肝局灶性结节性增生的超声和CT对照分析

目的 探讨肝局灶性结节性增生（FNH）的超声和CT表现及其诊断价值。方法 15例住院病例行超声与CT检查。结果 15例FNH均经手术及病理证实,共有16个病灶,其中右叶9个,左叶6个,尾叶1个,B超和CT均全部检出,B超多表现为低或略低回声（88%）,可有浅淡暗环（44%）;彩色多普勒显示有粗大血管进入病灶内并分支（81%）,可呈轮辐状血流（19%）,脉冲多普勒均测及动脉血流,阻力指数平均为0.54。CT表现为病灶增强后,早期明显强化（100%）,星状疤痕显示率为44%,门静脉期及延迟扫描多呈等密度（75%）,常规B超联合彩色多普勒超声诊断FNH的符合率为50%;CT诊断FNH的符合率为50%。结论 常规超声联合彩色多普勒超声和CT增强结合动脉扫描可提高FNH的诊断准确性。     

实时灰阶谐波超声造影诊断血管疾病的初步研究

目的：评价实时灰阶谐波超声造影对血管疾病的诊断价值。方法：各类血管疾病患者73例，均接受常规彩色多普勒超声与灰阶谐波造影检查，两种方法的检查结果分为：①不能得到诊断结果；②可疑诊断；③诊断明确。所有结果均经过DSA、CT及MRI检查证实。结果：常规彩色多普勒超声诊断明确的有50．7％（37／73），可疑诊断占38．4％（28／73），不能得到诊断结果的有10．9％（8／73）。结合灰阶谐波造影检查后明确诊断的有89．0％（65／73），可疑诊断有8．2％（6／73），不能得到诊断结果的有2．8％（2／73）。常规彩色多普勒超声诊断的敏感性95．7％（45／47），特异性27．8％（5／18），准确性76．9％（50／65）；谐波造影诊断的敏感性98．0％（50／51），特异性95．0％（19／20），准确性97．2％（69／71）。结论：应用实时灰阶谐波超声造影能够比较直观地反映血管流道及管壁的变化，没有角度依赖性，不存在溢出等伪像，有助于对血管疾病的诊断。     

超声造影在诊断肝脏局灶性结节状增生中的临床应用价值

目的 分析肝局灶性结节状增生（FNH）在超声造影中的增强模式及特征性表现,以探讨超声造影对FNH定性诊断的临床价值。方法 收集经病理证实且术前均行超声造影检查的FNH患者的病例资料,对其临床资料、普通超声以及超声造影的声像图进行回顾性分析。结果 收集到FNH患者112例,其年龄以18～50岁居多,其男女比为1.11:1。普通二维超声以低回声为主,彩色多普勒超声有31例（31/112,27.68%）显示出轮辐状血流信号。超声造影三期（动脉期、门脉期和延迟期）的增强模式以“高-高-高”（49/112,43.75%）和“高-等-等”（44/112,39.29%）为主;其特征性征象有离心性增强(62/112,55.36%)、轮辐状动脉(59/112,52.68%)、中央星芒状瘢痕(52/112,46.43%);其中轮辐状动脉、中央瘢痕多见于大病灶组（≥3cm）（P<0.01）;而离心性增强则是小病灶组（<3cm）中最主要的表现。普通超声的诊断符合率为32.14%,而超声造影的诊断符合率达89.28%。结论 超声造影能明显提高FNH的无创定性诊断符合率。     

超声对布-加综合征的诊断价值

目的探讨灰阶与彩色多普勒、频谱多普勒及能量多普勒超声对布-加综合征的诊断价值。方法对38例经下腔静脉造影和／或经手术证实的布-加综合征患者的超声影像资料进行分析总结。结果38例布-加综合征患者中，超声确诊36例，漏诊2例，诊断准确率95％，与行下腔静脉造影相比，二者诊断准确率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。其中下腔静脉型23例，肝静脉型5例，混合型10例。结论灰阶超声结合彩色多普勒、频谱多普勒、能量多普勒超声对布-加综合征的诊断符合率高，对临床治疗方式的选择具有重要意义。     

