斜方肌神经支配的应用解剖学研究

目的　对斜方肌的神经支配进行解剖学研究 ,为在有关手术中保留部分斜方肌的功能提供可靠的依据。方法　取 2 0具中国成年人尸体 ,在头戴式放大 5倍显微镜下 ,解剖观察 40侧斜方肌的神经支配及其行径。结果　斜方肌的神经支配来源于副神经占 10 0 % ;来源于 C2～ 4神经根及 C5 神经根 ,分别占 10 0 %、45 %。副神经平均直径为 2 .18± 0 .2 3mm(x± sx,下同 ) ;颈神经根的分支一般在斜方肌血管神经门以前加入副神经后进入斜方肌 ,或直接进入斜方肌。副神经在肩胛冈中点附近及上方 2 .6 cm处分成二支支配斜方肌的上下两部分。结论　 40块斜方肌均受副神经的支配和 C2～ 4神经根直接或间接的支配 ,部分斜方肌受 C5 神经根直接或间接的支配。在副神经移位及斜方肌肌瓣手术中可利用部分斜方肌及副神经在斜方肌中的一个分支 ,使供区可保留部分斜方肌的功能     

副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤患者呼吸功能的解剖学研究

目的 :探讨副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤患者呼吸功能的解剖学可行性。方法 :选取经福尔马林固定的成人尸体30具,解剖分离颈部双侧膈神经及副神经共60侧,测量副神经主干终点(设定为副神经进入斜方肌处)及膈神经起始点的宽度及厚度、副神经出胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经主干起始点及终点的距离、胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度,寻找副神经沿胸锁乳突肌外侧缘斜出的位置、副神经起始点与甲状软骨的位置关系及副神经入斜方肌内侧缘的位置与锁骨中线的关系。选取5具尸体(10侧)的副神经主干终点及膈神经起始点标本,进行切片、免疫组织化学染色,计数运动神经纤维含量。结果:副神经进入胸锁乳突肌后,5侧穿过胸锁乳突肌下行,55侧在胸锁乳突肌的深面继续向下外穿行,其在胸锁乳突肌后缘,距胸锁乳突肌锁骨止点85.2±5.9mm处浅出;在肩胛提肌表面,副神经越过颈后三角行至斜方肌前缘于锁骨中线内侧13.2±1.9mm处进入斜方肌,于斜方肌深面分为2~5支支配斜方肌。副神经主干终点的宽度为1.61±0.39mm,厚度为0.61±0.23mm,胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度为59.2±12.2mm。16侧膈神经起始点位于甲状软骨的中点水平,32侧位于甲状软骨上缘水平,6侧位于甲状软骨下缘水平,6侧位于甲状软骨上1/3水平。膈神经起始点处的宽度为1.43±0.27mm,厚度为0.60±0.26mm,副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经起始点的距离为26.9±6.0mm,至膈神经终点的距离为76.7±8.2mm。胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘间的副神经长度大于副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘至膈神经起始点的距离(P=0.000)。膈神经起始点的运动神经纤维含量为836±311条,副神经主干终点的运动神经纤维含量为1290±371条,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.019)。结论:胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度明显大于副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经起始点的距离,从解剖学的角度证明了在不损伤胸锁乳突肌的情况下副神经可与膈神经起始点无张力直接吻合。     

后进路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经术式的解剖学研究

目的　研究副神经移位到肩胛上神经以恢复臂丛神经损伤患者肩外展功能的后进路术式。方法　选用陈旧尸体 10具 2 0侧 ,新鲜尸体 4具 8侧 ,解剖观测在肩胛冈上缘水平副神经和肩胛上神经的关系。设计后进路副神经移位到肩胛上神经的新术式 ,并试用于临床。结果　肩胛上神经 10 0 % (2 8/ 2 8)位于肩胛横韧带深侧的肩胛上切迹内 ,位置恒定 ;副神经降支行于斜方肌深面、筋膜下 ,在肩胛冈上缘水平位于肩胛骨内侧缘 [(10 .42± 4.2 4)mm , x±s,下同 ] ,在该水平与肩胛上神经的最近距离为 (4.94± 1 2 2 )cm。游离切断后 ,可与肩胛上神经在无张力下直接拉拢缝合。临床试用于 10例病人 ,均顺利完成副神经移位到肩胛上神经的手术。术后检查斜方肌上部肌力无明显影响。结论　后进路副神经移位到肩胛上神经的术式是安全的、可行的     

