45例精神分裂症患者急性发作期的无痛胃镜检查

目的 观察无痛胃镜对精神分裂症急性发作期患者的上消化道检查、治疗的安全性和有效性.方法 在异丙酚联合芬太尼麻醉下对45例急性发作期精神分裂症患者施行上消化道胃镜检查、治疗,记录检查治疗前、中、后的BP、HR、R、SaO2及患者的反应情况,记录操作时间.结果 45例患者均完成胃镜检查和相应治疗,麻醉效果满意.检查前、治疗中及治疗后BP、HR、R及SaO2差异均无显著性(P>0.05).胃镜检查时间为(13.8±7.2)min.结论 无痛胃镜下对精神分裂症患者急性发作期检查、治疗成功率高,安全性好,值得临床推广应用.     

七氟醚联合丙泊酚在强制性胃镜下上消化道异物取出术麻醉中的应用

目的探讨七氟醚联合丙泊酚对特殊人群强制性全身麻醉下胃镜下上消化道异物取出术中的应用效果。方法对50例拒绝建立静脉通路的上消化道异物的特殊人群患者行七氟醚联合丙泊酚全身麻醉胃镜下异物取出术,记录麻醉前、静脉给药时、静脉给药后30 s、治疗结束时和苏醒时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SPO2)等生命体征;并记录麻醉诱导时间、手术操作时间、苏醒时间及各时间点的并发症发生情况。结果 49例患者均顺利接受胃镜治疗,1例转开腹取出。与麻醉前相比,静脉给药时MAP和HR明显升高(P<0.05);而RR与SPO2差异无显著性(P>0.05)。麻醉中仅1例患者治疗中出现低血压。结论对特殊人群的上消化道异物,七氟醚联合丙泊酚麻醉下胃镜治疗成功率高,安全性好,值得临床推广应用。     

经镇静/麻醉胃镜异物取出术在精神病患者中的应用

目的总结镇静/麻醉胃镜异物取出术在精神病患者应用中的治疗体会。方法回顾性分析2006年10月-2017年10月该院消化内镜中心通过镇静/麻醉胃镜诊治的上消化道异物急诊及病房精神病患者78例的临床资料。结果上消化道异物顺利取出78例,镇静/麻醉胃镜治疗前、治疗中及治疗后患者的生命体征[血压(BP)、心率(HR)、呼吸(R)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO_2)]均平稳。结论对于精神病患者的上消化道异物的治疗可通过镇静/麻醉胃镜下的异物取出术治疗,该术具备成功率高、安全性好的特点。     

急诊无痛胃镜诊疗特殊人群上消化道异物110例临床分析

目的:总结特殊人群上消化道异物行急诊无痛胃镜诊断与治疗的体会。方法:回顾性分析2004年11月至2014年11月收治的行急诊无痛胃镜的上消化道异物特殊人群110例的临床资料。结果 :顺利取出上消化道异物107例,胃镜治疗前、过程中及治疗后的血压、心率、呼吸平稳。结论:对特殊人群的上消化道异物行急诊无痛胃镜的治疗成功率高,安全性好。     

无痛胃镜在上消化道异物取出中的应用体会

上消化道异物是指病人误吞或故意吞入各种较坚硬的物体于上消化道腔内，病情严重时可危及病人生命。为了提高内镜下异物取出的成功率及减少并发症的发生，我科对25例上消化道异物患者采用胃镜下静脉内联合应用咪唑安定、芬太尼、异丙酚麻醉术后，取出异物，获得满意的效果，现报告如下。     

