慢性癫痫模型动物海马内GABA能神经元的超微结构改变

用马桑内酯诱发小鼠性性癫痫模型，借助免疫电镜方法对海马的ＧＡＢＡ能神经元的超微结构进行观察，可见小鼠海马内ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应阳性神经元弥散分布于除锥体细胞层和颗粒细胞层外的各部。慢性癫痫上鼠海马内的ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应性神经元胞体和末梢均呈现程度不同的结构损伤，包括线粒体肿胀，细胞器崩解和神经末梢变性，ＧＡＢＡ样轴突末梢可与免疫反应阴性的树突构成传出性轴－树突触，也可接受免疫反应阴性轴末梢的传入性轴－轴     

下丘脑弓状核内GABA神经元与P物质神经元相互关系的免疫…

为了探计下丘脑神经内分泌功能的突触调控机制和Ｐ物质神经元与γ－氨基丁酸神经元之间的相互关系，我们用包埋前免疫电镜ＰＡＰ双标技术，研究了大鼠弓状核内ＳＰ和ＧＡＢＡ神经元的超微结构分布，先以ＤＡＢ为呈色剂显示ＳＰ的免疫反应，然后用钼酸铵－ＴＭＢ法显示ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应，再经ＤＡＢ－氧化钱稳定后作免疫电镜研究。结果观察到，在弓状核内有大量含ＤＡＢ和ＴＭＢ免疫反应产物的神经元结构，ＤＡＢ反应产物为颗粒状或絮     

人胎海马结构小白蛋白免疫反应神经元的分布与发育

了解人类海马结构神经元的发育。方法用免疫组织化学方法观察了１６－３８周人胎海马结构内小白蛋白免疫反应性神经元的分布和发育。结果ＰＶ－１Ｒ神经元最见于２３周海马结构内,主要位于下托和ＣＡ１区的锥体细胞层和多形层,以下托为主。     

脑缺血时大鼠海马及其生长抑素神经元的超微结构改变

夹闭大鼠双侧颈总动脉２ｈ，对海马ＣＡ１区进行免疫电镜观察，可见实验组ＣＡ１区部分锥体细胞的胞核固缩、核染色质溶解、细胞器减少或消失；部分神经纤维的髓鞘显示轻度变性图像；部分神经末梢变性；星形胶质细胞突起肿胀；小胶质细胞活跃并包裹断离的髓鞘；生长抑素免疫反应阳性神经末梢比对照组显著增多，生长抑素阳性轴突可与阴性树突形成轴－树突触。以上结果提示：缺血可导致海马ＣＡ１区神经元发生不同程度的损伤和胶质细胞     

下丘脑弓状核内GABA神经元与P物质神经元相互关系的免疫电镜双标研究

为了探讨下丘脑神经内分泌功能的突触调控机制和Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）神经元与γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）神经元之间的相互关系，我们用包埋前免疫电镜ＰＡＰ双标技术，研究了大鼠弓状核内ＳＰ和ＧＡＢＡ神经元的超微结构分布。先以ＤＡＢ为呈色剂显示ＳＰ的免疫反应，然后用钢酸铵－ＴＭＢ法显示ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应，再经ＤＡＢ－氧化钴稳定后作免疫电镜研究。结果观察到，在弓状核内有大量含ＤＡＢ和ＴＭＢ免疫反应产物的神经元结构，ＤＡＢ反应产物为颗粒状或絮状沉淀，电子密度高，弥漫分布；ＴＭＢ反应产物呈针状或块状，散在分布。含ＤＡＢ免疫反应的结构有ＳＰ神经元的胞体、树突和轴突。含ＴＭＢ免疫反应的结构有ＧＡＢＡ神经元的胞体、树突和轴突。两种神经元均为中、小型细胞，在弓状核内混杂分布。含ＳＰ的轴突接受免疫反应阴性轴突的非对称性突触连接；含ＳＰ的树突与含ＧＡＢＡ的轴突形成对称性的轴一树突触。含ＧＡＢＡ的树突接受免疫反应用性轴突的非对称性突触连接，也接受含ＳＰ轴突的非对称性突触连接。本研究不仅在超微水平进一步证实了大鼠弓状核内存在着ＳＰ和ＧＡＢＡ神经元及其末梢，而且首次在形态学上为下丘脑氨基酸能神经元与肽能神经元之间的相互调控提供了超微结构依据。     