副神经移位修复肩胛上神经的入路术式比较

副神经移位治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤是经典术式,副神经是治疗臂丛神经损伤最常用的移位动力神经之一[1].肩胛上神经支配的冈上肌、冈下肌是肩关节外展的"启动肌",又是上举的"主要肌"和上臂外旋的"关键肌",修复肩胛上神经对臂丛神经损伤患者肩关节功能恢复的具有重要作用.副神经是斜方肌的主要支配神经,斜方肌上部对于维持肩部外形和完成耸肩、肩外展动作非常重要.而副神经与肩胛上神经距离近,用副神经移位于肩胛上神经已是常规术式[2-3].     

副神经的应用解剖及其临床意义

目的 :探讨副神经行程及与周围毗邻结构关系。方法 :选取 10 %福尔马林固定的成人头颈标本 10例 2 0侧。介绍副神经的寻找及保留方法 ,记录副神经与周围结构关系。结果 :副神经从二腹肌后腹深面的后下缘穿出。 5 5 % (11/2 0 )越过静内静脉浅面 ,45 % (9/2 0 )经其深面 ;副神经出二腹肌后腹后 60 % (12 /2 0 )穿入胸锁乳突肌 ,40 % (8/2 0 )在胸锁乳突肌深面 ;副神经在距耳大神经出胸锁乳突肌后缘处上方约 2cm以内浅出 ;80 % (16/2 0 )幅神经和颈神经根间存在交通支 ;副神经在锁骨上方 3～ 4cm进入到斜方肌前缘 ,10 0 %副神经支配斜方肌。结论 :定位副神经的标志较恒定的有两个 ,一是耳大神经出胸锁乳突肌后缘中点上方约 2cm以内 ,另外一个是在锁骨上方 3～ 4cm斜方肌前缘处     

锁骨下水平副神经切断移位修复肩胛上神经的临床观察

目的 观察在锁骨下水平切断副神经、移位修复肩胛上神经,恢复臂丛损伤患者肩外展功能的临床效果及对斜方肌功能的影响。方法 在锁骨下副神经内外侧分支入肌处切断副神经,移位到肩胛上神经４９例,术后２～４年随访肩外展功能,其中２０例来院随访的患者又进行了术后斜方肌肌力及电生理检查。结果 副神经移位修复肩胛上神经,恢复臂丛损伤患者肩外展功能,其肩外展角度平均６１＾０,副神经移位后对斜方肌下部功能影响明显,对中     

肩胛上神经严重撕脱时副神经移位修复的处理对策

目的探讨臂丛神经损伤肩胛上神经严重撕脱常规锁骨上前入路术式难以修复肩胛上神经时,后入路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经的疗效。方法2003年2～10月对6例臂丛严重撕脱患者应用后入路副神经移位术式修复肩胛上神经,并观察肩胛冈上缘水平副神经与肩胛上神经的关系、术后斜方肌各部分肌力的变化及肩关节功能的恢复情况。结果6例患者均顺利完成后入路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经。在肩胛冈上缘水平,副神经走行于斜方肌深面、筋膜下,定位于肩胛冈与肩胛骨内侧缘相交附近,肩胛上神经位于肩胛横韧带深侧肩胛切迹内,二者位置相对固定,相距3．5～5．5 cm,在肩胛冈上缘横切口内二者在无张力情况下直接拉拢端端吻接；术后随访18～26个月对斜方肌上部功能无明显影响,肩外展恢复35°～55°。结论当臂丛损伤肩胛上神经撕脱严重常规手术难以解剖、进行修复时,后入路副神经移位术式是一种很好的选择。     

