荷人鼻咽癌裸鼠血内皮抑素的水平变化

目的:探讨不同病期荷人鼻咽癌裸鼠血内皮抑素水平的变化,及其与肿瘤发展的关系。方法:采用BALB/C裸小鼠复制荷人鼻咽癌裸鼠模型,通过EIA方法测定不同病期荷人鼻咽癌裸鼠血内皮抑素的浓度,称取瘤重。结果:荷瘤鼠血中内皮抑素含量在种瘤5d组[(137.61±53.41)μg/L]或10d组[(103.06±17.33)μg/L]与正常裸鼠[(113.56±21.74)μg/L]比较未见明显差异(P>0.05),而种瘤20d组、30d组、40d组[(212.80±85.91)μg/L、(293.63±62.53)μg/L、(271.57±32.45)μg/L]显著高于正常裸鼠(P<0.05)。随着荷瘤时间的延长,瘤宿主血内皮抑素含量逐渐升高,种瘤20d组明显增高,并持续维持在高水平。瘤重与血中内皮抑素含量呈正相关关系(r=0.687)。结论:提示肿瘤的发展与血内皮抑素含量的变化可能有关。     

重组人内抑素对佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜组织p21、cyclin D1及CDK4表达的影响

目的 观察重组人内抑素(rhEndostatin)对佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠滑膜组织p21,细胞周期素D1(cyclin D1)及细胞周期素依赖性激酶4(CDK4)基因表达的影响,探讨rhEndostatin抑制AA大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞(FLS)增殖的分子机制. 方法 雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为正常组(n=12)、AA模型组(n=12)和rhEndostatin(2.5mg/kg)治疗组(n=12).制备AA大鼠模型,分别采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting方法,定量分析rhEndostatin对AA大鼠滑膜组织p21、cyclin D1、CDK4 mRNA及cyclin D1蛋白表达的影响. 结果 rhEndostatin治疗组大鼠滑膜组织p21、cyclin D1 mRNA和cyclin D1蛋白表达水平降低,CDK4 mRNA表达水平增加,与AA模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P< 0.01). 结论 rhEndostatin降低AA大鼠滑膜组织 cyclin D1表达水平可能是其抑制AA FLS增殖的分子机制之一.     

重组人内抑素对人瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞形态及增殖的影响

目的 观察重组人内抑素(rhEndostatin)对体外培养的人瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞(KFs)增殖的影响。方法 体外培养及鉴定人KFs; 应用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法分别检测不同浓度rhEndostatin (6.25×10^-6、1.25×10^-5、2.50×10^-5、5.00×10^-5、1.00×10^-4mg/L)作用24h、48h、72h后对KFs增殖的影响,并同时观察其形态变化。结果 组织块接种7~8d后,其周边可见少许梭形细胞,继之细胞逐渐增多并以组织块为中心呈放射状生长;传2代培养的细胞单层排列,形态均一,呈长梭状,折光性好。细胞波形蛋白免疫化学染色显示胞质均呈棕黄色。rhEndostatin(6.25×10^-6 mg/L浓度组除外)能明显抑制KFs的增殖(P <0.05),抑制效应与rhEndostatin浓度和作用时间呈一定的依赖关系; 其中,5.00×10-⁵ mg/L 和1.00×10^-4 mg/L组rhEndostatin作用48 h后,细胞生长缓慢,体积变小,数目减少,排列紊乱。结论 重组人内抑素对人KFs增殖具有抑制作用。     

重组人内抑素对佐剂性关节炎大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞内钙离子稳态的影响

目的 观察重组人内抑素(rhEndestatin)对佐剂性关节炎大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞(AA FLSs)内钙离子(Ca2+)稳态的影响,探讨rhEndomafin促进AA FLSs凋亡的离子机制,为RA药物治疗及寻找其治疗新靶点提供实验依据.方法雄性SD大鼠12只,体质量140～160 g,分为正常组(n=3)和从模型组(n=9).模型组大鼠制备从模型,体外培养AA FLSs,应用Ca2+荧光指示剂Fluo-3/AM孵育培养的细胞,激光扫描共焦显微镜检测有、无细胞外Ca2+,而rhEndestatin作用所致AA FLSs胞内Ca2+荧光强度发生动态变化,可以判断rhEndostatin对AA FLSs胞内Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]I)的影响.结果在胞外有Ca2+的情况下,rhEndostatin可引起静态AA FLS[Ca2+];快速增加,rhEndostatin作用10s后,[Ca2+];急剧增加达峰值,继之随时间缓慢下降,停止加药50 s后,[Ca2+]I尚未回复到加药前基础水平;而在无细胞外钙环境中,rhEndostatin未引起AA FLSs[Ca2+]I变化.结论 rhEndestafin可促进AA FLSs胞外Ca2+内流,引起胞内Ca2+超载,从而促进从FLSs凋亡.     