大鼠神经垂体内后叶加压素神经分泌末梢的GABA能神经支配…

为了探讨神经垂体内后叶加压素释放的γ－氨基丁酸能神经调控，本研制用包埋前ＡＢＣ法结合免疫电镜双标技术，研究了大鼠神经垂体内ＶＰ能神经和ＧＡＢＡ能神经的超微结构分布及其相互联系，先用ＤＡＢ法显示ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应，然后用钼酸铵－ＴＭＢ法显示ＶＰ免疫反应，再用ＤＡＢ－氯化钴稳定后作免疫电镜包埋，电镜观察发现，在神经垂体内ＧＡＢＡ样免疫反应产物呈电子密度高的颗粒状沉淀，定位于神经末梢内的小清亮囊泡周围和线     

人胚胎海马发育的形态学研究Ⅲ．肽能神经元的发生

利用Ｇｏｌｇｉ镀银法、免疫组织化学法，对不同胎龄人肛胎海马的肽能神经元进行了研究．发现ＳＳ阳性神经元于胚胎１９周出现，ＳＰ阳性神经元、ＮＰＹ阳性神经元于１７周出现，ＧＡＢＡ阳性神经元在１６周即已显示。随胎龄增加，肽能神经元不断增多．肽能神经元广泛分布于海马的各区，但以多形层最为多见．和锥体细胞及颗粒细胞相比，肽能神经元有下列形态特点：（１）细胞形态和大小差异较大；（２）细胞突起多少不一，出现部位也无一定规律；（３）轴突投射范围小，但分枝多．Ｇｏｌｇｉ可以同时显示多种不同肽能神经元．ＧＡＢＡ阳性细胞与ＳＳ阳性细胞在发生时间和形态特点方面具有高度一致性，说明ＳＳ可与ＧＡＢＡ共存。     

出生前人脑海马结构含GABA神经元的分布和发育

本实验采用免疫细胞化学方法研究了１４～３８ 周人胎海马结构含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元的分布和发育。主要结果有：（１）早在１４周时便有许多含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元分布于海马和齿状回各部；（２）１４～２２ 周海马脑室带和中间带含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元的密度逐渐减少，２２ 周及以后这两部位仅见少量含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元，其它层含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元的密度在出生前发育过程中呈现先逐渐减少，后逐渐增加，最后又下降的规律；（３）在各发育阶段，含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元主要分布于海马的锥体层、始层以及齿状回的多形层和门区，而含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元的密度由ＣＡ１ 区向ＣＡ３ 区逐渐降低；（４）许多含ＧＡＢＡ 纤维出现于１４～２２ 周海马分子腔隙层及１８～３８ 周海马始层；（５）在各发育阶段，海马伞内可见许多含ＧＡＢＡ 纤维和少量含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元。以上结果提示：人类海马结构在胚胎时期含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元的出现和分化较早，且在发育过程中至少部分含ＧＡＢＡ 神经元和纤维的存在是暂时性的；至少部分传出纤维含有ＧＡＢＡ。     

下丘脑室旁核神经元多重神经支配的电镜研究

为了探讨下丘脑神经内分泌的突触调控机制，本文用电镜细胞化学与免疫电镜双标技术相结合的方法，研究了大鼠下丘脑室旁核神经元的多重神经支配。即先用６－ＯＨＤＡ损毁ＣＡ能神经末梢，再于振动切片上用包埋前免疫电镜法，分别以ＤＡＢ和ＴＡＢ为呈色剂先后对肽能（ＯＴ或ＳＰ）神经元和ＧＡＢＡ神经元进行双重标记。电镜观察结果表明：在下丘脑室旁核内存在肽能（ＯＴ，ＳＰ）和氨基酸（ＧＡＢＡ）能神经元及ＣＡ神经末梢；ＯＴ神     

大鼠运动皮层甘氨酸免疫反应性神经元的分布及其超微结构特征

目的 探讨甘氨酸能神经元（Ｇｌｙ－ｉｒ）在大脑皮层内的分布及特征。方法 用免疫组织化学与免疫电镜方法,在光镜与电镜水平观察甘氨酸免疫反应性神经元在大鼠运动皮层内的分布及其超微结构特征。结果 甘氨酸免疫反应性神经元均为非锥体细胞,在运动皮怪内Ⅰ～Ⅳ层均有分布,以Ⅰ～Ⅳ层较多,Ⅳ层最少,免疫反应性细胞以小细胞（４１．５％）及中等大小细胞（４４％）为主,也可见少量梭形细胞（１３．５％）,而大细胞极少１＾     

