病毒IgM抗体及细胞学检测对病毒性脑炎的诊断价值

目的探讨病毒性脑炎的脑脊液和血清病毒IgM抗体检测对病毒性脑炎的诊断特异性和应用价值。方法78例于2007年4月～2008年6月就诊于我院,诊断为病毒性脑炎(46例)、脑膜炎(32例)的患者,于入院10d内对血和脑脊液病毒IgM抗体检测。结果78例患者血清中共检测出病毒抗体阳性48例,阳性率61.5%。以COXB和EBV为主要病原。78例患者中有52例进行了脑脊液抗体检测,阳性9例,阳性率17.3%。以HSV和EBV为主要病原。78例患者中有39例行镜下细胞学分类,淋巴细胞为主32例、单核细胞为主1例、中性粒细胞为主6例。结论用ELISA法检测病毒特异性IgM抗体是早期确定病毒性脑炎病原的较理想方法,CSF细胞学检查快速、简便,是诊断CNS病毒感染的重要指标之一。     

病毒性脑炎早期诊断及病原学探讨(附175例报道)

目的探讨病毒性脑炎的早期诊断方法及病原学诊断的临床价值。方法对我院2005年临床诊断病毒性脑炎的175份病例就其临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对部分患者的脑脊液标本应用ELISA方法检测脑脊液中单纯疱疹病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒,柯萨奇B组病毒的IgM。结果脑电图检查160例,异常136例(85.00%);头CT检查90例,异常15例(16.67%);头MRI检查65例,异常42例(64.62%);脑脊液细胞学检测175例,异常166例(94.86%);血清特异性病毒抗体IgM检测74例,阳性26例,其中单纯疱疹病毒IgM阳性的13例,柯萨奇B组病毒IgM阳性的6例,呼吸道合胞病毒IgM阳性4例,巨细胞病毒IgM阳性3例;脑脊液特异性病毒抗体IgM检测70例,结果均为阴性。结论脑脊液细胞学在病毒性脑炎早期诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要的价值,病原学诊断是病毒性脑炎诊断研究的发展方向,但其方法学有待于进一步完善。     

三种疱疹病毒性脑炎及一般脑炎的脑脊液细胞学表现

目的:比较三种常见疱疹病毒性脑炎的脑脊液细胞学表现,为临床鉴别诊断提供依据。方法:利用病毒抗体特异性指数对临床诊断的病毒性脑炎进行病原学诊断,获得三种较为常见的病毒性脑炎类型-单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎、EB病毒性脑炎、巨细胞病毒性脑炎;设立非病毒性脑炎组为对照组。对单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎、EB病毒性脑炎、巨细胞病毒性脑炎的脑脊液细胞学进行动态观察,分析比较脑脊液细胞学表现的差异;并且把脑炎组与对照组的脑脊液细胞学的异常类型进行比较。结果:单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎患者的脑脊液细胞学最为突出的特点是脑脊液中出现较多的红细胞,和红细胞吞噬细胞;EB病毒性脑炎和巨细胞病毒性脑炎患者脑脊液细胞学符合一般病毒性脑炎脑脊液细胞学特点:即典型脑脊液细胞学图象-淋巴样细胞反应。脑炎组与对照组脑脊液细胞学异常类型有明显差异。结论:单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎脑脊液中出现红细胞是一个特征性的现象;脑脊液细胞学在病毒性脑炎的鉴别诊断中有重要意义。     

结核性脑膜脑炎脑脊液细胞学动态分析及其诊断价值

目的探讨脑脊液细胞学特点在结核性脑膜脑炎临床诊断中的价值。方法运用玻片细胞沉淀（粟秀初教授研制）细胞学方法,对72例结核性脑膜脑炎患者的脑脊液细胞学分类特点进行动态观察与分析,以评估治疗效果。结果结核性脑膜脑炎患者脑脊液白细胞总数升高。早期嗜中性粒细胞增高,随后呈混合型细胞反应,随着病情的好转,嗜中性粒细胞逐渐消失,以淋巴、单核细胞为主。结论脑脊液细胞学检查操作简便,结果确切,有一定特异性,对结核性脑膜脑炎的临床诊断具有辅助价值。     

脑脊液MMP-9 IGF-Ⅱ水平检测在颅内感染鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨血清和脑脊液中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF-Ⅱ)在化脓性脑膜脑炎和病毒性脑炎鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取入院24h内92例明确诊断中枢神经系统感染患者,其中化脓性脑膜脑炎(化脑组)18例,病毒性脑炎(病脑组)74例和20例非中枢神经系统感染者(对照组)的脑脊液,应用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血清及脑脊液(CSF)中MMP-9及IGF-Ⅱ浓度。结果血清及CSF中MMP-9含量比较:化脓性脑膜脑炎和病毒性脑炎组均较对照组显著升高(P0.05),化脓性脑膜脑炎组明显高于病毒性脑炎组(P0.05)。血清及CSF中IGF2Ⅱ含量比较,化脓性脑膜脑炎组CSF中IGF2Ⅱ含量高于病毒性脑炎组及对照组(P0.01),血清IGF2Ⅱ含量化脓性脑膜脑炎组低于病毒性脑炎组及对照组(P0.01),病毒性脑炎组与对照组比较差异无显著性。结论联合测定血清及脑脊液MMP-9及IGF-Ⅱ含量的变化,有助于颅内感染早期鉴别诊断。     

