HPLC法测定白带丸中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定白带丸中芍药苷的含量.方法:以Hypersil BDS C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱;乙腈-水-冰醋酸(15:90:1.0)为流动相;流速为1.0ml·min-1;检测波长为230nm;柱温为35℃.结果:芍药苷在20.31～162.48μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),其平均回收率为100.6%,RSD为1.0%.结论:该方法是一种灵敏、准确的分析方法,可为白带丸的质量控制提供科学依据.     

HPLC法测定白带丸中芍药苷及盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定白带丸中芍药苷及盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法色谱柱为Wondasil C18Superb(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.3%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,芍药苷的检测波长为230 nm,盐酸小檗碱的检测波长320 nm。结果芍药苷与盐酸小檗碱分别在0.106 29~2.125 8μg·m L-1(r=0.999 9)与0.060 21~1.204 2μg·m L-1(r=0.999 9)浓度范围内呈良好线性关系;平均回收率为98.45%与100.52%。结论本方法可用于白带丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定溃结康微丸中芍药苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立溃结康微丸中芍药苷和黄芩苷的 HPLC 含量测定方法。方法:采用 Kromasil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5.0μm),0.2%磷酸溶液(A)和乙腈(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长:230 nm,柱温为25℃。结果:芍药苷在1.749～17.49μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、黄芩苷在13.33～133.3μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.2%和97.4%,RSD 分别为1.5%和1.9%。结论:本法简便、快速、准确,可用于溃结康微丸中芍药苷和黄芩苷的同时测定。     

HPLC测定芍药丸中芍药苷的含量

目的 建立HPLC测定芍药丸中芍药苷含量的方法.方法 采用色谱柱为:Inertsil ODS-3C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-1%磷酸溶液(35:65);柱温:40 ℃;流速:1.0 ml/min;检测波长为230 nm.结果 芍药苷含量在4.92～49.2 μg/ml,线性关系良好(r=0.999),平均回收率98.64%.结论 该法快速、简便、准确,可用于芍药丸的质量控制.     

RP-HPLC同时测定治胃丸中2种有效成分含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)同时测定治胃丸中橙皮苷、芍药苷含量的方法,并分析其可行性。方法选用Synergi Hydro-RP C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,4μm),以乙腈和0.1%碳酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长230 nm,柱温35℃。结果橙皮苷和芍药苷质量浓度线性范围分别为8.35～83.52μg/ml(r=0.999 1)、1.51～15.1μg/ml(r=0.999 8);该测定方法精密度、稳定性、重复性均符合要求;橙皮苷、芍药苷平均加样回收率分别为99.5%(RSD=2.4%,n=6)、98.3%(RSD=1.9%,n=6),具有较高的准确度;各批号治胃丸中橙皮苷含量5.38～5.82 mg/g,芍药苷含量1.49～1.70 mg/g。结论 RP-HPLC操作简便,专属性强,精密度高,且具有较好的稳定性和重复性,可同时测定治胃丸中橙皮苷、芍药苷的含量,可用于治胃丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定养阴清肺丸中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立测定养阴清肺丸中芍药苷含量的方法,考察不同企业养阴清肺丸中芍药苷含量的差异。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent C18柱,柱温为40℃,流动相为乙腈-磷酸三乙胺溶液(15∶85),流速为0.8mL.min-1,检测波长为230nm,进样量为10μL。结果:芍药苷进样量在0.094 57～1.4186μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 2);平均加样回收率为91.72%,RSD=2.7%(n=6)。结论:该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于养阴清肺丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定少腹逐瘀丸中芍药苷的含量

目的 建立HPLC法测定少腹逐瘀丸中芍药苷的含量.方法 色谱柱:Agilent HC C18;乙腈-0.1％磷酸溶液(14∶86)为流动相;检测波长为230nm;柱温为35℃.结果 芍药苷在0.06732～1.3464μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999;平均回收率(n=6)为103.9％,RSD=1.2％.结论 本法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为少腹逐瘀丸的质控方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定妇炎康丸中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定妇炎康丸中芍药苷的含量。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm;以甲醇-异丙醇-冰醋酸-水(24∶3∶3∶70)为流动相;检测波长为230 nm;流速1.0 mL.min-1;进样量10μL。结果:芍药苷在21～103μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.5%(RSD=0.54%)。结论:该法简便、准确,可用于妇炎康丸中芍药苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定软肝缩脾丸中芍药苷和丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立同时测定软肝缩脾丸中芍药苷和丹酚酸B含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Wondasil C_(18),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为230 nm(芍药苷)、286 nm(丹酚酸B),柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:芍药苷和丹酚酸B检测质量浓度线性范围分别为9.79~195.80μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、11.45~229.00μg/mL(r=0.999 9);定量限分别为0.018 1、0.014 4μg,检测限分别为0.005 4、0.004 3μg;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为98.67%~102.22%(RSD=1.26%,n=9)、99.72%~103.28%(RSD=1.05%,n=9)。结论:该方法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于软肝缩脾丸中芍药苷和丹酚酸B含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法同时测定八珍益母丸中芍药苷和甘草酸铵的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定八珍益母丸中芍药苷、甘草酸铵的方法。方法:Agilent-ODS C₁₈色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相:乙腈-0.08%磷酸梯度洗脱;流速1ml·min^-1;检测波长分别为230nm和237nm;柱温35℃。结果:芍药苷进样量在0.034～0.344μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 2,平均回收率为98.83%（RSD=1.56%）;甘草酸铵在0.027～0.266μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均回收率为98.20%（RSD=1.49%）。结论:本法便于操作,结果准确,适用于八珍益母丸中芍药苷、甘草酸铵的同时测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.