Conversion to Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Its Effect on Outcome

The surgical outcome of patients requiring conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during myocardial revascularization using the less invasive surgical approach (LISA) was assessed. The LISA was recently introduced as a technique for complete myocardial revascularization without CPB. It combines avoidance of CPB with the versatility of a median sternotomy for access to all coronary vessels. We have previously demonstrated reduced risk-adjusted mortality and complications in off-CPB coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using LISA compared to standard myocardial revascularization. From January to December 1997, 1210 patients underwent isolated CABG at our institution. Of these patients, 832 (63%) were scheduled as on-CPB cases and 378 (37%) as off-CPB. Of the off-CPB patients, 48 were converted to CPB. Team A surgeons used LISA as their primary strategy for CABG whereas team B surgeons used off-CPB CABG in selected patients. Conversions were divided in three classes: Class I patients were converted when the surgeon considered complete revascularization impossible off-CPB; Class II patients were converted due to hemodynamic instability during the procedure; and Class III patients were converted due to graft malfunction, determined by flow measurements or clinical evidence. There were four deaths. All had perioperative infarctions and required intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Conversion to CPB occurred in up to 25% of patients scheduled for off-CPB CABG. When off-CPB cases are done using the comprehensive LISA technique and modern technology, conversion rates may be reduced to 11%. Conversion is in general well tolerated except when it is instituted for graft malfunction combined with hemodynamic instability or collapse.     

Relation of Cytokines to Vasodilation after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Hemodynamic instability is frequent after coronary surgery. The present study tested the hypothesis that inflammation, as determined by circulating cytokine levels, may contribute to the difficulty of controlling arterial blood pressure after coronary artery bypass grafting. A group of 44 male patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-10 were measured before anesthesia induction, 5 minutes and 1 hour after reperfusion to the myocardium, and 2 and 18 hours after arriving in the intensive care unit (ICU). The 29 patients who did not need a vasopressor (norepinephrine) during their ICU stay were designated group I. They were compared to group II, which consisted of 15 patients who required a pressor agent in the ICU. Although no significant differences between groups were found regarding their hemodynamic variables, IL-6 and IL-8 levels were higher in the patients who used a pressor agent in the ICU. The norepinephrine dosage used in the ICU correlated with plasma IL-8 levels 2 hours after arriving in the ICU (r = 0.56, p = 0.031). Circulating IL-6 levels in group II were significantly higher than those in group I 2 hours after arriving in the ICU (126.5 ± 90.5 vs. 66.5 ± 48.2 pg/ml; p < 0.05). The mean IL-8 levels were higher in group II at 5 minutes (34.9 ± 25.7 vs. 17.3 ± 11.3 pg/ml) and 1 hour (38.6 ± 30.5 vs. 22.4 ± 16.7 pg/ml) after reperfusion, and 2 hours (33.0 ± 21.6 vs. 22.8 ± 16.7 pg/ml) after arriving in the ICU (p = 0.036). Postoperative vasodilation was associated with increased circulating IL-8 levels. Strategies that modulate cytokine responses may improve hemodynamic stability after coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Use of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography to Predict Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation in coronary artery bypass graft surgery occurs in 10-40% of patients. It is associated with a significant degree of morbidity and results in prolonged lengths of stay in both the intensive care unit and hospital.

Methods: The authors prospectively evaluated patients undergoing coronary artery bypass with detailed transesophageal echocardiography examinations conducted before and after cardiopulmonary bypass to study whether risk factors for atrial fibrillation could be identified. Demographic and surgical parameters were also included in the analysis. Selected variables were subjected to univariate and subsequent multivariate analyses to test for their independent or joint influence on atrial fibrillation.