副神经移位膈神经的人体解剖学研究

目的 了解副神经及膈神经的解剖特点、位置关系及内部运动神经纤维含量,为副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤后患者呼吸功能提供解剖学依据.方法 选取20具(38侧)福尔马林固定的成人尸体标本,解剖并观察副神经、膈神经的走形特点,测量副神经及膈神经的长、宽及厚度,副神经舌骨水平至膈神经颈部起点及终点的距离.利用免疫组化方法对膈神经及副神经不同位置进行切片染色,对比纤维含量.结果 副神经发出胸锁乳突肌支后主干的宽度为(1.55±0.11)～(1.61±0.46)mm,厚度为(0.53±0.18)～(0.57±0.24)mm;膈神经的宽度为(1.44±0.27)～(1.45±0.27)mm,厚度为(0.47±0.13)～(0.55±0.24)mm;副神经的长度为(9.48±1.02)cm,副神经舌骨水平与膈神经起始点及膈神经与锁骨交点的距离分别为(3.19±1.23)cm和(8.71±0.75)cm;膈神经的长度为(6.45±0.86)cm;副神经发出胸锁乳突肌支后运动神经纤维含量为(917±234)～(1104±254)条,膈神运动神经纤维含量为(836±311)～(1443±526)条.结论 副神经及膈神经的宽度、厚度及运动神经纤维含量均相似,且副神经的长度可保证与膈神经无张力直接吻合,从解剖学及免疫组化的角度来讲,副神经是重建高位颈髓损伤呼吸功能理想的移位神经.     

C4副神经移位重建斜方肌功能的实验研究

目的探讨以C4神经前支主干作为动力神经移位修复副神经重建大鼠斜方肌功能的可行性,为临床用于副神经缺损的动力性修复提供理论依据。方法取36只成年雄性SD大鼠,体重200～250 g;随机分为实验组与对照组(n=18)。实验组左侧行C4副神经移位重建术,对照组左侧行副神经切除术;两组右侧不做任何处理,作为正常对照。术后1、2、3个月实验组行复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP)及肌肉功能检测,计算潜伏期延迟率、最大波幅恢复率及肌张力恢复率;取两组斜方肌行HE染色,计算肌细胞截面积恢复率;取实验组神经吻合口远端神经行甲苯胺蓝染色,计算吻合口远端有髓神经纤维恢复率。并于术后1、3个月取实验组斜方肌及神经行透射电镜观察。结果随时间延长,实验组斜方肌CMAP最大波幅逐渐增加,潜伏期缩短,肌张力逐步恢复;神经吻合口远端有髓纤维逐渐增加。至术后3个月肩、背斜方肌CMAP最大波幅恢复率为63.61%±9.29%、73.13%±11.85%,潜伏期延迟率为130.45%±37.27%、112.62%±19.57%,肌张力恢复率为77.27%±13.64%、82.47%±22.94%,有髓纤维通过率为82.55%±5.00%。随神经支配恢复,实验组肌细胞截面积亦逐渐增大,且各时间点与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1个月时斜方肌肌节排列紊乱,3个月时逐步趋于整齐。结论 C4副神经移位重建术可有效重建大鼠斜方肌的运动功能。     

