急性大面积肺动脉血栓栓塞症溶栓治疗的动态CT观察

目的探讨急性大面积肺动脉血栓栓塞症(pulmonarythromboembolism,PTE)溶栓治疗前后CT征象的动态变化,以指导临床治疗。方法回顾分析14例急性大面积PTE患者在溶栓治疗前后以及抗凝治疗随访中的CT表现,对比分析溶栓治疗后2周不同形态栓子的疗效。所有患者分别于溶栓后2周、1个月和3个月后行CT复查,其中8例患者还于治疗后24h行CT复查。结果14例PTE患者共观察到肺动脉血管294支,其中176支肺动脉受累(599%)。溶栓治疗后24h行CT血管造影(CTA)复查的8例患者中1例左肺动脉干栓塞加重,1例左下肺后基底段新出现栓塞;4例肺内片状模糊影和胸腔积液加重,1例新出现胸腔积液。2周后复查栓塞肺动脉中14支中心充盈缺损完全溶解,19支蜂窝状充盈缺损显效13支,32支内缘隆起部分充盈缺损显效20支;63支附壁充盈缺损显效22支,33支完全充盈缺损显效15支,中心充盈缺损、蜂窝状充盈缺损和内缘隆起部分充盈缺损的总体显效率高于附壁充盈缺损和完全充盈缺损的总体显效率(P<001);1个月后复查,171支受累肺动脉完全再通(972%);3个月后复查173支完全再通(983%)。结论CT对诊断PTE、估计栓子新鲜程度以指导治疗和制定复查期限等有重要价值,中心型充盈缺损、蜂窝状充盈缺损和内缘隆起部分充盈缺损是提示新鲜血栓的重要征象。     

多层螺旋CT在诊断肺动脉栓塞中的应用

目的　评价多层螺旋CT血管造影 (MSCTA)在诊断肺动脉栓塞 (PE)中的价值。方法　对 16例临床怀疑有PE的患者行多层螺旋CT血管造影 ,其中 8例发现有肺动脉栓塞 ,5例在溶栓治疗 2 0～ 3 0d后进行了多层螺旋CT血管造影复查。结果　 8例PE患者中发现肺段以上肺动脉 43支发生肺动脉栓塞 ,CT影像表现为肺动脉的完全堵塞、不规则充盈缺损、附壁充盈缺损、轨道征等 ;肺动脉主干的扩张 ;肺段和肺叶的缺血性改变或表现为“马塞克”征。 5例在溶栓治疗后跟踪CT复查 ,4例肺动脉栓塞基本消失 ,1例明显缩小好转。结论　多层螺旋CT血管造影是诊断肺动脉栓塞的一种无创伤性的有效检查方法 ,也是临床判断溶栓疗效的直观检查方法。     

CTPA对肺动脉栓塞的诊断及临床应用价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CTPA及后处理技术对肺动脉栓塞的诊断及临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析40例经多层螺旋CTPA确诊为肺动脉栓塞的影像资料,并应用MPR、MIP、VR等后处理方法不同角度显示肺动脉及其栓子情况,观察肺动脉栓塞的征象,10例经临床治疗后行CTPA复查并与临床结果对照指导治疗。结果:40例肺动脉栓塞(PE)病例中,中央型PE32例,周围型PE8例。肺动脉内栓子表现为中心型、偏心型及闭塞型的充盈缺损。经治疗复查CTPA显示栓子变小或消失。结论:MSCTPA已成为诊断肺动脉栓塞的可靠方法,并为肺动脉栓塞的治疗提供必要的指导。     

16层螺旋CT肺动脉造影对肺栓塞诊断的临床价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT肺血管造影术(MSCTPA)诊断肺动脉栓塞的临床价值。方法:对临床拟诊肺栓塞的46例患者行MSCTPA检查及后重建技术,后重建方法包括容积再现(VR)、多平面重建(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)。结果:46例共发现栓子698个,其中肺动脉主干4个,左右肺动脉41个,叶动脉114个,段及亚段动脉539个。直接征象:①)血管截断征,表现为肺动脉管腔完全闭塞;②轨道征,表现为腔内充盈缺损位于血管中央,周围有对比剂环绕;③偏心性充盈缺损,表现为管腔内不规则充盈缺损偏向管壁一侧,边缘欠光整;④附壁性充盈缺损。间接征象:①肺窗观察见局限性的血管纹理稀疏,呈"马赛克征";②肺梗死,表现为肺外围以胸膜为基底的楔形或条状实变影;③胸腔积液、肺动脉高压、右心室肥大以及心包积液等。结论:MSCTPA能对肺动脉栓塞作出准确诊断,是无创、快速、安全、敏感的检查方法,并可追踪复查,评估治疗效果。     