彩色多普勒及超声造影检测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的应用

目的 评价彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）和超声造影在检测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症中的应用价值并对两者进行比较。 方法 CDFI检查肝移植术后患者158例共267人次，观察肝动脉有无血流显示、血流峰值、加速度时间、阻力指数、有无湍流及其峰值。对33例CDFI可疑异常者，用SonoVue及实时超声造影匹配成像技术行超声造影，观察肝动脉及肝实质的血流灌注。 结果 19例经DSA和／或CT血管造影（CTA）证实，其中肝动脉狭窄17例，血栓闭塞2例。17例狭窄均有血流参数异常，但CDFI不能判断狭窄部位及程度；2例血栓闭塞者动脉血流难以显示，不能肯定诊断。超声造影可明确诊断血栓闭塞，显示狭窄部位及其程度，与DSA和／或CTA结果符合率分别为100％（2／2）、94．1％（16／17）和88．2％（15／17）。 结论 CDFI与超声造影互为补充，有利于提高肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的诊断准确性。     

实时灰阶谐波超声造影诊断肾动脉狭窄的初步研究

目的评价实时灰阶谐波超声造影诊断肾动脉狭窄的临床价值。方法肾动脉狭窄患者16例，包括4例肾动脉支架置入术后者。超声造影剂使用SonoVue。所有患者均接受彩色多普勒超声与谐波造影两种检查方法。诊断结果分3级：①不能得到诊断结果；②可疑诊断；③诊断明确。检查结果与数字减影血管造影术、CT、MRI等结果相对照。结果彩色多普勒超声明确诊断的有8例（50．0％），可疑诊断5例（31．3％），不能得到诊断结果3例（18．7％）。结合谐波造影检查后明确诊断13例（81．3％），可疑诊断2例（12．5％），不能得到诊断结果1例（6．2％）。常规彩色多普勒超声诊断的敏感性63．6％（7／11），特异性40．0％（2／5），准确性56．3％（9／16）；谐波造影诊断的敏感性83．3％（10／12），特异性100％（4／4），准确性87．5％（14／16）。结论谐波造影能够更直观地显示血管管壁与管腔的边界，进而可直观地反映流道的变化，有助于肾动脉狭窄的诊断。     

小肝癌的超声诊断

目的探讨超声对≤２．０ｃｍ小肝癌的诊断价值。方法对５６例≤２．０ｃｍ的原发性肝癌进行灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声分析,这些病例均经手术和病理证实。结果灰阶超声对小肝癌的检出率为８４％（５２／６２）,诊断符合率为８１％（４２／５２）;彩超对小肝癌的血流检出率为８２％（１８／２２）,平均阻力指数为０．７６;灰阶超声联合彩超诊断符合率为８７％（４５／５２）,尤其对１．０～２．０ｃｍ小肝癌诊断符合率可达８９％（４１／４６）。结论超声对≤１．０ｃｍ的小肝癌的检出和诊断仍有一定的困难,而彩色多普勒超声对明确小肝癌的诊断有明显的协助作用。     

肝局灶性结节性增生的超声造影血流动力学研究

目的 探讨肝局灶性结节性增生的实时灰阶超声造影表现及其诊断价值.方法 对经手术病理证实的34例肝局灶性结节件增生(FNH)患者共36个病灶进行超声检查,观察病灶的常规超声表现和超声造影增强方式及表现并进行分析.结果 36个病灶多为低回声,39%(14/36)病灶周围见低回声环.65%(20/31)病灶内显示特征性的星状或轮辐状彩色血流.超声造影后动脉相观察到3种增强形式:整体型增强28%(10/36),泉涌状增强44%(16/36)和放射状增强28%(10/36).超声造影中搬痕出现率17%(6/36),而对照病理标本瘢痕检出率为40%(6/15).若以超声造影出现其中一种征象(泉涌状增强、放射状增强或瘢痕)作为FNH的诊断指标,则超声造影诊断FNH的符合率达78%(28/36),明显高于常规超声的诊断符合率(28%,10/36).结论 超声造影对诊断FNH有很大价值.     

超声造影在浅表淋巴结疾病鉴别诊断中的应用研究

目的 探讨超声造影在浅表淋巴结疾病鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 对43例患者的75个浅表肿大淋巴结（良性28个，转移性39个，淋巴瘤8个）进行常规二维、彩色多普勒超声检查和灰阶超声造影，观察淋巴结造影剂灌注特征，并与病理对照，比较造影前后超声诊断的准确性。结果 良性淋巴结中57％（16／28）造影表现为均匀增强型，36％（10／28）表现为淋巴门不均匀增强型；转移性淋巴结中77％（30／39）表现为实质不均匀增强型，21％（8／39）表现为微弱增强型。常规超声诊断良恶性淋巴结的敏感性70％，特异性86％，准确性75％；超声造影诊断的敏感性87％，特异性93％，准确性89％，超声造影诊断的准确率显著提高（P〈0．05）。结论 灰阶超声造影发现淋巴结疾病的不同灌注特征，为良恶性淋巴结疾病的鉴别诊断提供了有价值的依据。     