重组人血管内皮抑制素抗肿瘤效应的应用研究

目的探讨基因工程人血管内皮抑制素(endostatin)抑制黑素瘤在小鼠体内生长和转移的作用及其作用机制。方法接种黑素瘤细胞悬液(2×10     

Optimization of microencapsulated recombinant CHO cell growth, endostatin production, and stability of microcapsule in vivo

Microencapsulation of recombinant cells secreting endostatin offers a promising approach to tumor gene therapy in which therapeutic protein is delivered in a sustainable and long-term fashion by encapsulated recombinant cells. However, the studies of cell growth and protein production in vivo are very limited. In this study, the effects of microencapsulation parameters on in vivo cell growth, endostatin production, and microcapsule stability after implantation in the peritoneal cavity of mice were for the first time investigated. Microcapsules with liquid core reached higher cell density and endostatin production at day 18 than microcapsules with solid core. There was no significant difference in stability whether the core of the microcapsule was solid or liquid. Decrease in microcapsule size increased the stability of microcapsule. The microcapsules kept intact in the peritoneal cavity of mice after 36 days of implantation when the microcapsules size was 240 microm in diameter, which gave rise to high endostatin production as well. The optimized microencapsulation conditions for in vivo implantation are liquid core and 240 microm in diameter. This study provides useful information for antiangiogenic gene therapy to tumors using microencapsulated recombinant cells.     

重组人内皮抑素腺病毒抗肿瘤实验研究

目的肿瘤生长具有血管依赖性。内皮抑素为胶原X羧基末端裂解片段,是重要的内源性血管抑制因子。实验中利用重组人内皮抑素腺病毒(recombinanthumanendostatinadenorirus,Ad-hEndo)在肿瘤局部给药以探索其抗血管基因治疗的可行性。方法以Ad-hEndo感染体外培养肿瘤细胞,观察重组蛋白表达及其对培养的血管内皮细胞的抑制效应;在裸鼠A549肺癌模型中瘤内注射重组病毒,观察肿瘤抑制效应、剂量依从效应和毒副反应。结果不同感染复数的Ad-hEndo感染肿瘤细胞均表达重组内皮抑素蛋白,并能抑制血管内皮细胞的生长。动物实验中Ad-hEndo治疗组肿瘤体积及肺转移结节数明显低于对照组,且转移数与治疗剂量负相关。结论以腺病毒为载体的肿瘤局部血管基因治疗能抑制肿瘤新生血管形成进而有效抑制肿瘤生长和转移,其效应具有剂量依从性。     

三阴性乳腺癌模型裸鼠血管正常化后对紫杉醇的反应

目的:通过观察人三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)模型裸鼠血管正常化后对紫杉醇的反应,探讨重组人内皮抑素与紫杉醇在血管正常化时间窗内联用是否优于紫杉醇单用并分析磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)在早期评估化疗的作用。方法:将人TNBC细胞株MDA-MB-231种植于36只BALB/c-nu雌性裸小鼠的右下腹部皮下,随机分成4组(模型组、重组人内皮抑素治疗组、紫杉醇治疗组及人内皮抑素联用紫杉醇治疗组),每组有7只完成实验。重组人内皮抑素于实验开始时给药,连续使用17 d,紫杉醇于实验第6天和第12天分别给药,所有用药均为腹腔注射,用量均为10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)。治疗前1 d及注射实验试剂后5、11、17 d进行MRI扫描,所有荷瘤鼠均在最后一次MRI扫描后颈椎脱位处死,切下瘤体,进行病理学及免疫组化检测,测定肿瘤微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)及Ki67表达。结果:第17天,联用组移植瘤体积小于模型组及重组人内皮抑素治疗组(P0.05),但与紫杉醇治疗组比较无显著差异。第11天,紫杉醇治疗组的慢弥散系数大于模型组,联用组慢弥散系数大于重组人内皮抑素治疗组(P0.05)。解剖各组荷瘤鼠未见远处转移病灶。HE染色显示4组肿瘤外周均有明显坏死,且药物治疗组坏死程度均高于模型组。药物治疗组的MVD均小于模型组,且药物联用组均小于药物单用组(P0.05)。药物联用组Ki67表达较重组人内皮抑素组明显降低,但与紫杉醇治疗组相比无显著差异。结论:在血管正常化时间窗内,重组人内皮抑素联合紫杉醇化疗对TNBC移植瘤虽有明显的抑瘤作用,但疗效未优于紫杉醇;慢弥散系数可以早期预测治疗效果。     