大鼠下丘脑弓状核神经元的神经支配

用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪和免疫细胞化学与电镜结合法研究了下丘脑弓状核神经元的神经支配。结果表明，室旁核向弓状核投射的神经元中，有一部分为催产素免疫反应阳性，一部分为后叶加压素免疫反应阳性，视上核也有部分ＯＴ免疫反应阳性神经元发出纤维投射至弓状核。将零乱毒素Ｂ亚单位结合ＨＲＰ注入第三脑室后，可见弓状核内有逆行标记细胞，电镜观察发现弓状核内的脑啡肽免疫反应阳性的树突接受ＨＲＰ反应阳性的触液神经元的轴突形成突触     

正中隆起内NT能神经元的SP能神经支配的免疫电镜双标研究

应用包埋前免疫电镜PAP双标技术,对大鼠下丘脑正中隆起内的神经紧张素(neurotensin,NT)和P物质(substance P,SP)的分布进行了超微结构研究。先用DAB法显示SP免疫反应,然后用钼酸-TMB法显示NT免疫反应,再经DAB-氯化钴稳定后作免疫电镜包埋。电镜观察发现:在正中隆起内SP免疫反应呈电子密度高的颗粒状或絮状沉淀,广泛分布于轴突内的小清亮囊泡周围和基质内;NT免疫反应产物则为电子密度高的针状或块状,散在分布于胞体、树突和轴突内。含SP的轴突可接受免疫反应阴性轴突的传入性突触,也可与阴性树突形成传出性轴-树突触;含NT的树突和胞体均可接受阴性轴突的传入性突触。此外,SP阳性轴突末梢还可与NT阳性神经元的树突棘形成对称性轴-棘突触及与NT阳性轴突形成对称性轴-轴突触。实验结果表明:大鼠正中隆起内的NT能神经元接受SP能神经的支配,为下丘脑神经内分泌的突触调控提供了新的超微结构依据。     

A combined Golgi-electron microscopic study of non-pyramidal neurons in the CA 1 area of the hippocampus

Summary Non-pyramidal neurons of the CA 1 area of the rat hippocampus were identified with a combined Golgi-electron microscopic method. They were observed to have distinctive light and electron microscopic characteristics that are different from those of pyramidal cells. These features included smooth dendrites, locally arborizing axons, infolded cell nuclei with intranuclear rods or sheets, and a well-developed perikaryal cytoplasm with many organelles. In addition, the axon terminals that contact the somata and dendrites of local circuit neurons may form asymmetric as well as symmetric synapses. The axons of these cells form symmetric synapses with dendrites and somata of pyramidal cells. Some of these features were utilized to identify non-pyramidal neurons of the CA 1 area for studies of connectivity. Degenerating commissural terminals were found to form synapses with the dendrites and somata of non-pyramidal neurons. These results indicate that these neurons are a significant population of hippocampal neurons that may provide feed-forward inhibition of pyramidal neurons.     

Immunogold demonstration of GABA in synaptic terminals of intracellularly recorded, horseradish peroxidase-filled basket cells and clutch cells in the cat's visual cortex

To identify the putative transmitter of large basket and clutch cells in the cat's visual cortex, an antiserum raised against GABA coupled to bovine serum albumen by glutaraldehyde and a postembedding, electron microscopic immunogold procedure were used. Two basket and four clutch cells were revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. They were identified on the basis of the distribution of their processes and their synaptic connections. Large basket cells terminate mainly in layer III, while clutch cells which have a more restricted axon, terminate mainly in layer IV. Both types of neuron have a small radial projection. They establish type II synaptic contacts and about 20-30% of their synapses are made with the somata of other neurons, the rest with dendrites and dendritic spines. Altogether 112 identified, HRP-filled boutons, the dendrites of three clutch cells and myelinated axons of both basket and clutch cells were tested for the presence of GABA. They were all immunopositive. The postsynaptic neurons received synapses from numerous other GABA-positive boutons in addition to the horseradish peroxidase-filled ones. Dendritic spines that received a synapse from a GABA-positive basket or clutch cell bouton also received a type I synaptic contact from a GABA-negative bouton. A few of the postsynaptic dendrites, but none of the postsynaptic somata, were immunoreactive for GABA. The fine structural characteristics of the majority of postsynaptic targets suggested that they were pyramidal and spiny stellate cells. These results provide direct evidence for the presence of immunoreactive GABA in identified basket and clutch cells and strongly suggest that GABA is a neurotransmitter at their synapses. The laminar distribution of the synaptic terminals of basket and clutch cells demonstrates that some GABAergic neurons with similar target specificity segregate into different laminae, and that the same GABAergic cells can take part in both horizontal and radial interactions.     