多层螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的探讨肺动脉栓塞(pu lmonary embolism,PE)的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现特征,评价MSCT对PE的诊断价值。方法回顾分析43例临床诊断PE患者的16层螺旋CT肺动脉造影资料的影像学表现,并与其肺动脉造影(DSPA)或随访结果相对照。结果本组43例均与临床诊断相符,中心型16例,周围型23例,混合型4例。多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影(MSCTPA)对叶及叶以上肺动脉的显示率达100%,检出PE阳性20支,段肺动脉清楚显示726支(显示率达84.4%),检出PE阳性109支,亚段肺动脉清楚显示1185支(显示率达68.9%),检出PE阳性61支。PE的直接征象包括血管腔完全闭塞、部分充盈缺损、轨道征和附壁血栓;间接征象有肺梗死灶、“马赛克”征、右室增大和/或肺动脉扩张、胸腔积液、心包积液等。结论MSCTPA诊断PE简便、安全、无创,对亚段肺动脉栓塞的诊断准确、可靠,是诊断早期肺动脉栓塞的首选方法。     

肺栓塞诊断:单层、多层螺旋CT的对比研究

目的:研究并对比分析多层、单层螺旋CT肺动脉造影(multi-slice and single-slice spiral CT pulmonary angiography,MSCTPA and SSCTPA)对肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)诊断的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析临床明确诊断的83例PE患者的螺旋CT肺动脉造影表现,其中行16层MSCTPA及SCTPA检查者各为23和60例。结果:分析83例PE患者的3548支肺动脉,MSCTPA、SCTPA共显示759支PE直接征象(包括中心型充盈缺损95支、部分型充盈缺损230支、完全性阻塞251支、附壁性充盈缺损183支),约占23.3%;其中1885支段以上肺动脉中,MSCTPA、SCTPA分别检出157支和371支PE直接征象,各占32.6%(157支/481支)和26.4%(371支/1404支),经过t检验,t=1.3220.1,两者检出率无明显差别;1663支亚段肺动脉中,MSCTPA、SCTPA分别检出123支和108支PE直接征象,各占25.0%(123支/492支)和9.2%(108/1171支),t=3.125>t0.01(81)=2.374,P<0.01,前者检出率明显高于后者。平扫示间接征象共160例次。结论:作为一种快速、无创的检查方法,MSCTPA、SCTPA对段以上PE的诊断均有效、准确、可靠,而MSCTPA对亚段PE的显示更为敏感,适用于临床对PE的全面评价。     

多层螺旋CT诊断地震伤员肺动脉栓塞的初步探讨

目的初步探讨多层螺旋CT扫描在诊断地震伤员肺动脉栓塞（PE）中的价值。方法对23名地震伤员行胸部多层螺旋CT平扫,分析其放射学征象,并在不结合和结合其他临床资料的情况下对有无PE进行前瞻性预测,评价两种情况下诊断PE的灵敏度;对可疑PE的患者加行肺动脉CT造影扫描,明确有无PE。结果23名地震伤员中,有4名（17％）最后诊断为PE。胸部平扫的征象中,垂直于胸膜面的条带状影见于3例PE患者（75％）及3例无PE的患者（15％）（P值=0.04）,紧贴胸膜的肺野外带实变见于3例PE患者（75％）及4例无PE的患者（21％）（P值=0.067）,胸腔积液见于3例PE患者（75％）及3例无PE的患者（15％）（P值=0.04）,而同时出现上述征象见于3例PE的患者（75％）及1例无PE的患者（5％）（P值=0.009）。在未结合其他临床资料的情况下,CT平扫诊断肺动脉栓塞的灵敏度仅为25％,反之可达75％;肺动脉CT造影显示4例患者共17支肺动脉发生栓塞,除1支为肺叶动脉外,其余16支均发生于肺段动脉,表现为完全性充盈缺损,部分性充盈缺损以及“轨道”征。结论地震创伤容易发生肺动脉栓塞,认识肺动脉栓塞的一些辅助征象并密切结合其他临床资料有助于诊断PE,对可疑病例应及时行肺动脉cT造影明确诊断。     