Results: Seventy-nine patients had assessable transesophageal echocardiography examinations. Significant univariate predictors of atrial fibrillation included advanced age (P = 0.002), pre-cardiopulmonary bypass left atrial appendage area (P = 0.04), and post-cardiopulmonary bypass left upper pulmonary vein systole/diastole velocity ratio (P = 0.03). When these three factors were considered together in a multiple logistic regression analysis, left upper pulmonary vein systole/diastole velocity ratio was a significant predictor (P < 0.05), as was the joint effect of age plus pre-cardiopulmonary bypass left atrial appendage area (P = 0.005). The probability of developing atrial fibrillation for the combination of age = 75 yr, post-cardiopulmonary bypass left upper pulmonary vein systole/diastole velocity ratio = 0.5, and left atrial appendage area = 4.0 cm was 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.96).     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后围术期心肌缺血

目的　　探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)术后出现围术期心肌缺血 (PMI)的相关危险因素及其处理措施。　方法　回顾性总结 2 6 80例 CABG患者的临床资料 ,并根据术后是否发生 PMI将其分为 PMI组 (30例 )和非PMI组 (2 6 5 0例 ) ,分析 CABG后出现 PMI的危险因素。　结果　 PMI组中 11例进行急诊再血管化 ,其余行主动脉内球囊反搏 (IABP)或药物治疗 ;院内死亡 7例 ,死亡率为 2 3.3%。心绞痛症状缓解 2 2例 ,心电图完全或部分复原 9例 ,残留心肌梗死改变 14例。非 PMI组院内死亡 5 8例 ,死亡率为 2 .2 %。两组死亡率之间比较差别具有显著性意义(χ2 =5 6 .0 4 ,P=0 .0 0 1)。多因素分析表明 ,术前无心肌梗死史、冠状动脉弥漫性病变和术中内膜剥脱为相关危险因素。结论　 PMI是 CABG术后一种比较危险的并发症 ,严重者可危及生命 ,及早诊断和适当的治疗尤为重要 ,对于因旁路血管堵塞造成的 PMI,急诊再次血管移植是挽救患者生命的必要措施。     

浅低温体外循环冠脉搭桥手术中病人脑氧合的变化

心肺转流(CPB)体外循环心脏手术病人,术后中枢神经系统并发症高达2%～5%,其发生与脑栓塞及脑氧合失调有关。颈静脉球血氧饱和度可反映脑代谢的变化,常作为一种检测脑氧合平衡的指标[1]。因此我们观察了浅低温CPB冠脉搭桥手术中SjvO2及相关指标的变化,以探讨脑氧合的变化规律。1     

体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术临床分析

目的 比较体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（on—pump CABG，on—pump）和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（off—pump CABG，off—pump）的临床应用效果。方法 回顾2003年12月-2005年1月间我院行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）195例的临床资料，依据术中采用不同的手术方式分为on—pump组和off—pump组。并对两组患者的术前、术后临床资料、术后并发症发生情况进行分析。结果 两组患者术前一般临床资料比较差别无统计学意义；术后off—pump组发生并发症17例，on—pump组26例（P=0．000）；off-pump组住院死亡2例，on—pump组死亡6例（P=0．025）。结论 在多支左主干病变中，off—pump和on—pump在再血管化的应用上无差别；off—pump后的心电图改变、死亡率和并发症发生率比on—pump患者低，但是合并瓣膜病或严重的3支血管病变、左主干病变、室壁瘤形成的患者更适宜采用on—pump，off—pump不能取代on—pump。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的　探讨和评价微创非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)的临床效果。　方法　 38例 OPCAB患者中左冠状动脉主干病变 4例 ,1支血管病变 10例 ,2支 14例 ,3支 10例 ,均经胸骨正中切口行 OPCAB,每例移植血管 1～ 5支 ,平均移植血管 2 .42支。应用左乳内动脉 38支 ,大隐静脉 5 4支。　结果　全组无手术死亡 ,36例顺利完成手术 ,2例转为心肺转流术下冠状动脉旁路移植术。38例均在手术后 2～ 12小时 ,平均 4.9± 2 .6小时顺利拔除气管内插管。全组均顺利康复 ,15例手术后 1个月内恢复了原工作。　结论　对有适应证的患者 ,OPCAB是一项安全有效的术式     