国产rIL-2诱导LAK作实验性抗肿瘤过继免疫治疗

肿瘤细胞体外杀伤实验表明,应用1000u/ml国产重组白细胞介素-2(rL-2)体外诱导6天产生的LAK细胞可获最佳杀伤效果,应用这一诱导条件并参照临床过继性免疫治疗的“3×5”方案,合并IL-2对Balb/c小鼠体内鼠肝癌及裸鼠体内人胃癌移植肿瘤作过继性免疫治疗,生长期肿瘤的总抑瘤率分别达到68.7%和52.4%,表明该剂量的国产rIL-2在实验性抗肿瘤过继免疫治疗中是有效的和安全的。     

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of a novel metastatic orthotopic model of human neuroblastoma in immunodeficient mice

Neuroblastoma is the second most common solid tumor in children. So far few tumor models for this cancer have been reported in mice. We have created a murine tumor model for studying human neuroblastoma based on surgical orthotopic implantation in scid mice. Small fragments of subcutaneous tumors of SK-N-BE(2) human neuroblastoma cells expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein were surgically implanted near the left adrenal gland of scid mice. One hundred percent of the animals (n=21) successfully implanted developed a large retroperitoneal tumor and became moribund between 22 and 57 days after implantation (mean survival time = 41 days). At the time of sacrifice the presence of bone marrow metastasis was detected by RT-PCR for green fluorescent protein in 95% of the cases. The growth of small tumor implants could be easily visualized and quantified by surveillance MR imaging, with a resolution of 117×117×750 μm in two orthogonal planes allowing accurate volume measurements, as well as assessment of necrosis and tissue invasion. This novel model should be a valuable tool to study the biology and therapeutic approaches to neuroblastoma. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor--II. Antitumor effect on murine and human tumors transplanted in mice

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHu-TNF) was found to exhibit potent antitumor activities not only against murine tumors, i.e. Meth A sarcoma, B 16 melanoma, colon 26 adenocarcinoma, Lewis lung carcinoma and MH134 hepatoma, transplanted in syngeneic mice but also against human tumors, i.e. HMV-2 melanoma, PC-10 lung carcinoma and GOTO neuroblastoma, heterotransplanted in nude mice. rHu-TNF caused necrosis of all tumors tested and inhibited their growth in a dose dependent manner. Complete regression of tumors was observed in mice bearing Meth A, B16, colon 26, MH134, HMV-2 and PC-10 but not in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma and GOTO neuroblastoma. The prolongation of survival time was also observed in syngeneic mice transplanted with murine tumors except Lewis lung carcinoma. The antitumor effect of rHu-TNF was more evident when it was given intratumorally than when given intravenously. The feasibility of rHu-TNF as a drug for cancer therapy is discussed.     

Relaxin promotes differentiation of human breast cancer cells MCF-7 transplanted into nude mice

Previous studies showed that the hormone relaxin acts on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro by modulating cell proliferation and promoting cell differentiation toward a duct epithelial phenotype. The present study was designed to investigate whether relaxin retains these properties when acting in vivo on MCF-7 cell tumors developed in athymic nude mice. Mice bearing MCF-7 cell tumors transplanted under the mammary fat pad and estrogenized to sustain tumor growth were treated systemically with relaxin (10 μg/day) for 19 days. Vehicle-treated mice were used as controls. Thirty days later, the mice were sacrificed and tumor fragments were analyzed by light and electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Measurements of tumor volume were recorded weekly for the overall experimental period. The results obtained indicate that relaxin treatment promotes differentiation of tumor cells towards both myoepithelial-like and epithelial-like cells, as judged by the ultrastructural features of the cells and by the increased expression of smooth muscle actin and cadherins. Measurements of tumor size and of the number of cycling cells show that relaxin, at the doses and times of exposure used in this study, does not significantly influence tumor growth and cell proliferation. Received: 3 March 1999 / Accepted: 28 May 1999     

Inhibitory effects of bortezomib in a subcutaneous tumor model of H22 mouse hepatocarcinoma cells