实时双幅灰阶超声造影在肝细胞癌与胆管细胞癌鉴别诊断中的价值

目的评价实时双幅灰阶超声造影对肝胆管细胞癌的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法采用超声造影剂SonoVue对20例原发性肝细胞癌与12例胆管细胞癌患者行实时双幅灰阶超声造影检查。所有病例均经超声引导下穿刺活检或（和）手术病理证实。结果肝细胞癌组20例全部呈典型的“快进快退”型超声造影表现。胆管细胞癌组5例表现为早期动脉相呈边框样或中间少许增强，并迅速消退，呈“少进快退”型；另7例于整个造影过程中病灶均未见强化，呈“造影剂充盈缺损”型。结论实时双幅灰阶超声造影能为肝胆管细胞癌的诊断提供更多信息，弥补普通灰阶超声与彩色多普勒超声的不足。     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生的超声诊断

目的　探讨超声对肝脏局灶性结节性增生(FNH)的诊断价值。方法　对10例共10个手术及病理证实的FNH进行超声分析。结果　FNH在常规B超上多表现为低回声及均匀的实质回声,偶见低回声的星状疤痕,但总体上缺乏较特异的声像图表现;而彩色多普勒可显示一粗大的彩色血流伸入病灶中央并分支,显示率为70%,部分呈轮辐状排列(20%),有一定的特征。结论　彩色多普勒结合常规B超可提高超声对FNH诊断的准确性     

Prospective cross-validation of Doppler ultrasound examination and gray-scale ultrasound imaging for discrimination of benign and malignant pelvic masses.

OBJECTIVE: To cross-validate, prospectively, the diagnostic performance of established ultrasound methods for discrimination of benign and malignant pelvic masses. METHODS: A total of 173 consecutive women with a pelvic mass judged clinically to be of adnexal origin underwent preoperative ultrasound examination including color and spectral Doppler techniques. A total of 149 tumors were benign, and 24 were malignant. The sensitivity and false-positive rate with regard to malignancy were calculated for the following methods, using cut-off values recommended in previous publications: Lerner score; ultrasound morphology, i.e. tumors without solid components being classified as benign and tumors with solid components as malignant; tumor color score; pulsatility index; resistance index; time-averaged maximum velocity; peak systolic velocity; the combined use of ultrasound morphology and tumor color score and the combined use of ultrasound morphology and peak systolic velocity. Sensitivity and false-positive rate were also calculated for subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image and for subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image supplemented with subjective evaluation of color Doppler ultrasound examination. The confidence with which the diagnosis was made, based on subjective evaluation, was rated on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: Subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image was by far the best method for distinguishing benign from malignant tumors (sensitivity 88%, false-positive rate 4%), followed in descending order by subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image supplemented with color Doppler examination, the Lerner score and the time-averaged maximum velocity. Adding Doppler examination to subjective evaluation of the gray-scale image did not increase the number of correct diagnoses, but it increased the confidence with which a correct diagnosis was made in 14% of tumors. In 11 tumors (6% of the series as a whole), the addition of Doppler examination changed the diagnosis based on subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image from an incorrect (n = 1) or uncertain (n = 10) diagnosis to a correct and confident diagnosis. CONCLUSION: In experienced hands, subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image is the best ultrasound method for discriminating between benign and malignant adnexal masses. The main advantage of adding Doppler examination to subjective evaluation of the gray-scale image is an increase in the confidence with which a correct diagnosis is made.     

超声对肝局灶性结节样增生的诊断价值

目的探讨肝局灶性结节样增生(FNH)的超声表现及其诊断价值.方法 28例均行超声及生化检查,并均经手术及病理证实.结果 28例FNH中共有30个病灶,超声全部检出.二维超声多表现为低或稍低回声(83%),多发生于近肝缘处(79%);13例彩色多普勒显示动脉频谱者占69%,呈轮辐状血流信号者占23%.生化检查发现所有病例AFP均阴性.结论常规超声结合彩色多普勒超声和AFP阴性可提高FNH的诊断准确性.     

超声造影对肝内胆管细胞癌的诊断价值

目的探讨肝内胆管细胞癌的超声造影征象及临床应用价值.方法对3例病理证实的胆管细胞癌分别行常规超声及实时灰阶谐波超声造影检查,记录病灶的大小、回声、血流分布及分析超声造影各时相的特征.结果 3例病灶在二维声像图上没有特异性,彩色多普勒血流显像显示病灶均为少血供型,超声造影显示3例病灶均表现"快进快出"的超声造影增强模式,门脉相病灶呈低回声,周边可见高回声环.结论超声造影在本组肝内胆管细胞癌病例中表现出的共同特征,对病灶的诊断有一定帮助.     

