电视胸腔镜手术290例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸部各种疾病。方法电视胸腔镜下胸部手术290例。包括肺大疱、肺叶或肺楔形切除、纵隔肿瘤及食管平滑肌瘤摘除、动脉导管结扎、血胸、脓胸清除、肺纵隔活检手术等。结果中转开胸15例；胸壁切口种植转移1例，其余手术顺利，效果良好。结论电视胸腔镜手术安全可靠，有效应用于胸部各种疾病的外科治疗。     

46例胸部疾病病人行胸腔镜手术治疗的围术期护理

[目的]总结胸部疾病病人行胸腔镜手术治疗的围术期护理。[方法]对46例胸部疾病病人行胸腔镜手术治疗,同时加强术前心理护理、指导肺功能锻炼,术后严密监测生命体征、加强呼吸道管理及保持胸腔引流管通畅、促进肺复张、预防并发症,康复期指导病人进行有效的肺功能及肢体锻炼。[结果]46例病人均康复出院,无一例并发症发生。[结论]加强胸部疾病病人行胸腔镜手术治疗的围术期护理是确保手术顺利的关键。     

电视胸腔镜手术的临床应用研究

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)和电视胸腔镜小切口手术(VAMTS)治疗胸部疾病的可行性和安全性。方法 采用VATS和VAMTS技术手术治疗394例20余种胸部疾病。结果 死亡3例(0．76％)。并发症32例(8．1％)。肺持续漏气是最常见的并发症。手术时间30．190分钟，平均73分钟。结论 VATS和VAMTS治疗某些胸部疾病就操作技术而言是可行和安全的，具有创伤小，恢复快等特点。     

单孔和传统胸腔镜手术治疗胸部良性疾病的效果对比

目的:通过观察单孔胸腔镜手术(u VATS)与传统胸腔镜手术(VATS)治疗胸部良性疾病的效果进行对比,为胸部良性疾病治疗方式的选择提供理论依据。方法:选取2015年4月~2016年3月在我院接受u VATS治疗的胸部良性疾病患者25例作为u VATS组,并收集同期在该科接受传统胸腔镜手术治疗的胸部良性疾病患者23例作为对照组,记录比较两组患者的手术时间、出血量、胸腔闭式引流时间、住院时间、严重并发症、疼痛评分等临床指标。结果:u VATS组胸腔闭式引流时间、住院时间、疼痛评分均少于对照组(P<0.05);两组手术时间、出血量、严重并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:与传统胸腔镜手术治疗相比,单孔胸腔镜手术具有微创、安全可靠等显著优势,可以在临床上推广应用。     

电视胸腔镜手术137例分析

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜应用于胸腔疾病的诊断和治疗的意义。方法　连续观察 1997年 6月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月的137例患者 ,应用电视胸腔镜进行胸腔疾病的诊断和治疗如肺部肿瘤、食管肿瘤、胸腔积液等。结果　全部患者均取得明确诊断和确切治疗 ,中转开放手术 2例 ,手术死亡 1例 ,其余痊愈出院。结论　电视胸腔镜诊断和治疗某些胸部疾病是一种有效的方法 ,具有利于患者术后康复、损伤小和切口美观等优点     

22例电视胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的围术期护理

电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)是近几年开展的一种新术式,它是将胸腔镜经肋间隙插入胸腔内,通过胸腔镜微型摄像系统及高清晰显像系统将胸腔内图像及时显示于电视屏幕上,在监视器的显示下,用器械操作来治疗胸部疾病[1].本院2009年5月至2009年12月共施行电视胸腔镜下肺叶切除术22 例,现报告如下.     

胸腔镜外科的经验与体会

目的 探讨电视胸镜手术（VATS）治疗胸部疾病的可行性。方法 实施 VATS手术223例,其中216例经胸腔镜完成手术,7例术中转传统开胸术。手术治疗的疾病包括自发性气胸、手汗症、肺、胸膜、纵隔疾病及胸外伤等10余种。结果 手术时间平均51分钟（61－147分钟）,平均住院日7．6天（1－17天）,发生胸部并发症10例。随访3－80个月,自发性气例2例、手汗症和胸部部代偿性汗增多5例。结论 VATS治疗某些胸部疾病就操作技术而言是可行的,它比传统的开胸手术具有更多的优点。     

电视胸腔镜辅助下胸部小切口治疗食管平滑肌瘤

目的 讨论胸腔镜辅助下胸部小切口治疗食管平滑肌瘤的方法、可行性和安全性.方法 2005年1月～2009年1月.本院应用胸腔镜辅助下胸部小切口手术治疗食管平滑肌瘤7例,淋巴结结核1例.结果 所有患者均应用胸腔镜胸部小切口手术完成,无进一步扩大切口,无手术死亡及术后严重并发症发生,所有患者均治愈出院.术后病理除1例为淋巴结结核外,其余7例均为食管平滑肌瘤.随访时间3～48个月,无复发.结论 胸腔镜辅助下胸部小切口治疗食管平滑肌瘤符合小手术,小切口的要求,是一种安全、可行的微创术式.     

2例中央型肺癌病人行全胸腔镜支气管袖式肺叶切除术的手术配合

微创化是当今外科发展的趋势,以电视辅助胸腔镜手术(VATS)为代表的胸部微创手术被广泛应用于胸部疾病的诊断和治疗。在开展全胸腔镜肺叶切除的基础上,2012年2月—2012年4月我院采用全胸腔镜支气管袖式肺叶切除手术治疗2例中央型肺癌病人,取得满意的效果。现将手术配合总结如下。     

局部麻醉下胸腔镜诊治胸部疾病58例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜(VATS)治疗胸部疾病时的麻醉配合方法和临床疗效。方法局部麻醉病人清醒下、不用气管双腔管插管,用胸腔镜诊治创伤性膈肌破裂、胸腔积液、胸膜病变、凝固性血胸58例。结果18例创伤性膈肌破裂、19例胸膜病变诊断率100%,胸腔积液、胸膜病变、外伤凝固性血胸得到诊治。结论局部麻醉胸腔镜诊治胸部疾病方法简便,创伤小、疗效好,安全可行。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.