异丙酚吗啡和咪唑安定用于机械通气镇静效果对比研究

目的对比观察异丙酚、吗啡和咪唑安定用于ICU患者机械通气的镇静效果。方法选择急性呼吸衰竭需机械通气12h以上或并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征的ICU患者320例,随机分为3组,其中异丙酚组160例,吗啡组45例,咪唑安定组115例。异丙酚组:先静注异丙酚1.5mg/kg行镇静诱导,然后改用输液泵持续静注异丙酚1~4mg/(kg.h)。吗啡组以0.15mg/(kg.d)计算吗啡量,老年及危重患者酌情减量,超过60mg不再追加量。将吗啡用5%葡萄糖稀释至24m l,用微量泵以1m l/h的速度持续静脉泵入。咪唑安定组:先静脉注射咪唑安定0.06mg/kg行镇静诱导,再以0.05~0.15mg/(kg.h)的剂量用输液泵持续静脉内泵入。结果总镇静时间异丙酚组为(27.2±8.2)h,吗啡组为(23.8±6.7)h咪唑安定组为(26.5±5.5)h;药物起效时间异丙酚组为(29.3±7.6)s,吗啡组为(28.5±6.3)s,咪唑安定组为(65.1±11.3)s,异丙酚组、吗啡组和咪唑安定组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。达到满意镇静深度时间异丙酚组为(25±11)m in,吗啡组为(8±3)m in,咪唑安定组(35±17)m in。停药清醒后再入睡者:异丙酚组为0例,吗啡组为0例,咪唑安定组为3例(P<0.05)。停药后出现恶心者:异丙酚组为4例(2.50%),吗啡组为5例(11.11%),咪唑安定组为20例(17.39%),P<0.05。异丙酚组有6例出现血压下降,4例出现心率减慢。结论异丙酚、吗啡和咪唑安定用于ICU危重患者的镇静都能达到良好的镇静效果,可根据不同需要来选择用药使ICU患者取得满意的镇静效果。     

小剂量瑞芬太尼在胃镜检查中的应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合咪唑安定、异丙酚用于胃镜检查的麻醉效果及其对机体的影响。方法100例患者随机分为A、B2组,A组患者缓慢静脉注射咪唑安定0.02mg/kg,异丙酚1~1.5mg/kg;B组静脉注射咪唑安定0.02mg/kg,异丙酚1~1.5mg/kg,瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg,待患者入睡,睫毛反射消失,即行胃镜检查,观察麻醉效果及患者生命体征变化、苏醒时间、行走时间。结果B组麻醉镇痛好于A组,苏醒时间、行走时间明显较A组短(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼复合咪唑安定、异丙酚用于胃镜检查麻醉镇痛效果好,对生命体征影响小,能充分满足无痛胃镜检查需要。     

小儿阈下氯胺酮与异丙酚合用临床观察(附40例分析)

本文通过临床观察阈下剂量的氯胺酮、异丙酚合用与氯胺酮并用安定作一比较 ,为临床小儿麻醉提供参考。1　资料与方法选择 ASA ～ 级的患儿 40例 ,年龄 2 .5～ 7岁。均选择静脉复合麻醉下行下腹部、会阴、四肢及体表手术 ;随机分为两组 : 组为氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉 , 组为用氯胺酮复合安定麻醉 ;两组患儿的年龄、体重及基本情况类似。2　步骤及结果患儿常规禁饮、禁食 ,无术前用药。入室平卧 5分钟后测HR、 R、 SPO2 为基础值 ,2 0 #穿刺针开放静脉后给予阿托品0 .0 1mg/kg静注。 组 :氯胺酮 2 m g/kg+异丙酚 2 mg/kg诱导 ,维持用氯胺…     

异丙酚与安定-氯胺酮在人流手术的应用比较

方法:30例人工流产患者随机分为两组。异丙酚组14例,药物剂量2.5～3mg/kg,安定-氯胺酮组16例,安定10mg、氯胺酮0.5mg/kg,静脉注入。结果:异丙酚诱导时间与安定-氯胺酮无显著差异,麻醉效果较满意,对呼吸、循环抑制较安定-氯胺酮重,术后恢复迅速,安全,无明显副作用。结论:异丙酚与安定-氯胺酮应用于人工流产手术各有优缺点,但异丙酚高质的术后恢复是其一大优势,更宜使用。     

序贯法测定异丙酚抑制小剂量氯胺酮兴奋循环作用的半数有效剂量

目的：采用序贯法测定异丙酚(丙泊酚)抑制小剂量氯胺酮兴奋循环作用的半数有效剂量(ED50)。方法择期全身麻醉患者21例,按照序贯法给药原则：丙泊酚剂量按等比数列逐级增加,公比为1.2,初始剂量为0.5 mg/kg。根据静脉注射氯胺酮后血压、脉搏变化情况调整丙泊酚的剂量。记录各时间点的血压、脉搏和SpO2数值及镇痛镇静评分(OAA/S),使用加权均数法计算ED50。结果异丙酚抑制小剂量氯胺酮兴奋循环作用的ED50为0.56 mg/kg,95%可信区间为(0.54,0.62)。结论异丙酚可以有效抑制小剂量氯胺酮的交感神经兴奋作用,两药配伍使用血压、脉搏平稳,呼吸抑制轻微。     