多层螺旋CT肺动脉栓塞直接征象与溶栓效果的对照

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT肺血管造影 (MDCTPA)中肺动脉栓塞 (PE)直接征象与内科溶栓治疗效果的联系。方法　对比分析 2 8例PE患者于溶栓前后MDCTPA的影像表现 ,依据MDCTPA表现具体分型为 :Ⅰ型 :管腔中心充盈缺损。Ⅱ型 :附壁充盈缺损并凸向腔内。Ⅲ型 :附壁充盈缺损并凹向腔内。Ⅳ型 :血管分支没有增强。结果　 2 8例PE影像资料中 ,受累肺动脉共计 93支 ,可分析的受累肺动脉分支 (2～ 4级 )共 74支。统计提示Ⅲ型栓塞表现的内科溶栓抗凝治疗效果 (2 3% ,5 / 2 2支 )显著差于Ⅰ型 (95 % ,19/ 2 0支 )与Ⅱ型 (77% ,2 0 / 2 6支 ) ,差异有显著性意义 (χ2 值分别为 2 2 344和14 0 2 5 ,P值均P <0 0 1)。结论　MDCTPA对肺动脉栓塞影像表现的精细显示 ,能够对内科溶栓抗凝治疗效果进行预测 ,有助于制定临床治疗方案     

电子束CT在急性肺动脉栓塞治疗中的应用价值

目的　探讨电子束CT(EBCT)在急性肺动脉栓塞 (PE)溶栓治疗中的应用价值。方法　 2 0 0 2 -0 5～ 2 0 0 3 -0 4经EBCT确诊的 9例急性PE ,8例行静脉溶栓及抗凝治疗。所有病例溶栓后 1～ 2周内行EBCT第 1次复查 ,5例更换药物治疗后EBCT第 2次复查。结果　 3例急性PE溶栓后第 1次EBCT复查示血栓完全或基本消失 ,5例效果不明显而更改治疗方案行第 2次静脉溶栓 ,EBCT 2次复查 2例血栓基本消失 ,另 3例则有明显好转。结论　EBCT不仅是诊断PE的重要检查方法 ,对溶栓后疗效的评价也有重要的指导意义 ,可作为治疗后随访的常规检查方     

螺旋CT血管造影诊断肺动脉栓塞

目的:评价螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)在诊断肺动脉栓塞(PE)中的作用.材料和方法:对临床怀疑PE经SCTA明确诊断的21例患者进行回顾性分析.结果:21例患者累及97处肺动脉及其分支.直接征象:部分性充盈缺损;附壁性充盈缺损;中心性充盈缺损即轨道征;完全阻塞.间接征象:局限性肺纹理稀疏,肺动脉高压,右心扩大,胸腔积液,肺梗死灶.结论:螺旋CT血管造影对肺栓塞能明确诊断,是安全、无创、快捷的诊断方法,易于广泛应用.     

肺栓塞的多排螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断

目的探讨多排螺旋CT在肺栓塞诊断中的应用价值。方法对临床怀疑肺动脉栓塞经多排螺旋CT肺动脉造影(MSCTPA)及临床确诊的15例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果15例肺栓塞患者中,14例诊断为肺栓塞,诊断率约93.3%。1035支肺动脉显示849支,显示率82%;肺栓塞130支,占显示肺动脉数的15.3%。其中亚段肺动脉600支中显示438支,显示率73%,栓塞43支占显示亚段肺动脉的9.8%。直接征象包括不同程度的充盈缺损及动脉断面变细,血管腔内密度不均匀减低。充盈缺损分为4种形式:中央性充盈缺损3例呈轨道征,偏侧性充盈缺损9例,附壁性充盈缺损2例,完全性阻塞3例。间接征象包括马赛克征1例,胸膜下楔形梗死灶3例,肺动脉高压5例,出现W esterm ark征8例,胸腔积液6例。结论MSCTPA是诊断肺栓塞快速、安全有效、无创的诊断方法,它将取代肺动脉造影成为肺栓塞诊断的首选手段。     