ObjectiveTo evaluate the inhibition effects and mechanism of bortezomib in a subcutaneous H22 mouse hepatocarcinoma model.MethodsA subcutaneous xenograft model was constructed by subcutaneous injection of H22 cells in mice. The xenograft mice was randomly divided into bortezomib and control groups (n = 8 each). The bortezomib group was injected with 0.5 mg/kg bortezomib in saline via tail vein once every four days for a total of 4 times. The control group was intravenously given an equal volume of saline. The tumor size was measured every four days. At day 19, subcutaneous xenografts were obtained and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in tumor was detected by immunochemical staining.ResultsThe tumor volume of H22 xenografts in bortezomib group was significantly smaller than that in control group on day 19 (p = 0.004). The tumor volume/mouse weight ratio in bortezomib group was significantly lower compared with control group on day 13, 16 and 19 (all p < 0.05). The bortezomib group exhibited significantly higher expression of pro-apoptotic protein TNF-α (p = 0.032), and lower expression of anti-apoptotic protein XIAP, Stat3, and Survivin (p = 0.024, 0.016, and 0.039, respectively).ConclusionBortezomib effectively inhibited the growth of H22 xenografts without affecting the mouse weight. The anti-tumor effects of bortezomib is associated with its stimulation on tumor cell apoptosis.     

人经血来源间充质干细胞对小鼠A549肺癌化疗效果的影响研究

目的：探讨人经血来源间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MenSCs)对小鼠A549肺癌化疗效果的影响。方法：取20只BALB/C裸小鼠建立肺癌模型,随机分为实验组和对照组各10只;对照组仅给予化疗干预,实验组则于化疗期间将某机构赠予的MenSCs经DiI荧光标记后于鼠尾静脉(3×105/只)进行注射。肺癌造模后14 d,两组小鼠均断颈椎处死并收集其肿瘤,比较两组小鼠瘤体体积、瘤体质量、抑瘤率及双肺湿重、肿瘤转移率、肿瘤转移个数、抑制转移率差异。结果：20只BALB/C裸小鼠均进行统计,无脱落报告。20只小鼠接瘤后第7天在右前肢腋下均可触及瘤体长出,两组小鼠瘤体生长曲线比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组小鼠的平均瘤体体积和平均瘤体质量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);抑瘤率为8.4%。实验组小鼠双肺湿重、肿瘤转移率及肿瘤转移个数均显著低于对照组小鼠,差异有显著性(P<0.05);抑制转移率为71.8%。结论：MenSCs协同化疗在抑制小鼠肺癌肿瘤转移方面有一定效果。     

Recombinant human endostatin inhibits adjuvant arthritis by down-regulating VEGF expression and suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β production

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of recombinant human endostatin (rhEndostatin) on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats and its possible mechanisms.

Methods

RhEndostatin was subcutaneously administrated to AA rats after immunization. The progression of AA was assessed by the macroscopic arthritis scoring system of paws. Histological examination of the synovial tissues was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and proteins in the synovial tissues was evaluated by realtime PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from synovial tissues. Cell proliferation assay was evaluateded with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. The levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in culture medium was examined by radioimmno assay.

Results

RhEndostatin attenuated the severity of arthritis on both second hind paw volume and polyarthritis score, as well as improved the arthritic status histologically in AA rats. Simultaneously, rhEndostatin can inhibit the expression of VEGF in synovial tissues. The proliferation of FLS and TNF-α, IL-1β production from culture medium was significantly inhibited by rhEndostatin.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that rhEndostatin inhibits adjuvant arthritis by down-regulating VEGF expression and suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β production.     

Influence of primary tumor site on host anti-tumor immunity.

Stage IV-S neuroblastoma, characterized by a primary tumor plus disseminated tumors in liver, skin and bone marrow, has a favorable clinical prognosis when compared to metastatic Stage IV neuroblastoma. This favorable outcome also characterized mice receiving tumor transplants to these "IV-S" sites. We report the testing of the hypothesis that enhanced anti-tumor immunity in "IV-S" site neuroblastoma recipients explains this improved survival. A million murine C1300 neuroblastoma cells were inoculated into 256 A/J mice to either "IV-S" sites of skin, liver, peritoneal cavity, or to the disseminated stage "IV" sites of subcutaneous tissue, muscle, kidney and lung. After 21 and 28 days of tumor growth, spleen cells from tumor bearing mice were harvested and analyzed by a 51 Cr release lymphocytotoxicity assay. Cytotoxic T cell activity was consistently higher at day 28 than day 21. In the liver and in the peritoneal cavity, cytotoxic T cell activity was higher than in other organs, and at day 28 these values were significantly higher than Stage "IV" sites. On the other hand, skin is not a immunologically privileged site in vivo study.     