非体外循环辅助下冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 总结非体外循环辅助下冠状动脉旁路移植术（Ｏｆｆ－ｐｕｍｐ ｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙ ａｒｔｅｒｙ ｂｙｐａｓｓ ｇｒａｆｔｉｎｇ,ＯＰＣＡＢ）的临床经验。方法 自１９９９年８月￣２０００年６月,我们行ＯＰＣＡＢ７３例。在进行旁路移植吻合时,冠状动脉的暴露和制动借助Ｏｃｔｏｐｕｓ机械制动器以及冠状动脉腔内空心通条。结果 无手术死亡,无围手术期心肌梗死等严重并发症发生;术后短期随访结果显示临床效果满意。结论 ＯＰＣＡＢ可作为冠状动脉旁路移植的手术方法之一,但手术操作时要求较高的技术水平,其远期疗效尚待探讨。     

冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病失败后急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的总结冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)冠心病失败后急诊行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的经验。方法1998年1月~2002年12月对9例行冠状动脉介入治疗因术中发生意外和术后急性心肌缺血的患者施行急诊CABG,其中冠状动脉内膜撕裂形成夹层5例,左前降支穿孔2例,急性支架闭塞引起严重心肌缺血2例。从病变发作到CABG前平均时间为2h,在常温非体外循环下行CABG3例,体外循环心脏停搏下CABG6例;移植血管1~4支(平均3支)。结果无手术和住院死亡。平均随访17个月,无死亡和心绞痛复发。NYHA心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级1例。结论掌握好手术适应证,行急诊CABG治疗冠状动脉介入术中发生的意外和术后严重心肌缺血是安全有效的。     

Surgeon-Specific Quality Monitoring System for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

1. Download high-res image (154KB)
2. Download full-size image

     

连续多普勒无创血流动力学监测仪在冠状动脉旁路移植术后的应用

目的 探讨连续多普勒无创血流动力学监测仪（ultrasonic cardiac output monitoring,USCOM）在冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）后监护中应用的可行性。 方法 回顾性分析2013年4～6月沈阳军区总医院32例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的临床资料,其中男17例,女15例;年龄46～76 （63.2±7.6） 岁。应用USCOM和肺动脉导管,同时测定患者的心排血量（cardiac output,CO）,并对检测结果进行对比分析。 结果 本组32例患者,获得了64对测量数据。应用USCOM以及肺动脉导管两种方法测量过程中未发生不良事件。USCOM以及肺动脉导管两种方法同时测定的CO分别为 （4.27±0.92） L/min 和 （4.49±0.75） L/min,差异无统计学意义（P=0.12）,且有良好的相关性（r =0.84,P＜0.001）。 结论 USCOM监测与肺动脉导管测定的CO结果是一致的,它不仅能准确地测定CO,而且还具有无创、简便和廉价的优点。     

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Report of a Case

A 79-year-old man was transferred to our hospital with severe chest pain and a suspected diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Emergency cardiac catheterization showed triple-vessel coronary artery disease, and we performed coronary artery bypass grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Continuous hemodiafiltration was started for acute renal failure postoperatively, and heparin was given as an anticoagulanting agent. By 9 days after the initiation of heparin therapy, his platelet count had fallen and a deep vein thrombosis had formed in his left leg. We suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and immediately discontinued the heparin, implementing danaparoid (Orgaran) instead, following which the platelet count recovered. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, which causes thrombosis, is a serious side effect of heparin therapy and few cases of HIT associated with CPB surgery have been reported in Japan.     

Simultaneous Esophagectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Report of a Case

We successfully performed off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) with concomitant esophagectomy in a 77-year-old man with esophageal cancer and severe stenosis of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting was performed via median sternotomy and esophagectomy was done via the left thoracoabdominal approach. The patient was discharged with a patent graft 8 weeks after surgery. The benefits of OPCAB include that it is less invasive and heparinization can be avoided. This case report demonstrates that simultaneous OPCAB and esophagectomy is advantageous for a selected population with surgically correctable coronary artery disease and resectable esophageal cancer.     