肝肿瘤实时灰阶谐波超声造影与彩色多普勒超声造影比较研究

目的比较实时灰阶谐波超声造影与彩色多普勒超声造影在评价肝肿瘤血供情况中的价值.方法对32例患者进行彩色多普勒超声造影和实时灰阶谐波超声造影,其中恶性肿瘤19例(原发性肝癌17例,转移性肝癌2例),肝血管瘤5例,局灶结节性增生5例,肝硬化结节1例,局灶性脂肪分布不均2例.比较两种方法反映肝肿瘤血供情况的能力,与病理及动态增强CT对照.结果彩色多普勒超声造影和实时灰阶谐波超声造影对血流的显示率分别为90.7%(29/32),100%(32/32),两种方法在判断肿瘤有无血供方面无明显差异.两种方法均可观察肿瘤增强的时相变化,实时灰阶谐波超声造影对肝实质内微血管血供的显示优于彩色多普勒成像,可判断肿瘤的坏死情况.结论实时灰阶谐波超声造影可有效的显示肿瘤内的血供,并可动态观察肿瘤的血流灌注情况,其效果明显优于彩色多普勒超声造影.     

Power Doppler imaging and evaluation of the resistive index in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver

Focal lesions of the liver represent a significant diagnostic problem for various imaging modalities. The aim of this study was to assess the value of power Doppler sonography versus conventional color Doppler imaging in the depiction of hypervascular focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver and to investigate the resistive index (RI) in the lesions' feeding arteries. Eighteen histologically proved FNHs in 14 patients were evaluated by gray-scale ultrasound, conventional color Doppler, and power Doppler sonography. With conventional color Doppler, a feeding arterial vessel could be depicted in only 4/18 lesions and hypervascularization was detected in 6/18 lesions. Power Doppler was more sensitive in detecting feeding arteries (16/18) within hypervascular lesions (15/18). RI values in the feeding arteries (mean = 0.51) significantly differed from those in the main hepatic artery or its intraparenchymal branches (mean = 0.68) in the same patient. The mean RI-difference was 0.19, suggesting hemodynamically significant arteriovenous shunting. Power Doppler sonography significantly increases sensitivity in the diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and reliably permits the distinction of these lesions from hepatocellular carcinomas. Received: 17 January 1996/Accepted after revision: 8 May 1996     

Pattern recognition of pelvic masses by gray-scale ultrasound imaging: the contribution of Doppler ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which Doppler ultrasound examination contributes to a correct specific diagnosis of a pelvic mass when the preliminary diagnosis is based on subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image (pattern recognition). METHODS: In 173 consecutive cases, women scheduled for surgery because of a pelvic mass judged clinically to be of adnexal origin underwent preoperative gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound examination. On the basis of subjective evaluation of the gray-scale ultrasound image, the ultrasound examiner classified each tumor as probably benign or malignant. If possible, a specific diagnosis was made, e.g. 'endometriosis' or 'dermoid cyst'. The confidence with which the diagnosis was made was rated subjectively on a visual analog scale. The diagnosis based on gray-scale imaging was re-evaluated after color Doppler examination, the diagnostic confidence after Doppler examination also being rated on a visual analog scale. 'Malignancy' was not considered a specific diagnosis. RESULTS: Pattern recognition of the gray-scale ultrasound image resulted in no unequivocal specific diagnosis in 51% (88/173) of cases, a correct specific diagnosis in 42% (72/173) and an incorrect specific diagnosis in 7% (13/173). Doppler examination added to a correct specific diagnosis in only 5% (8/173) of cases, either by changing an incorrect specific diagnosis to a (more) correct one (five tumors), or by increasing the confidence with which a correct specific diagnosis was made (three tumors). Doppler examination was misleading in one tumor. CONCLUSION: By using pattern recognition of the gray-scale ultrasound image, a correct specific diagnosis can be made in almost half of adnexal tumors scheduled for surgery. Subjective assessment of the color content of the tumor scan contributed little to the specific diagnosis of pelvic tumors.     

超声造影对肝局灶性病变病灶类型诊断的应用价值

目的探讨超声造影对肝局灶性病变病灶类型判断的能力。方法比较研究常规超声及低机械指数超声造影对238例298个肝局灶性病变鉴别诊断的效能。结果298个肝局灶性病变常规超声正确诊断病变类型159个(53.4%),超声造影正确诊断病变类型279个(93.6%),两者比较有统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论超声造影提高了超声正确诊断肝局灶性病变病灶类型的能力。