Transplacental induction of mouse lung tumors: stage of fetal organogenesis in relation to frequency, morphology, size, and neoplastic progression of N-nitrosoethylurea-induced tumors

Pregnant C3H/HeNCr MTV- mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mmol N-nitrosoethylurea/kg on days 14, 16, or 18 of gestation. Six of the male offspring were sacrificed for study at the ages of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 52 weeks. Grossly visible lung tumors were counted and all lungs were sectioned completely, saving every tenth section for histologic evaluation. All N-nitrosoethylurea-induced mouse lung tumors have previously been shown to originate from alveolar type II cells. Lung tumors were diagnosed as solid, papillary, or mixed solid/papillary types, and at the largest area of each tumor, the perimeter was measured and compared with the number of sections per tumor. The fraction of tumors detected grossly depended on size and, on average, only 51% of neoplasms present were detected macroscopically. A significant correlation was seen between the mean number of histological sections and perimeter length per tumor, in particular for small and medium sized papillary neoplasms. The growth of solid tumors was limited to a maximum size, after which they progressed towards papillary types. The numbers of transplacentally induced mouse lung tumors were distributed in direct proportion to the weight of the individual lung lobes, unrelated to day of treatment of type or tumor. Tumor biology depended on the day of treatment reflecting numbers of degree of differentiation of fetal alveolar type II cells, i.e., the target cell: most tumors developed in offspring treated on day 16, tumor size was greater and progression from solid to papillary neoplasms faster at earlier treatments, increase in tumor multiplicity postnatally was only seen in mice treated late in gestation, and mice treated on day 14 or day 16 showed a consistent ratio of solid to papillary tumors.     

Immunotherapy of human ovarian carcinoma with OvaRex MAb-B43.13 in a human-PBL-SCID/BG mouse model

The monoclonal antibody (MAb) B43.13, binding to the ovarian cancer-associated antigen CA125, has been injected into more than 200 patients with ovarian cancer to detect recurrence of the disease. The follow-up of the patients revealed surprisingly long survival spans for several patients despite high CA125 levels. To investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of OvaRex MAb-B43.13 (AltaRex, Edmonton, Canada) under well-controlled conditions, the antibody was tested in a human-PBL-SCID/BG mouse model with CA125 positive human ovarian cancer cells. Mice were reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL, normal donors) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 2 to 3 x 10(7) PBL/mouse. OvaRex MAb-B43.13 was administered at 100 microg/mouse in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), in three different experimental set-ups. An isotype-matched control antibody (MOPC21 or MAb-170) and PBS injection served as controls. The ovarian cancer cell line NIH:OVCAR-NU-3 was injected IP at 1 x 10(6) cells/mouse or subcutaneously (SC) at 4 x 10(6) cells/mouse. Human-PBL-SCID/BG mice were either immunized before injection of tumor cells, along with tumor cells or after small tumors were established (2 weeks after transplantation). Antibody injections were repeated twice in 2-week intervals. Functional and cellular characterization of serum and PBL from these mice demonstrated the successful engraftment of a human immune system in those mice. All three experiments showed that OvaRex MAb-B43.13 treatment could (a) delay or prevent development of tumors; (b) reduce the size of small established tumors (SC tumor injection) or suppress ascites formation; (c) delay tumor growth when injected prior to tumor implantation; and (d) prolong the survival of the mice (i.p. tumor injection).     

Lactoferrin protects against development of hepatitis caused by sensitization of Kupffer cells by lipopolysaccharide.

BALB/c mice were intravenously injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.05 microg/g of body weight) 7 days after being primed with zymosan. Recombinant human lactoferrin (250 microg/g of body weight), intravenously administered 1 day before the injection of LPS, significantly lessened the severity of hepatitis, as assessed by levels of serum alanine transaminase compared to those seen when casein was administered. The transient rise of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) after LPS treatment was also significantly lowered by the intravenous administration of lactoferrin, suggesting that the effect of lactoferrin was due to the suppression of TNF-alpha production. The following results indicate that the sites of action of lactoferrin for the suppression of the development of this type of hepatitis are Kupffer cells. Gadolinium chloride, a substance known to eliminate Kupffer cells, administered 1 day before LPS, inhibited the transient rise of TNF-alpha and protected against the development of hepatitis. Kupffer cells isolated from mice intraperitoneally injected with recombinant human lactoferrin became refractory to LPS. The specific interaction of recombinant human lactoferrin with the Kupffer cells was shown by a binding assay, which revealed two types of binding sites on mouse Kupffer cells. Of the two dissociation constants determined in this way, the lower dissociation constant, 0.47 x 10(-6) M, was within the range of the 50% effective doses for the suppression of TNF-alpha production. These results suggest that recombinant human lactoferrin administered to mice suppresses the production of TNF-alpha by Kupffer cells by directly associating with the binding sites on these cells.