用大型放射性自显术研究可拉明缩短S~(35)-硫喷妥纳所致麻醉时间的原因

本文用作者設計的冰冻法大型放射性自显术研究了可拉明縮短S~(35)-硫噴妥鈉所致麻醉时間的原因。从实驗結果中发現:在注入S~(35)-硫噴妥鈉后,当S~(35)在中枢神經系統各部位的积聚程度最高的时候,也是机体在外表上进入深度睡眠的时候;而当机体趋于苏醒时,带标記原子的放射性量在中枢神經系統各部位的浓度亦随之降低。预先注射可拉明能使中枢神經系統各部位、肝脏和脾脏的放射性物貭在所有观察期中都呈現降低,同时在各相应观察期中在腎脏的皮貭和髓貭各部位的放射性則有所增加。由于可拉明具有这种促使S~935)-硫噴妥鈉及其可能的代謝产物自体內主要脏器向腎脏各部位轉移的作用,从而有可能增强硫噴妥鈉自体內的排出,縮短其对机体的麻醉时間,而达到对抗的效果。     

带标记原子的不同安眠药与机体内蛋白质结合力的差異研究

作者对带标记原子的两种不同作用类型的巴此妥类稿物与体内蛋白质的结合程度进行了实验比较和研究,发现:(1) S³⁵-硫喷妥钠和C¹⁴-双乙基巴比妥纳与机体血浆蛋白和肝脏蛋白的结合程度都随作用时间的不同而变化。S³⁵-硫喷妥钠与体内各观察部位的结合力在相应间隔时期内都较C¹⁴-双乙基巴比妥纳显著为高。(2) 当上述安眠药在体内作用呈现最高峯时,血浆和肝脏蛋白质对两种巴比妥的结合程度都相应降低。     

广地龙的降压作用和降压机制的探讨

本文对广地龙毒性、降压作用和降压机制作了初步探討。广地龙热浸剂给小鼠靜脉注射时,LD₅₀=38.5克/公斤。热浸剂(0.1克/公斤)連續給大鼠灌胃45天,未发現毒性反应。給麻醉狗按0.1克/公斤靜脉注射热浸剂或乙醇浸出液,在給药30—45分钟出現血压下降,一般可維持2—3小时。正常大鼠一次用大剂量(10克/公斤)灌胃或腎型高血压大鼠用个剂量(50毫克/公斤)长时間(2周)灌胃,均有明显的降血压作用。在后一种情况下,多数大鼠血压下降出現于給药的第3—7天,并于停药后第2周回升到用药前水平。广地龙降压机制可能是由于它直接作用于脊髓以上的中枢神經系統或通过某些內感受器反射地影响中枢神經系統,引起部分內脏血管的扩张而使血压下降。     

急性巴比妥酸盐类中毒85例临床分析

巴比妥酸盐类为临床上常用的鎮靜剂、鎮痙剂及安眠剂。国內常用的有巴比妥、苯巴比妥、异戊巴比妥及戊巴比妥鈉等。急性巴比妥中毒一般多因无意誤服过量或有意吞服过量药物所致。个別中毒患者亦可由于对巴比妥酸盐类药物过敏所引起。急性巴比妥药物中毒的症状以中枢神經系統受抑制为主。昏迷为其主要表現。故临床上凡遇到原因不明的昏迷而有反射消失、肢体松弛等現象均应怀疑有本病之可能。对于有吞服药物史的昏迷患者,更应首先考虑     

关于休克的某些見解

休克时,可有大量痛性刺激由病灶传向中枢神經系統,从而产生一系列的病理变化而影响机体各系統的反应性。休克时,盐和糖的平衡发生紊乱,蛋白质代谢严重受損,腎上腺素分泌加强并促使垂体前叶加强分泌ACTH。在休克兴奋期时,由于腎上腺素分泌增多,血管紧張度略升高;而在抑制期时,則表現为低血压,体溫降低和脉搏頻速,代謝的紊乱可能是中枢神經系統的兴奋抑制过程不协調的结果。休克时,中枢神經系統本身的蛋白代謝发生改变。     

狭叶萝芙木根生物碱的降压作用及机制

继中国蘿芙木之后,最近在云南又发現狹叶蘿芙木(Rauwolfia yunnanensis Tsiang var.angustifolia C.Y.Wu.)。其根生物碱对麻醉动物具降压作用,給犬靜脉注射1毫克/公斤后2小时內的降压面积为-32%,給猫靜脉注射3毫克/公斤的降压面积为-30%。同时測得中国蘿芙木根生物碱在犬的降压面积为-45%,猫为-29%。重复給药有快速耐受性。降压的同时呼吸呈兴奋,对心率影响不明显。降压作用与M-胆碱能反应系統、N-胆碱能反应系統以及內感受器都无关系?匝芤参拗苯幼饔?单側頸交感神經切除兔耳試驗发現,扩张血管的作用与交感神經有关。狹叶蘿芙木根生物碱可抑制腎上腺素或去甲腎上腺素的加压反应,也可抑制阻断頸总动脉血流和电刺激迷走神經或胫骨神經中枢端所致的加压反射。用脊猫試驗吋其降压作用大为減弱,但并不完全消除,降压面积仅为-14%。因此,其降压机制包括中枢和外周两方面,即对血管运动中枢的抑制作用和抗腎上腺素的作用。急性毒性試驗証明,狹叶蘿芙木根生物碱的毒性很小,小鼠口服2000毫克/公斤无死亡发生,动物呈現安靜状态。     