异丙酚与安定—氯胺酮在人流手术的应用比较

方法：30例人工流产患随机分为两组,异丙酚组14例,药物剂量2．5－3mg/kg,安定－氯胺酮组16例,安定10mg,氯胺酮0．5mg/kg,静脉注入,结果：异丙酚诱导时间与安定－氯胺酮无显差异,麻醉效果较满意,对呼吸,循环抑制较安定－氯胺酮重,术后恢复迅速,安全,无明显副作用。结论：异丙酚与安定－氯胺酮应用于人工流产手术各有优缺点,但异丙酚高质的术后恢复是其一大优势,更宜使用。     

异丙酚复合芬太尼、小剂量氯胺酮在无痛人流手术中的临床对比观察

目的比较异丙酚复合芬太尼、小剂量氯胺酮,观察无痛人流手术中合理的异丙酚麻醉方法。方法 90例ASAI～Ⅱ级早孕妇女,随机分为二组:芬太尼组,氯胺酮组,异丙酚诱导前,分别静注芬太尼0·75～1ug/kg,氯胺酮0·2～0·4mg/kg,术中连续监测BP,HR,SPO2,记录两组患者异丙酚的首剂量和总剂量,苏醒时间,离院时间及术中术毕不良反应。结果两组首剂量,总剂量无明显差异,芬太尼组苏醒时间稍长于氯胺酮组,两组均在手术后半小时内离院,麻醉效果均满意。结论异丙酚复合芬太尼、小剂量氯胺酮应用于无痛人流手术中均可获得满意的效果,尤以复合小剂量氯胺酮为佳。     

七氟烷吸入喉罩通气加髂腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞用于小儿疝手术

目的 探讨七氟烷吸入或氯胺酮加髂腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞用于小儿疝手术的可行性.方法 选择30例行疝手术的小儿,随机分为两组,每组15例.Ⅰ组吸入七氟烷待患儿入睡后置入喉罩通气道保留自主呼吸,行静脉穿刺,静脉穿刺成功后立即给予阿托品0.01 mg/kg静脉注射,再行髂腹神经阻滞;Ⅱ组肌内注射氯胺酮(4 mg/kg)基础麻醉后行静脉穿刺,静脉穿刺成功后立即给予阿托品针0.01 mg/kg静脉注射,芬太尼2 μg/kg静脉注射,丙泊酚2 mg/kg静脉注射待患儿入睡再行髂腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞.分别记录患儿从清醒到意识消失时间、髂腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞过程中的体动反应、术后清醒时间和其间平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)血氧饱和度(SpO2)变化,以及不良反应发生率.结果 Ⅰ组从清醒到意识消失时间、术后清醒的时间显著短于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);两组髂腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞过程中均无体动反应;Ⅰ组MAP、HR无明显变化,Ⅱ组MAP、HR明显上升(P＜0.05),两组血氧饱和度(SpO2)无明显变化(P＞0.05);Ⅱ组不良反应多于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 七氟烷吸入加髂腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞用于小儿疝手术镇痛完善,血流动力学稳定,苏醒快.     

异丙酚或羟丁酸钠合用氯胺酮用于脑室分流术麻醉的比较

目的:比较异丙酚合用氯胺酮与羟丁酸钠合用氯胺酮在脑室分流术麻醉中的效果。方法:34例患者ASA分级为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,异丙酚组和羟丁酸钠组各17例。分别静脉注射异丙酚2mg/(kg·h)(用微泵维持)和羟丁酸钠50mg/kg。两组均给予静脉注射氯胺酮1mg/kg。观察术中的心率、收缩压、呼吸率和血氧饱和度以及麻醉恢复期的睁眼和清醒时间。结果:两组在10分钟以后收缩压、心率出现差异,经t检验,P<0.05;在呼吸率、血氧饱和度方面无统计学意义;在术毕睁眼和清醒方面有极显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:经比较,两组静脉复合麻醉的临床效果均满意。在稳定循环、术毕睁眼和清醒方面,异丙酚组优于羟丁酸钠组。     

预注小剂量氯胺酮对丙泊酚麻醉效果的影响

目的探讨预注小剂量氯胺酮对异丙酚麻醉效果的影响。方法ASA1～2级、在异丙酚全麻下行胃镜检查的50例患者,随机分成预处理组与对照组（n=25）。预处理组在注射异丙酚前20s内经同一静脉通道静脉注射氯胺酮0．2mg／kg。结果对照组丙泊酚注射痛发生率与术后注射痛记忆率显著均高于预处理组（P〈0．01）。预处理组入睡时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．01）。苏醒时间两组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。与注药前相比,对照组MAP、HR在注异丙酚后1、5min显著性下降（P〈0．05）,且显著性低于预处理组（P〈0．05）。结论预注小剂量（0．2mg／kg）氯胺酮可减少丙泊酚注射痛发生率及其术后记忆率,有利于维持血流动力学稳定,在缩短丙泊酚的入睡时间的同时,对其麻醉苏醒时间无明显影响。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.