尺神经功能分支断面神经纤维定量组织学研究

目的测算尺神经分支的神经纤维数目和结缔组织面积等指标,计算各功能束组的纤维含量及比例,为临床选择性修复手内肌功能的手术设计和估计预后提供参考依据。方法新鲜尸体标本具,分离尺神经及其分支,各分支取材,福尔马林固定,常规石蜡横断面切片厚7μm,Loyez髓鞘染色法染色,应用图像分析系统对组织切片定量分析。测算各分支神经断面纤维密度、神经纤维截面积和神经干截面积,计算神经纤维数目,神经纤维和结缔组织所占比例。结果定量分析:尺神经分支有髓纤维总数为13648条,其中尺神经深支(支配手内肌)(3601±647)条,占26%;第四指间隙皮支(2327±609)条,占17%;小指尺侧皮支(2236±464)条,占16%;尺神经深支(支配手内肌)(3601±647)条,占26%;腕背支(2565±382)条,占19%;尺动脉支(418±210)条,占3%;尺侧腕屈肌远支(660±376)条,占5%;指深屈肌支(930±411)条,占7%;尺侧腕屈肌近支(914±223)条,占7%。结论手内肌功能束组是尺神经中最主要的功能束组,采用束膜缝合法选择性修复,将减少所需移位神经纤维的数目。     

Surgical anatomy of the dorsal scapular nerve

OBJECT: There is a paucity of literature regarding the surgical anatomy of the dorsal scapular nerve (DSN). The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship of this nerve to surrounding anatomical structures. METHODS: Ten formalin-fixed human cadavers (20 sides) were dissected, and measurements made between the DSN and related structures. The nerve pierced the middle scalene muscle at a mean distance of 3 cm from its origin from the cervical spine and was more or less centrally located at this exit site. It lay a mean distance of 1.5 cm medial to the vertebral border of the scapula between the serratus posterior superior, posterior scalene, and levator scapulae muscles. It was found to have a mean distance of 2.5 cm medial to the spinal accessory nerve as it traveled on the anterior border of the trapezius muscle. The nerve intertwined the dorsal scapular artery in all specimens and was found along the anterior border of the rhomboid muscles. On 19 sides the DSN originated solely from the C-5 spinal nerve, and on one side it arose from the C-5 and C-6 spinal nerves. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the anatomy of the DSN will aid the surgeon who wishes to explore and decompress this structure.     

Spinal accessory nerve injury

Injury to the spinal accessory nerve can lead to dysfunction of the trapezius. The trapezius is a major scapular stabilizer and is composed of three functional components. It contributes to scapulothoracic rhythm by elevating, rotating, and retracting the scapula. The superficial course of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior cervical triangle makes it susceptible to injury. Iatrogenic injury to the nerve after a surgical procedure is one of the most common causes of trapezius palsy. Dysfunction of the trapezius can be a painful and disabling condition. The shoulder droops as the scapula is translated laterally and rotated downward. Patients present with an asymmetric neckline, a drooping shoulder, winging of the scapula, and weakness of forward elevation. Evaluation should include a complete electrodiagnostic examination. If diagnosed within 1 year of the injury, microsurgical reconstruction of the nerve should be considered. Conservative treatment of chronic trapezius paralysis is appropriate for older patients who are sendentary. Active and healthy patients in whom 1 year of conservative treatment has failed are candidates for surgical reconstruction. Studies have shown the Eden-Lange procedure, in which the insertions of the levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, and rhomboideus major muscles are transferred, relieves pain, corrects deformity, and improves function in patients with irreparable injury to the spinal accessory nerve.     

Vulnerability of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck: a cadaveric study.

Injury to the accessory nerve results in an obvious shoulder droop, loss of shoulder elevation, and pain. Prevention of inadvertent injury to the accessory nerve is critical in neck dissection. No previous study, however, anatomically demonstrates the mechanism of the spinal accessory nerve traction injury. Anatomic determination of the location and course of the spinal accessory nerve may be helpful for a better understanding of the mechanism of the nerve injury. The accessory nerve courses obliquely across the posterior triangle on the surface of the levator scapula muscle and reaches the trapezius. The length of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle is 34.7+/- 6.3 mm. The nerve passes through the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle 50.7+/- 12.9 mm below the tip of the mastoid process and reaches the anterior border of the trapezius 49.8 +/- 5.9 mm above the clavicle. It makes a posterior angle of 73.1 degrees +/- 19.4 degrees, on average, relative to the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid. When the shoulder is pulled down and the head is turned to the opposite direction, the spinal accessory nerve is stretched in the posterior triangle. In the posterior triangle, the nerve is vulnerable, since it is superficial and covered only by skin and subcutaneous fascia. Therefore, extreme caution should be taken with any surgical procedures in the posterior triangle. Traction injury of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle cannot be ignored.     