异丙酚在胃镜下胃内异物取出术中的应用

目的:探讨异丙酚在胃镜下胃内异物取出术中的麻醉效果与安全性。方法:将预行胃镜下胃内异物取出术的28例患者分为A组(异丙酚组),B组(局麻组)。A组静脉注入芬太尼0.1μg/kg和异丙酚1.5~2.0 mg/kg。B组含服利多卡因胶浆。观察手术前、术中、术毕15 min后,HR、MAP、SpO2及患者疼痛反应,手术时间。结果:A组患者术中体动差MAP及HR有下降趋势,而B组患者术中体动明显,MAP及HR无显著变化,A组患者手术时间明显比B组短。结论:对于那些不合作的罪犯,吞食的器物比较尖锐且不易取出时,应在全麻状态下胃内异物取出术比较容易操作实施,值得临床推广。     

无痛胃镜下经软性异物防护套取锐性异物体会

目的探讨无痛胃镜下经软性异物防护套取上消化道锐性异物的安全性。方法全身麻醉下操作,将异物防护套固定于内镜前端,其喇叭形裙边向镜身方向反折后将胃镜插入胃内,用异物钳或圈套器等夹住锋利异物后,退镜,异物防护套在通过贲门时其喇叭形裙边翻转过来正好包住异物,避免异物损伤食管,到达咽部时将患者头稍后仰,顺利取出异物。结果成功应用异物防护套取出上消化道锐性异物12例。结论无痛胃镜下经异物防护套取上消化道锐性异物能避免损伤食管,有效扩张食管及有效包裹住异物减少其滑脱,因此应用异物防护套取锐利异物更安全,值得临床进一步推广。     

特殊人群上消化道异物内镜下取出术的护理配合

目的探讨特殊人群上消化道异物内镜下取出术的护理配合要点。方法回顾性分析69例特殊人群上消化道异物急诊内镜下治疗的术前准备及术中配合要点。结果 69例患者中67例内镜下成功取出,未出现大出血、穿孔等严重并发症;另外1例改用十二指肠侧视镜顺利取出;2例均转外科手术治疗。结论充分的术前准备,熟练的手术护理配合是特殊人群上消化道异物成功取出顺利完成的保障。     

无痛胃镜下取80岁以上高龄老年人食管异物的临床体会

目的总结无痛胃镜下成功取80岁高龄患者食管异物的经验和体会。方法使用合适的器械和方法,根据老年人的年龄、身体状况、有无基础病等情况,充分了解所吞异物的形状和特点、所在上消化道位置、异物的方向、旁边脏器的关系、有无感染等,才能将异物顺利的从食管内取出,达到治疗和解除危机的目的。结果 60例经胃镜检查顺利取出异物57例,3例未能取出的患者转胸外科行手术治疗,内镜取出异物成功率95%,未发现严重并发症,多数患者轻度粘膜损伤或渗血。结论无痛胃镜选择合适的取出器械和方法取高龄患者上消化道异物,方法简单,并发症少,成功率较高,是临床上解决高龄患者食管异物的首选方法。     

无痛胃镜治疗不同年龄段上消化道异物的临床观察

目的对比观察无痛胃镜治疗不同年龄段上消化道异物的效果与优势。方法150例上消化道异物患者划分为5—14岁、15—60岁以及大于60岁年龄段各50例,每个年龄段患者再分为无痛组及普通组各25例。无痛组联合给予瑞芬太尼与异丙酚静脉麻醉后于胃镜直视下用异物钳等各种工具进行治疗;对照组仅于常规胃镜下治疗。记录并对比各年龄段无痛纽与普通组治疗前、中、后的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率、血氧饱和度（SpO2）以及治疗中不良反应发生率、治疗时间及治疗效果。结果治疗中不同年龄段患者无痛组的MAP、心率均低于相应普通组（P〈0．05）,但仍在正常范围内;而治疗后则恢复至与普通组无差异（P〉0．05）;不同年龄段的无痛组治疗时间、不良反应和成功率均优于相应的普通组（P〈0．05）。未发生严重并发症。结论无痛胃镜治疗上消化道异物较普通胃镜治疗时间短、不良反应发生率低,且成功率高,对不同年龄段的患者均具较好疗效。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.