations in the range 0.5 < or = rs < or = 0.79 in at least three of the versions. Optimum values of Cronbach's alpha were observed for the helpfulness variable in retests namely, 0.81 for the English version, 0.73 for the Maltese version, 0.79 for the back-translation, and 0.82 for the bilingual version. These values were all above the acceptable minimum value of 0.7. The correlation structure identified two factors, namely religious and non-religious coping strategies. Although the two factors together explained only between 33% and 40% of the variance in the different versions, the religious factor had good reliability, with 0.77 < or = alpha < or = 0.82 for the four versions, whilst the non-religious factor also had alpha > or = 0.71 for all versions except the Maltese one, for which alpha = 0.59. CONCLUSION: Therefore, psychometric assessment suggests that the SCS scale, in any of the four versions, is a reliable tool which can be used in future studies on SCS in Maltese patients.     

HIV disclosure by perinatal women in Thailand

Little is known about HIV disclosure among perinatal women, although we do know that disclosure can facilitate timely initiation of appropriate interventions for infected individuals and their families. This study, therefore, examined predictors of HIV disclosure among perinatal Thai women. Data (N = 207) were extracted from two larger studies of depressive symptoms in HIV-positive pregnant or postpartum women in Thailand in which participants completed questionnaires. Most participants had low socioeconomic status. Logistic regression indicated that significant predictors of disclosure included older age, employment, and high family support. Psychiatric mental health nursing interventions to promote family support are critical during this time.     

Resourcefulness and self-care in pregnant women with HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused suffering in the lives of humans worldwide. Pregnant Thai women now constitute the fastest-growing segment of individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Few studies have looked at self-care or resourcefulness among pregnant women with HIV. Using Rosenbaum's theory of learned resourcefulness, this study examined the direct effects of depression and resourcefulness on prenatal self-care as well as the mediating effects of resourcefulness on depression and self-care. A model testing study with 153 pregnant Thai women compared the effects of depression and resourcefulness on prenatal self-care in HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups. Regression analyses indicated direct effects of depression and resourcefulness on prenatal self-care. The effect of depression on prenatal self-care was mediated by resourcefulness. HIV status did not predict prenatal self-care. The findings on the relationships of depression, resourcefulness, and prenatal self-care can help nurses provide effective services to pregnant Thai women, including counseling on self-care.     

The Reported Edmonton Frail Scale‐Thai version: Development and Validation of a Culturally‐Sensitive Instrument

Frailty may lead to increased vulnerability, disability, and adverse health outcomes in older adults. Early detection has been described as the best approach to manage frailty; however, frailty instruments are not widely available, particularly in the Thai language. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to develop a culturally adapted Thai version of the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale and to validate the psychometric properties of the new instrument in hospitalized older Thai adults. Reliability and validity were examined. Participants completed questionnaires that included demographic and health information, and the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale–Thai version. Results revealed that the new instrument was reliable and had good content validity. Inter‐rater reliability was strong. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a fair fit for the whole model, but most domains were strongly associated with frailty. On average, the instrument was completed under 7 minutes. The Thai version of the frailty instrument may be a practical tool for frailty evaluation, and could inform inpatient care, both locally and internationally; future research is needed to confirm predictability and feasibility in other clinical settings and populations.     

Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the Self-Control Schedule in Chinese childbearing women

Aims. The aims of this study were to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Self‐Control Schedule (C‐SCS) in Chinese childbearing women. Background. The SCS was developed to measure learned resourcefulness, which facilitates people's coping under adversity. Promoting learned resourcefulness in childbearing women facilitates positive adaptation to motherhood, which is essential to both maternal and child health. Thus, a reliable and valid C‐SCS is crucial for the development of interventions to promote learned resourcefulness in Chinese childbearing women. Design and methods. In phase one, the SCS was translated into Chinese using the technique of translation and back‐translation and was reviewed by an expert panel for cultural equivalence. In phase two, psychometric testing of the C‐SCS was conducted by using a convenience sample of 360 childbearing women recruited from an antenatal clinic of a regional hospital. Four instruments including the C‐SCS, General Self‐Efficacy Scale (GSE), Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem Scale (RSES) and Edinburgh's Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were administered to the participants. Ninety‐two women participated in the four‐week retest. Results. The C‐SCS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0·83) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0·91). Factor analysis revealed the presence of three factors supporting the conceptual dimension of the original instrument. Significant correlations with GSE (r = 0·48, p < 0·01), RSES (r = 0·41, p < 0·01) and EPDS (r = ?0·46, p < 0·01) demonstrated good construct validity. Conclusion. The findings suggest that the C‐SCS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring learned resourcefulness in Chinese childbearing women. Relevance to clinical practice. The C‐SCS provides midwives with a useful tool in the evaluation of interventions designed to strengthen Chinese women's learned resourcefulness and promote maternal well‐being during childbearing.     