猪毛菜(茨蓬)浸膏对实验动物的药理研究

猪毛菜浸膏对麻醉动物有明显持久降压作用,无明显快速耐受現象。猪毛菜对乙酰胆碱及刺激迷走神經离中端所致降压作用无影响,阿託品不阻断猪毛菜的降压作用。双側迷走神經切断后,猪毛菜降压作用略減弱。猪毛菜不阻断頸上交感神經传导,亦无明显抗腎上腺素作用。猪毛菜抑制因压迫頸总动脉及刺激坐骨神經向中端所致的升压反射,二側竇神經切除亦不影响其降压作用。在猪毛菜引起降压作用时,带神經离体兔耳血管反射性扩张,因此推测猪毛菜对血管运动中枢或交感中枢有抑制作用。猪毛菜5,10克/公斤皮下注射能显著减少小白鼠自由活动。20克/公斤延长戊巴比妥鈉(35毫克/公斤)催眠作用的时間,并使非催眠剂量的水合氯醛(200毫克/公斤)产生催眠作用。但不能对抗中枢惊厥药(戊四氮及士的宁)的惊厥及致死作用。在小白鼠防御运动条件反射实驗中,皮下注射猪毛菜3克/公斤,对条件反射活动无明显影响。5克/公斤,10克/公斤时能使条件反射时延长,強化次数增加,分化相无变化。20克/公斤时条件反射显著抑制。5,10克/公斤皮下注射均能加速阳性条件反射消褪过程。小白鼠皮下注射猪毛菜LD₅₀为56克/公斤,大白鼠腹腔注射8克/公斤卽死亡。家兔口服(灌胃)40克/公斤未見毒性反应,80克/公斤时可見死亡。     

神仙果的中枢兴奋作用

通过猫、大白鼠及小白鼠腹腔注射神仙果浸剂,証实了神仙果有强大的中枢兴奋作用。利用蛙大白鼠中枢神經系統不同水平横断及家兔胚胎的实驗,初步确定神仙果中枢兴奋作用的部位主要在脑干,故和印防己毒素相似,同属脑干兴奋药。但神仙果作用的潛伏期和持續时間都較印防己毒素为长。实驗也証实了神仙果和长效的巴比妥鈉有良好的相互拮抗作用。并认为在利用此种相互拮抗作用时,应考虑到两类型药物作用的特点,这是达到滿意效果的关键之一。最后本文还提出了八角茴香、莽草实、神仙果的鉴別方法。     

維生素B_(12)的药理作用

作者在动物实驗中发現,B_(12)对机体內所有組織,甚至是細胞分裂活动最旺盛的分生組織的細胞核分裂,均有着显著的促进作用。据此,作者停止使用B_(12)治疗癌症病人的貧血。在研究抑制細胞分裂的物貭的药理作用时发現,所有这类物貭对参与醣代謝磷酸化过程的酶体系均具有抑制作用。葡萄糖在腸道內的吸收,是在腸粘膜內經磷酸化形成磷酸酯而被吸收的,因而远較靠扩散吸收的甘露糖等迅速。凡能抑制磷酸化酶体系功能的物貭(根皮甙、硫化氢、碘乙酸等)均能阻碍葡萄糖的选择性吸收。动物切除腎上腺后,葡萄糖吸收发生     

国产乙酰普马嗪的药理作用研究——加强作用及对交感神经末梢介质释放的影响

(1)采用热水刺激小白鼠尾巴法試驗鎮痛作用,乙酰普馬嗪0.5毫克/公斤可使“疼痛”反应出現时間延迟,較盐酸嗎啡(2毫克/公斤)为弱;二者均以半量合并应用,鎮痛作用强度虽未見加强,但鎮痛时間則延长。(2)脑室內注射乙鮂振R嗪,可立即引起小白鼠安靜,并使其体溫明显下降;皮下注射同剂量时,安靜及降溫作用均不显著,但可明显加强安替比林及水合氯醛的降溫作用。(3)乙酰普馬嗪局部滴药及皮下注射均可产生角膜麻醉,并可加强普魯卡因的表面麻醉作用,尤以皮下注射法为强。(4)乙酰普馬嗪2.5微克/公斤即可減弱腎上腺素的升压作用;5微克/公斤时,使后者作用翻轉,并使电刺激交感神經节前纤維及注射腎上腺素所引起的瞬膜收縮反应減弱。(5)在离体兔神經——迴腸标本,电刺激交感神經节后纤維引起腸张力下降,运动減弱,乙酰普馬嗪及氯丙嗪均可加强此交感反应。     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.