Less Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) aims to avoid cardiopulmonary bypass and take maximum advantage of a smaller incision. Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) surgery is performed on selected arteries of the beating heart under direct vision through a choice of small incisions. Short-term results show good patency rates and a dramatic impact in terms of shorter hospital stays and cost effectiveness. The procedure is also being used increasingly in Japan. However, valid concerns have been raised about the quality of the anastomosis fashioned on a beating heart with pharmacologic bradycardia, and the long-term result of this technique is still questionable. The combined use of circulatory assist devices and mechanical stabilizing devices will be expected to expand access to coronary arteries by allowing for decompression of the left ventricle, permitting retraction and rotation of the heart, and hopefully further improvement of the results. Less invasive coronary surgery should be proven to be as effective and safe as conventional CABG before widespread adoption.     

SinoSCORE对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者生活质量的预测价值

目的 探讨中国冠状动脉旁路移植手术风险评估系统（Sino System for Coronary Operative Risk Evaluation,SinoSCORE）对冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）患者生活质量的预测价值。 方法 选取2008年11月至2010年9月在北京大学人民医院行CABG患者共234例,其中男172例,女62例;年龄（63.0±10.1）岁。分别于术前和术后6个月向患者发放SF-36 生活质量调查简表评估患者生活质量。将234例患者根据其SinoSCORE评分分成低危组（≤1分、67例）,中危组（2～5分、77例）和高危组（≥6分、90例）3组。收集所有患者的围手术期资料,使用SinoSCORE对每位患者进行评分,分析SinoSCORE评分与生活质量评分的相关性。 结果 各组患者术后生活质量评分均较术前提高,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,3组患者生活质量改善程度差异无统计学意义。相关性分析表明,多个维度的生活质量评分与SinoSCORE评分相关（r值：-0.150～0.255,P＜0.05）。线性回归分析显示,术后躯体健康总评分等多个维度与SinoSCORE评分之间有线性关系（P＜0.05）,但相关性较弱（r2＜0.1）。 结论SinoSCORE评分与患者生活质量相关,尤其是在躯体健康方面相关性更强,SinoSCORE有预测CABG患者生活质量的价值,但预测价值有限。     

前列地尔脂肪乳剂在体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中对炎症反应的作用

目的探讨前列地尔脂肪乳剂（1iposomalprostaglandinEl,Lipo-P（厄,）在体外循环（CPB）冠状动脉旁路移植术（CAPG-）中对炎症反应的作用。方法选取2006年7月至2008年12月锦州市中心医院32例冠心病需行CAB（9治疗患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,每组16例。实验组：男9例,女7例;年龄54．4418．1岁;CPB开始前至CPB结束持续经中心静脉泵人Lipo-PGE,Els．ong／（kg·min）];对照组：男9例,女7例;年龄54．8±20．4岁;除不使用I．ipc-PGE。外,其他操作均与实验组相同。分别于CPB前,升主动脉开放后1h、2h、6h和24h抽取两组患者的动脉血,检测血浆白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死凶子a（TNFa）及可溶性细胞间黏附分子l（sICAM-1）的浓度,并对两组检测结果进行比较。结果升主动脉开放后两组血浆II,6、TNF-a和sICAM-1浓度均逐渐升高,后两者于升主动脉开放后6h达峰值。实验组升主动脉开放后各时间点血浆1L-6（升主动脉开放后24h：16．1±2．2μg／Lvs．19．2±4．5肛g／L,P〈0．05）、TNF-a（升主动脉开放后24h：1．8±0．4μg／LVS．2．2±0．5μg／L.P〈0．05）和sicAM-1（升主动脉开放后24h：233．6±36．6μg／L.VS．294．2±55．7μg／L,P〈O．05）浓度均较对照组明显降低。结论Lipo-PGE。可减轻CPB引起的中性粒细胞聚集,抑制血管内皮细胞的激活,减轻血管内皮细胞损伤和全身炎症反应。