肺通气/灌注显像结合血浆D-二聚体分析对肺栓塞的诊断价值

目的　探讨肺通气 灌注 (V Q)显像结合血浆D 二聚体 (dimer)分析在肺栓塞 (PE)诊断中的临床价值。方法　疑有PE的患者 10 4例进行肺V Q显像和血浆D dimer分析。以临床诊断为依据 ,分别评价肺V Q显像、D dimer分析及V Q显像结合D dimer分析对PE的诊断价值。结果　 4 4例确诊为PE ,6 0例排除PE。肺V Q显像对 86例 (82 .7% )明确诊断 ,另 18例 (17. 3% )为非确定性诊断。V Q显像诊断PE的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 84. 1%、75 .0 %和 78. 8%。血浆D dimer分析诊断PE的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 93. 2 %、6 0 . 0 %和 74 . 0 %。以D dimer <5 0 .0mg L作为V Q显像中非确定性诊断病例排除PE的依据 ,则诊断的特异性和准确性分别提高到 85. 0 %和 84 . 6 %。结论　在V Q显像中出现非确定性诊断结果时 ,血浆D dimer测定可作为排除PE的依据 ;V Q显像结合血浆D dimer测定可提高诊断的特异性和准确性。     

Role of a quantitative D-dimer assay in determining the need for CT angiography of acute pulmonary embolism

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to use the results of a quantitative D-dimer assay to determine the need for pulmonary CT angiography in patients suspected of having acute pulmonary embolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2001 to December 2002, 755 patients underwent pulmonary CT angiography for the evaluation of acute pulmonary embolism. A rapid, fully automated quantitative D-dimer assay was obtained in more than half the patients. The electronic medical records of the patients were subsequently reviewed to analyze the negative predictive value of the D-dimer assay in the diagnostic workup of acute pulmonary embolism and to determine the outcome of the patients who had negative findings on both D-dimer assay and pulmonary CT angiography at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 755 patients who underwent pulmonary CT angiography, 666 (88.2%) had negative findings, 73 (9.7%) had positive findings, and 16 (2.1%) were indeterminate. A total of 426 patients underwent both pulmonary CT angiography and D-dimer level evaluation, and 84 of these had negative findings (< 0.4 microg/mL) on D-dimer assay. Eighty-two of the 84 patients with negative findings on D-dimer assay had negative findings on pulmonary CT angiography; two were indeterminate and both subsequently had low-probability ventilation-perfusion studies. Among patients with positive D-dimer assays, no one with a level between 0.4 and 1.0 microg/mL had pulmonary CT angiography with findings positive for pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSION: A quantitative D-dimer assay was effective in excluding the need for pulmonary CT angiography and had high negative predictive value when the D-dimer level was less than 1.0 microg/mL.     

Recommended D-Dimer Use in Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Is Insufficient to Curb the Long-Term Overutilization of CT Pulmonary Angiography

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine whether the authors’ emergency medicine department has seen a significant change in CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) utilization or positive rates for pulmonary embolism (PE) over a 10-year period for the 2 years before and 8 years after the implementation of patient population–specific D-dimer recommendations.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed among all patients belonging to a geographically isolated health maintenance organization who underwent CTPA for the evaluation of acute PE in the emergency department between 2010 and 2019. The positive rate for acute PE among these studies was calculated and stratified by serum D-dimer value collected within 48 hours previously.ResultsA total of 6,013 CT pulmonary angiographic studies were reviewed, of which 40.2% had serum D-dimer ≥ 1.0 μg/mL (positive rate 10.6%), 42.5% did not have serum D-dimer drawn (positive rate 7.3%), and 17.2% had serum D-dimer < 1.0 μg/mL (positive rate 0.6%). There was a significant increase in positivity on CTPA in 2012 with the health group’s formal recommendation of a D-dimer cutoff of 1.0 μg/mL. This improvement also corresponded with fewer orders for CTPA after a negative D-dimer result. However, in the following years, CTPA utilization and percentage positivity were found to be reverting to the prerecommendation statistics.ConclusionsThe failure to mandate the use of serum D-dimer with a higher threshold value for patients who are to undergo CTPA for possible PE has resulted in poor lasting compliance despite promising early results. A firmer approach is likely necessary to yield positive long-term outcomes.     