颈脊神经后内侧支卡压的解剖及其临床意义

目的为临床诊治颈神经后内侧支卡压提供解剖学基础。方法对10具（20侧）成人尸体头颈标本颈脊神经后内侧支易受卡压的部位进行解剖学观测。结果（1）C2颈脊神经后内侧浅支（枕大神经）易受卡压处分别位于该神经走行于头下斜肌与枢椎椎弓板之间段、穿过头半棘肌段和穿上项线骨纤维孔处。（2）C3-5脊神经后内侧浅支（第三枕神经）易受卡压处分别位于该神经穿行头半棘肌和穿头夹肌段。C3颈脊神经后内侧深支即头夹肌支,该神经穿过头半棘肌处。（3）C3-8后内侧支穿颈脊神经后支骨纤维管。结论颈神经后内侧支穿行的骨纤维管、项部肌肉、项部肌肉的腱性组织是造成颈脊神经后内侧支卡压的解剖学基础。     

Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction

PURPOSE: Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve is a common procedure, performed to reestablish shoulder motion in patients with brachial plexus palsy. We propose dissecting both nerves via a distal oblique supraclavicular incision, which can be prolonged up to the scapular notch. The results of the transfer to the suprascapular nerve are compared with those of the combined repair of the suprascapular and axillary nerves. METHODS: Thirty men between the ages of 18 and 37 years with brachial plexus trauma had reparative surgery within 3 to 10 months of their injuries. In partial injuries with a normal triceps, a triceps motor branch transfer to the axillary nerve was performed. The suprascapular and accessory nerves were dissected via an oblique incision, extending from the point at which the plexus crosses the clavicle to the anterior border of the trapezius muscle. In 10 patients with fractures or dislocations of the clavicle, the trapezius muscle was partially elevated to expose the suprascapular nerve at the suprascapular notch. RESULTS: In all cases, transfer of the accessory to the suprascapular nerve was performed without the need for nerve grafts. A double lesion of the suprascapular nerve was identified in 1 patient with clavicular dislocation. In those with total palsy, the average improvement in range of abduction was 45 degrees , but none of the patients with total palsy recovered any active external rotation. Patients with upper-type injury recovered an average of 105 degrees of abduction and external rotation. If only patients with C5-C6 injuries were considered, the range of abduction and external rotation increased to 122 degrees and 118 degrees , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the accessory nerve for transfer to the suprascapular nerve ensured adequate return of shoulder function, especially when combined with a triceps motor branch transfer to the axillary nerve. The supraclavicular exposure proposed here for the suprascapular and accessory nerves is advantageous and can be extended easily to explore the suprascapular nerve at the scapular notch.     

Refinements in the technique for repair of the accessory nerve

Trapezius muscle palsy after accessory nerve injury leads to periscapular pain and shoulder motion deficit. The results of accessory nerve repair generally are good, but surgery is difficult. The difficulty consists of finding the nerve stumps that are embedded in fat and scar tissue from previous surgeries or injuries. Five patients with accessory nerve lesions had surgery and grafting of the accessory nerve. We dissected the proximal stump of the accessory nerve within the fibers of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and in the vicinity of the greater auricular nerve. To achieve dissection of the distal nerve stump, the deep cervical fascia was detached from the trapezius muscle 3 cm cephalad to the clavicle. The detached fascia and the trapezius muscle were flipped similar to book pages. The motor branches entering the trapezius muscle were visualized and followed toward the accessory nerve. A sural nerve graft with a mean length of 6.6 cm was used for grafting. Uncomplicated identification of the nerve stumps was possible in all patients. After accessory nerve grafting, pain and motion consistently improved in all patients. The technique proposed here ensures reliable and rapid identification of the divided stumps of the accessory nerve.