胆囊疾病合并肝硬化的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Lc）在胆囊疾病合并肝硬化中的可行性与疗效。方法回顾分析32例胆囊疾病合并肝硬化实施LC的临床资料。结果32例中顺利施行LC30例,2例因出血而中转开腹。术后出现腹水3例,胆漏1例,经引流、保肝等治疗后痊愈。无腹腔感染及肝功能衰竭等严重并发症。结论胆囊疾病合并肝硬化肝功能ChildA、B级的LC手术是可行的。加强围手术期处理是保证手术成功的关键。     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床分析

目的:探讨肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性、安全性及手术技术特点。方法:回顾分析120例Child A、B级肝硬化患者行LC的临床资料。结果:中转开腹8例。中转原因:结石嵌顿、Calot三角粘连5例;术中出血,镜下止血困难2例;术中发现胆道变异1例。LC平均手术时间(40.3±12.5)min,术中平均出血(60.8±19.5)ml,术中无损伤,术后出血、肺部感染、泌尿系感染各1例。无肝功能衰竭等严重并发症,均治愈出院,术后平均住院(5.2±2.0)d。结论:对于Child A、B级肝硬化患者,LC是一种安全可行的微创手术。     

肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床体会(附128例报告)

目的:探讨为肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性及临床效果。总结肝功能Child A、B级肝硬化患者围手术期处理及术中注意事项。方法:回顾分析2000年1月至2011年1月为128例合并肝硬化门脉高压症的胆囊结石患者行LC的临床资料,其中Child A级95例(A组),Child B级33例(B组)。结果:A组手术时间平均(31.6±12.5)min,平均住院(4.3±1.5)d;B组手术时间平均(61.6±24.5)min,平均住院(6.3±1.8)d。A组无一例中转开腹及术后并发症发生;B组3例(2.34%)中转开腹,术中胆管壁电刀灼伤1例,术后出现腹水5例、肺炎3例。结论:为Child A、B级的肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全、可行的,丰富的腹腔镜手术经验及完善的围手术期处理是手术成功的关键。     

血吸虫性肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除92例临床分析

目的探讨如何提高血吸虫性肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除的安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年10月～2011年10月我院92例血吸虫性肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果腹腔镜胆囊切除88例,中转开腹4例,平均手术时间40 min,术中出血40～200 ml。术后胆囊床积液6例,腹水6例。术后肝功能出现肝酶谱改变和低蛋白血症,经积极治疗,全组均治愈出院。结论掌握好腹腔镜手术操作要点、手术指征及围手术期处理原则,血吸虫性肝硬化并胆结石患者行LC是安全可行的。     

Schistosomiasis cirrhosis of liver patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: analysis of 92 cases

目的 探讨如何提高血吸虫性肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除的安全性.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月～201 1年10月我院92例血吸虫性肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料.结果 腹腔镜胆囊切除88例,中转开腹4例,平均手术时间40 min,术中出血40～200 ml.术后胆囊床积液6例,腹水6例.术后肝功能出现肝酶谱改变和低蛋白血症,经积极治疗,全组均治愈出院.结论 掌握好腹腔镜手术操作要点、手术指征及围手术期处理原则,血吸虫性肝硬化并胆结石患者行LC是安全可行的.     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术78例报告

目的探讨肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopie cholecystectomy,LC）的可行性。方法2000年5月～2010年5月,78例肝硬化合并胆囊结石行四孔法LC,全麻,术前、术后加强保肝治疗。结果76例成功完成LC,手术时间20～110min,平均37min;术中出血量10～200ml,平均35ml。2例因术中出血,中转开腹完成胆囊切除术。术后出现胆囊床渗血6例、肝功能障碍12例、感染13例。74例平均随访13个月（6～24个月）,症状消失,无胆道并发症发生,14例有慢性腹水等肝功能不全表现,内科治疗好转但易复发。结论对肝功能ChildA、B级肝硬化合并胆囊结石的患者施行LC是安全可行的,可作为肝硬化合并胆囊结石的首选术式。     

胆囊结石合并肝硬化的腹腔镜治疗分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性、安全性及手术技术特点。方法回顾分析我院自1991年3月至2007年3月间,240例Child A、B级肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果LC成功224例,中转开腹16例。中转原因:结石嵌顿,Calot三角粘连10例;术中出血,镜下止血困难4例;术中发现胆道变异2例。LC手术时间40.3±12.5min,术中出血60.8±19.5 ml,术中无损伤;术后出血2例,肺部感染2例,泌尿系感染2例。无肝功能衰竭等严重并发症,均治愈出院。术后住院日5.2±2.0 d。结论对于Child A、B级肝硬化患者,腹腔镜胆囊切除术是一种安全可行的微创手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在肝硬化患者中的应用(附57例报告)

目的:探讨合并肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的可行性与技术特点。方法:回顾分析57例合并肝硬化患者LC的临床资料。结果:成功56例,1例因术中出血,镜下止血困难中转开腹。术中无损伤。术后胆囊窝积液1例,经保守治疗8d后完全吸收。腹水增多1例,无腹腔及消化道出血、肝功能衰竭等严重并发症,患者均治愈出院。结论:肝硬化患者行LC是相对安全的,掌握手术的技术特点、注重围手术期的处理及Ch ild-push分级是成功的关键。     

症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗

为总结症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗方法，笔者回顾性分析18例症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化患者的临床资料。18例中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC）8例，其中2例中转开腹；行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术并一期胆囊切除10例，其中1例行胆囊大部切除术。全组无手术死亡。资料提示，对肝功能代偿良好者，可首选LC；对肝硬化门静脉高压症者行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术的同时行一期胆囊切除是安全可行的。     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全性及疗效分析

目的:探讨肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者进行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床应用价值。方法:对38例肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者行LC的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果:36例成功完成了LC,2例中转开腹,1例术后出血,无肝功能衰竭、胆道损伤等并发症发生,无死亡病例。结论:严格掌握手术适应证,充分掌握肝硬化合并胆囊结石的解剖特点,LC是一种安全可行的微创手术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.