Pulmonary embolism: accuracy and safety of a negative CT pulmonary angiogram and value of a negative D-dimer assay to exclude CT pulmonary angiogram-detectable pulmonary embolism

This is a retrospective study to determine the accuracy and safety of a negative CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) based on clinical outcome and to determine the usefulness of a negative D-dimer assay before CTPA. A total of 483 patients with a negative CTPA study were followed up for 3 months, with the aim of detecting episodes of venous thromboembolism and mortality. Three hundred and forty-nine patients had an immunochromatographic D-dimer assay called 'Simplify', carried out before a CTPA examination. Seventy-eight patients had a negative D-dimer assay and a negative CTPA. Three patients had a negative D-dimer assay and a positive CTPA. All three patients had a moderate pretest clinical probability. Of the 483 patients who had a negative CTPA and a 3-month follow up, 444 (92%) were alive and 39 (8%) had died. Of the 444 patients who were alive, none had any further suspected episode of thromboembolism or had received anticoagulation therapy within the follow-up period. Of those who died, none of the deaths was thought to be as a result of pulmonary embolism (PE). Single-detector helical CT can be used safely as the primary diagnostic test to evaluate PE. Negative Simplify D-dimer assay and low pretest clinical probability exclude CTPA-detectable PE, and a CTPA is unnecessary in this cohort of patients.     

螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的　评价螺旋CT对急性肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法　 2 4例临床确诊的肺动脉栓塞病人 ,先行螺旋CT平扫 ,后经肘静脉注入 10 0ml优维显或欧乃派克 ,延迟 15s和 30s行 2次扫描。结果　平扫的间接征象 :肺纹理稀疏 12例 ,肺梗死灶形成 11例 ,肺动脉高压 3例 ,胸膜肥厚 4例 ,胸腔积液 8例。增强后的直接征象 :充盈缺损 (附壁性 32支 ,部分性 30支 ,完全性 92支和中心性即轨道征 15支 )和动脉面细小 14支。结论　螺旋CT扫描速度快 ,图像清晰 ,不遗漏小病灶。螺旋CT肺动脉造影是急性肺动脉栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影在肺栓塞诊断中的应用价值

肺栓塞是一种有潜在生命危险的疾病.多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影能清楚显示肺栓塞的形态、发生部位及其他间接征象,有助于诊断或排除肺栓塞.MSCTPA具有快速、无创、敏感性和特异性高、时间和空间分辨率高等优点,目前已作为临床诊断肺栓塞的首选影像学检查方法.     

Clinical usefulness of adjusted D-dimer cut-off values to exclude pulmonary embolism in a community hospital emergency department patient population

Background Plasma D-dimer measurement is used in the assessment of the clinical probability of pulmonary embolism (PE), in order to minimize the requirement for pulmonary computed tomography angiography (CTA). Purpose To evaluate whether doubling the threshold value of serum D-dimer from 500 μg/L to 1000 μg/L could safely reduce utilization of pulmonary CTA to exclude PE in our emergency department patient population. Material and Methods Emergency department patients evaluated for PE with a quantitative D-dimer assay and pulmonary CTA were eligible for inclusion. D-dimer values were retrospectively collected in all included patients. Pulmonary CT angiograms were reviewed and scored as positive or negative for PE. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the accuracy of quantitative D-dimer measurements in differentiating between positive and negative PE patients as per CTA. Results A total of 237 consecutive patients underwent pulmonary CTA and had a D-dimer measurement performed. Median D-dimer level was 1007 μg/L and in 11 (5%) patients the pulmonary CT CTA was positive for PE. The ROC curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 (P < 0.0001). Increasing the D-dimer threshold value of 500 μg/L to 1000 μg/L increased the specificity from 8% to 52% without changing the sensitivity. Conclusion Adjusting the D-dimer cut-off value for the emergency department community population and patient age increases the yield and specificity of the ELISA D-dimer assay for the exclusion of PE without reducing sensitivity.