Maternal sensitivity and attachment security in Thailand: cross-cultural validation of Western measures

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Thai versions of the Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (MBQS), Caldwell's HOME, and the Attachment Q-set (AQS). A sample of 110 Thai mother-infant dyads were studied. The Content Validity Index (CVIs) of the Thai MBQS, HOME and AQS were between 91% and 99%. Internal consistency of the HOME was .71. Interobserver reliability of the MBQS, HOME, and AQS were .95, .87, and .87, respectively. Convergent validity was supported by finding a positive correlation between the MBQS and the HOME (r = .29, p < .001). A positive correlation of .45 (p < .001) between the scores of the MBQS and the AQS indicated concurrent validity of these scales. Study findings indicate the Thai MBQS, HOME, and AQS are reliable and valid in this Thai sample and suggest that the Thai versions reflect concepts similar to those in the original English versions.     

Perceived stress in survivors of suicide: psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of three versions of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; American Sociological Association) in adults who had survived the death of a family member or significant other by suicide. Reliability and validity were examined. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to assess dimensionality of the underlying constructs. All three versions of the PSS demonstrated acceptable reliability. Two shorter versions retained good psychometric properties and demonstrated convergent and concurrent validity with measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms and mental health quality of life. Factor analysis provided further evidence of their usefulness as brief and valid measures of perceived stress in acutely bereaved adult survivors of suicide. In a sub-sample of closely related survivors, the psychometric properties of the 4-item version of the PSS were retained.     

Psychometric evaluation of a Chinese version of the Lee Fatigue Scale-Short Form in women during pregnancy and postpartum

Background

Fatigue is among the most prevalent and distressing symptoms in pregnant and postpartum women. Estimating fatigue severity with a psychometrically sound instrument provides the most fundamental information for understanding women's fatigue experience and assessing the need for intervention to improve maternal and infant health outcomes.

Objectives

To evaluate the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the 7-item Lee Fatigue Scale-Short Form (C-LFS-SF) in pregnant and postpartum women.

Methods

The study was composed of two phases: translation of the scale into Chinese and examination of content validity, and testing to establish the reliability and validity. A convenience sample of 124 women completed health-related questionnaires, kept a fatigue diary and wore a wrist actigraph for 7 days during the third trimester of pregnancy and within three months postpartum.

Results

The C-LFS-SF showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥ .97) and stability over the 7 days at each time point (intraclass correlation coefficient > .87). Exploratory factor analysis showed that 88–94% of the total variance was explained by the one-factor fatigue model. Significant associations among the C-LFS-SF and actigraphic sleep quantity and quality variables supported adequate construct validity.

Conclusions

The C-LFS-SF has satisfactory psychometric properties and is an easy and promising tool for assessing maternal fatigue during routine prenatal and postpartum care. This scale needs to be further tested in a more diverse population of pregnant and postpartum women, like women with high risk pregnancies or with medical conditions.     

Predictors of sexual behaviors among Thai young adults.

To identify correlates of sexual behaviors among Thai young adults between 18 and 24 years, the authors used a cross-sectional survey of 405 young adults from eight randomly selected Thai urban and rural vocational schools. The young adults completed self-report questionnaires. Logistic regressions were used to determine the correlates between a Thai young adult's ever having had sexual intercourse and the correlates of the number of sexual partners and consistent condom use among those who were sexually active. The independent variables were age, gender, socioeconomic status, geographic residence, parental residence, parental-young adult communication, HIV knowledge, and negotiation for safer sex. The results showed that geographic residence and negotiation for safer sex were related to a young adult's ever having had sexual intercourse; gender, HIV knowledge, and negotiation for safer sex were related to the number of sexual partners; and geographic residence was related to condom use. HIV prevention programs should incorporate HIV knowledge and negotiation skills for both genders and for all geographical areas.     

广西壮族自治区HIV感染孕产妇分娩高暴露风险儿童影响因素分析

目的 分析广西壮族自治区（广西）HIV感染孕产妇分娩高暴露风险儿童的影响因素。方法 通过全国“预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统”选取广西各级医疗保健机构报告且出生日期为2016年1月1日至2020年12月31日的HIV感染孕产妇分娩的儿童;收集其母亲人口学特征、确诊感染时间、孕期保健情况、抗病毒治疗情况和病毒载量等信息。采用χ2检验进行单因素分析,采用多因素logistic回归模型,分析分娩HIV高暴露风险儿童的影响因素。结果 研究对象2 707例,其中普通暴露风险儿童2 277例,高暴露风险儿童的430例。多因素分析结果显示,HIV感染孕产妇文化程度高是避免儿童发生高暴露风险的保护因素;本次妊娠确诊HIV感染的孕产妇分娩高暴露风险儿童的可能性高于孕前已确诊的孕产妇,OR值（95%CI）为10.928(8.140～14.671);与初检孕周在孕早期的感染孕产妇相比,初检孕周在孕晚期的孕产妇分娩高暴露风险儿童可能性更高,OR值（95%CI）为21.997(15.253～31.723)。高暴露风险儿童HIV母婴传播率为13.44%,普通暴露风险儿童HIV母婴传播率为0.43%。结...     

HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk behaviour in Hong Kong Chinese pregnant women

BACKGROUND: With the increase in HIV infection among childbearing aged women in Hong Kong, health department policy-makers are considering the implementation of antenatal HIV screening to identify infected mothers. However, little is known about women's understanding of HIV/AIDS, and their attitudes towards HIV screening. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore pregnant women's knowledge about HIV/AIDS, their perceptions of risk, risk behaviour and management, and their attitudes towards HIV screening. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out, and all Chinese pregnant women who attended an antenatal clinic of a regional hospital in Hong Kong in the month of December 2000 were invited to complete a questionnaire. FINDINGS: Hong Kong pregnant women had fairly good general knowledge of HIV/AIDS (mean score = 4.8/6), but were less knowledgeable on specific mother-to-child HIV transmission (mean score = 3.6/6). There were statistically significant differences between those with different levels of education (chi2 = 19.81; P < 0.001) and between Hong Kong born residents and immigrants from the Chinese mainland (z = -4.03; P < 0.001). Over a third (36.7%) of all pregnant women perceived a risk of contracting HIV. If HIV infection were suspected, over 70% would have HIV screening together with their spouse. If HIV was confirmed, 24% would terminate the pregnancy. As many as 78.5% and 72.8% of women believed that HIV screening should be carried out before marriage and pregnancy respectively. Only 4.7% would choose universal opt-out antenatal HIV testing. RECOMMENDATIONS: Health educators should provide tailored-made education programmes for women at risk, particularly those at lower education levels and those who have come from the Chinese mainland, to enhance their knowledge about mother-to-child HIV transmission, and to promote awareness of safe sex. Health policy-makers should consider the possibility of providing pre-marriage and pre-pregnancy HIV screening for women.     

Translation into Greek and initial validity and reliability testing of a modified version of the SCIM III,in both English and Greek,for self-use

Purpose: To translate and culturally adapt the Spinal Cord Injury Measure version III (SCIM III) into Greek (GR-SCIM III). To conduct initial testing of psychometric properties of both measures by self-report. Method: Forward–backward translation was conducted to produce the GR-SCIM III. Participants completed the English or Greek versions in 2008–2009. Both versions were examined for multidimensionality, internal consistency and concurrent/criterion validity with the EQ-5D. Results: Forty-five Greek adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) (23 males), mean age 61 (SD17) years; mean time since injury 11 (SD9) years, completed the GR-SCIM III. One hundred and seventy four English-speaking adults with SCI (111 males), mean age 47 (SD12) years; mean time since injury 12 (SD11) years, completed the SCIM III. Unidimensionality was confirmed for both versions. Internal consistency was acceptable (α?=?0.78 for both). Validity was strong for the “self-care” subscale (GR-SCIM III ρ?=??0.78, SCIM III ρ?=??0.75) and moderate for the “mobility” subscale (GR-SCIM III ρ?=??0.58, SCIM III ρ?=??0.45). Conclusions: This has been the first function scale translated and validated in Greek for people with SCI. Both the GR-SCIM III and SCIM III are reliable for use by self-report. More studies are needed to further examine their psychometric properties and compare with observation or interview.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The Greek version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM) is valid and reliable for self-report. Further testing is needed to assess psychometric qualities not assessed in the present study.

• Researchers and therapists in Greece can use a specific measure to assess functional independence in people with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI).

• Consideration needs to be given to the participants’ type of injury, which may affect the results of SCIM III.

     

Translation and Validation of the Condom Self-Efficacy Scale With Thai Adolescents and Young Adults

PURPOSE: To translate the 14-item Condom Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) into Thai and to validate the Thai version of the Condom Self-efficacy Scale (CSES-T) among Thai adolescents and young adults. METHODS: The CSES was translated using a back-translation technique and validated with a cluster-based sample of 425 participants aged 18 to 22 years from eight randomly selected private vocational schools in Bangkok. Participants completed anonymous self-administered scales. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was conducted to identify latent factors. RESULTS: Factor analysis indicated three factors: communication, correct use, and consistent use. Items loading on the original CSES also loaded on the same factors of the CSES-T except one item. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were .85 for the total scale, .70 for consistent use, .79 for correct use, and .80 for communication. CONCLUSIONS: Based on psychometric properties, the CSES-T is a valid and reliable tool. It is culturally appropriate for Thai young adults. Thai researchers and health care providers can use the CSES-T to assess adolescents' and young adults' self-efficacy to use condoms as well as to further develop and evaluate interventions to increase condom use.     