Synaptic organization of immunocytochemically identified GABA neurons in the monkey sensory-motor cortex

Neurons in the monkey somatic sensory and motor cortex were labelled immunocytochemically for the GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and examined with the electron microscope. The somata and dendrites of many large GAD-positive neurons of layers III-VI receive numerous asymmetric synapses from unlabelled terminals and symmetric synapses from GAD-positive terminals. Comparisons with light and electron microscopic studies of Golgi-impregnated neurons suggest that the large labelled neurons are basket cells. Small GAD-positive neurons generally receive few synapses on their somata and dendrites, and probably conform to several morphological types. GAD-positive axons from symmetric synapses on many neuronal elements including the somata, dendrites and initial segments of pyramidal cells, and the somata and dendrites of non-pyramidal cells. Synapses between GAD-positive terminals and GAD-positive cell bodies and dendrites are common in all layers. Many GAD-positive terminals in layers III-VI arise from myelinated axons. Some of the axons form pericellular terminal nests on pyramidal cell somata and are interpreted as originating from basket cells while other GAD-positive myelinated axons synapse with the somata and dendrites of non-pyramidal cells. These findings suggest either that the sites of basket cell terminations are more heterogeneous than previously believed or that there are other classes of GAD-positive neurons with myelinated axons. Unmyelinated GAD-positive axons synapse with the initial segments of pyramidal cell axons or form en passant synapses with dendritic spines and small dendritic shafts and are interpreted as arising from the population of small GAD-positive neurons which appears to include several morphological types.     

巢蛋白在成年大鼠海马神经元的表达及巢蛋白阳性神经元的生后发育

本文采用免疫组织化学方法对成年大鼠海马巢蛋白阳性神经元及其出生后的发育变化进行了研究。结果显示 ,在成年大鼠海马 CA1、CA2和 CA3区锥体层某些特定部位的神经元呈巢蛋白阳性反应。巢蛋白阳性神经元出生后 3周开始在海马中出现 ,并且到 12月龄大鼠海马内仍有存在。双重反应结果显示 ,巢蛋白与 GABA在海马神经元内无共存。成年大鼠海马锥体层神经元表达巢蛋白的生物学意义尚不清楚     

海马CA1和CA3区锥体细胞胞体上GABA能突触数量的差异(英文)

脑缺血再灌流导致海马CA1锥体细胞溃变而CA3神经元依然存活，这种选择性损伤的机制尚不清楚。两区间抑制性神经成分的差异可能是原因之一。本文用免疫细胞化学方法研究了上述假设的形态基础。在光镜下，CA1和CA3区每个锥体细胞环胞体的GABA阳性终末数分别是7.02±2.06和10.10±3.02（P＜0.001），每单位膜长度上的阳性终末数CA1也较CA3有意义的少。电镜下，GABA能终末与锥体细胞胞体形成对称性突触，CA1和CA3区锥体细胞的环胞体GABA阳性突触数分别是6.36±1.59和10.68±2.28（P＜0.01）。胞体膜被GABA能突触所覆盖的面分比也有显著差异（CA3=13.9±3.36％，CA1=10.9±5.06％，P＜0.001）。结果表明CA1神经元胞体较CA3神经元受到较少的GABA能支配。此点可能在脑缺血后CA1细胞较CA3细胞易损害机制中发挥作用。     

大鼠脊髓背角的GABA能神经末梢来源及其突触联系──HRP追踪与免疫细胞化学结合法研究及免疫电镜观察

本文用ＨＲＰ追踪与免疫细胞化学结合法和免疫电镜技术研究了脊髓背角的ＧＡＢＡ神经元的分布、ＧＡＢＡ能末梢的来源及其超微结构联系。结果表明：在脊髓背角Ⅰ～Ⅵ层内均有ＧＡＢＡ神经元胞体和纤维分布，其中Ⅰ～Ⅲ层较为密集，在后外侧束内也存在ＧＡＢＡ能纤维及胞体。脊髓背角的ＧＡＢＡ能神经末梢有３个来源：①延髓的大缝核、隐缝核、苍白缝核及腹侧网状结构的ＧＡＢＡ能神经元；②脊髓固有的ＧＡＢＡ能神经元；③脊神经节的ＧＡＢＡ能神经元。ＧＡＢＡ能末梢可作为突触前成分或突触后成分与未标记末梢形成轴－树突触，也可同时作为突触前、后成分而形成轴－树型自调节突触。结果提示突触前的ＧＡＢＡ能末梢可能对脊髓背角内的其它神经元起抑制和脱抑制作用；同时背角内ＧＡＢＡ能神经元还接受其它神经元的调控。