Functional status II(R). A measure of child health status

Few measures are available to assess the health status of the growing numbers of children who now survive long-term with chronic physical disorders. A Functional Status Measure, FS I, that had considerable promise for measuring individual child health status and characterizing populations was developed in 1978. This paper describes a revised version of that measures. Data were collected using a new sample of 732 children (aged 0 to 16 years) with and without chronic physical conditions in order to assess the psychometric properties of the new instrument. The FS II(R) has both a long (43-item) and a short (14-item) version. The long version has a total score derived from a one factor solution and a two factor solution consisting of General Health and Stage Specific factors for each age group. The 14-item version of FS II(R) uses a common core of items across the entire age span. Internal consistency estimates (alphas) for the factor-based and 14-item versions are all greater than 0.80. At each age, long and short versions behave similarly in a wide range of tests of discriminant, construct, and content validity--strong support that they constitute a common measure. The FS II(R) has excellent psychometric properties and provides concise measures of health status of children spanning the entire childhood age range from 0 to 16 years. It has particular strengths for the measurement of health status of children with chronic physical conditions who are not disabled.     

Medication-based Refill Adherence Among Pregnant Women Living With HIV in Nigeria

PurposeA major global public health challenge is the continuance of new pediatric HIV infections primarily because of mother to child transmission of HIV occurring mainly in sub-Saharan African countries. The purpose of this study was to examine antiretroviral therapy (ART) refill adherence and its determinants among pregnant women living with HIV in Nigeria.MethodsA retrospective review of pharmacy refill records was undertaken to examine adherence data on 275 pregnant women undergoing ART in 4 high-volume HIV treatment sites in Nigeria. A pharmacy refill adherence measure was used to assess medication refill behavior of pregnant women living with HIV who had received an ART refill during a period of 3 months. Medication-based ART refill adherence was categorized as % adherence (100% adherence) or % nonadherence (<100% adherence) to the ART refill scheduled dates. Refill appointments were scheduled on a 28-day cycle. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed.FindingsOf the 275 women, 59.3% (95% CI, 53.1%–65.5%) were adherent to their ART refill schedule. Women who initiated ART during the third trimester of their current pregnancy had the lowest adherence rate of 30.8% (95% CI, 7.7%–53.8%) compared with women who commenced ART before conception or during the first or second trimester. The availability of a treatment support person was significantly associated with ART refill adherence. The odds of medication-based refill adherence were 2.9 times higher for participants who had a treatment support person (odds ratio = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6–5.2; p = 0.001).ImplicationsResults indicate that having a treatment support person could contribute to improving ART adherence in pregnant women living in Nigeria.     

Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the Thai Version

[Purpose] The present study aimed to cross-culturally translate and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Thai version of the Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). [Subjects] One hundred and thirty-nine persons with SCI who lived in the community were recruited for this study. [Methods] The IPA was translated following the guideline for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. The reliability and validity was examined in 139 persons with SCI. For the test-retest reliability, 30 participants completed the Thai version of the IPA twice with a 2-week interval. [Results] The translated questionnaire and its items had moderate to good reliability, with the ICC_(3,1) ranging from 0.76 to 0.93. The internal consistency for all domains was high, with Cronbach''s alpha ranging from 0.86 to 0.90. The convergent validity, discriminant validity, and construct validity were supported. [Conclusion] The Thai version of the IPA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the level of community participation in Thai persons with spinal cord injury.Key words: Assessment, Community participation, Spinal cord injury     

Domains of the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire (CP QOL) for Children and Adolescents: Spanish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties

Promoting quality of life (QOL) has become a goal of support services for people with disabilities and a key intervention outcome. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the adapted Spanish version of the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire (CP QOL) for children and adolescents, in its self-report and primary caregiver-report versions. The Spanish versions were translated and adapted following the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. Eighty-two children and adolescents with CP and 304 primary caregivers completed the final Spanish versions of the CP QOL, the KIDSCREEN-27, and instruments to measure functioning. Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded a distinguishable domain structure similar to the original English version. Cronbach’s alpha ranged between .75 and .91 for primary caregiver reports and between .81 and .91 for child/teen self-reports. Moderate and weak correlations were observed between the CP QOL and the generic measure of QOL and functioning. This study provides a valid instrument to assess the QOL of children and adolescents with CP in the Spanish context.