中枢神经系统感染脑脊液细胞形态学检测的价值

目的探讨脑脊液细胞形态学检测在中枢神经系统感染性疾病中的价值。方法对2013-08—2016-08我院收治的280例符合中枢神经系统感染疾病诊断标准的送检标本进行回顾性分析。实施脑脊液细胞学检查,测量不同疾病脑脊液各类有核细胞的细胞直径、面积等,并对细胞大小特征变化等进行分析。结果本组280份标本中,根据形态特征分类,63份为化脓性脑膜炎,主要表现为均匀一致的中性粒细胞反应;186份为病毒性脑膜炎,主要表现为淋巴细胞反应,也可见中性粒细胞;31份为结核性脑膜炎,主要表现为淋巴样细胞、单核吞噬细胞,偶尔有中性粒细胞。3组脑病白细胞数、未激活单核细胞、未激活淋巴细胞、激活单核细胞、激活淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜中性粒细胞差异有统计学意义(均P0.05),但3组脑病嗜酸性粒细胞差异无统计学意义(P0.05);结核性脑膜炎组中性粒细胞面积大于病毒性脑膜炎组、化脓性脑膜炎组(P0.05),且病毒性脑膜炎组大于化脓性脑膜炎组(P0.05);结核性脑膜炎组淋巴细胞面积大于病毒性脑膜炎组(P0.05);化脓性脑膜炎组、结核性脑膜炎组淋巴细胞直径大于病毒性脑膜炎组(P0.05),且结核性脑膜炎组大于化脓性脑膜炎组(P0.05);在单核细胞面积与直径方面,结核性脑膜炎组、病毒性脑膜炎组均大于化脓性脑膜炎组(P0.05)。结论脑脊液细胞形态学特征改变可作为诊断中枢神经系统感染性疾病的重要指标。     

37例培养阳性结核性脑膜脑炎脑脊液细胞学动态分析

目的探讨脑脊液结核分枝杆菌培养阳性结核性脑膜炎脑脊液细胞学特点。方法运用玻片细胞沉淀(粟秀初教授研制)细胞学方法,对37例使用Bactec MGIT 960培养阳性结核性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液细胞学分类特点进行动态观察与分析。结果结核性脑膜脑炎患者脑脊液白细胞总数升高,但有4例患者脑脊液白细胞数小于50×106/L。多数确诊结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液呈混合型细胞反应,有33例(89.2%)患者脑脊液中检测到中性粒细胞,25例(67.6%)患者脑脊液中检测到浆细胞。但多数患者脑脊液(60%)以淋巴细胞为主,少量(1/3)以中性粒细胞为主。且几乎所有患者脑脊液内均可以检测到浆细胞的存在。结论确诊结核性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液白细胞数明显增高,脑脊液细胞分类主要表现为淋巴细胞为主型,少部分为中性粒细胞为主型。     

玻片离心沉淀法脑脊液细胞学检查在中枢神经系统感染性疾病诊断中的应用价值

采用微型脑脊液细胞玻片离心沉淀仪和脑脊液细胞学检查方法,对经临床明确诊断为中枢神经系统感染性疾病的15940例患者的检查结果进行分析,提示该项检查方法对化脓性、病毒性、结核性、真菌性和寄生虫性等中枢神经系统感染性脑炎、脑膜炎和脑膜脑炎具有较好的病因诊断价值;并对急性感染性中毒性脑病、脑膜癌病,肿瘤性、白血病性和出血性等中枢神经系统非感染性脑膜脑炎和脑病具有较好的鉴别诊断价值;而对中枢神经系统感染性脑膜脑炎等疾病的病情监测和预后评价具有良好的临床应用价值。     

儿童结核性脑膜炎脑脊液细胞学变化

研究背景结核性脑膜炎是严重威胁生命健康的中枢神经系统感染性疾病,由于临床表现多样化尤其是婴幼儿症状多不典型,故疾病早期容易误诊,并导致较高的病残率和病死率。目前脑脊液细胞学检查对中枢神经系统感染性疾病的病因学诊断仍具有重要价值,本文通过观察结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液细胞学变化,进一步深入了解其表现及演变特点,以提高对其早期识别能力及对诊断治疗效果的判断。方法采集新鲜脑脊液以细胞玻片离心法制片,经迈格姬染色进行形态学分类。结果所有入组病例脑脊液细胞学均有异常。其中结核性脑膜炎组患儿脑脊液白细胞计数平均(310.19±156.26)×106/L,高于化脓性脑膜炎组(P=0.000);淋巴细胞比例为(66.56±14.08)%,低于病毒性脑膜炎组(P=0.037),但高于化脓性脑膜炎组(P=0.000)。与化脓性脑膜炎组比较,结核性脑膜炎组和病毒性脑膜炎组单核细胞(P=0.000,0.020)和浆细胞(P=0.001,0.004)比例升高,而且结核性脑膜炎组浆细胞阳性检出率显著升高(P=0.001)。结论儿童结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液细胞学演变特点为:早期以淋巴细胞比例占优势,随病程进展出现程度不同的混合细胞反应,治疗有效者中性粒细胞比例下降较快,逐渐转化为淋巴细胞反应,伴有单核细胞和浆细胞,并持续较长时间;无效者则长期呈混合细胞反应。脑脊液细胞学演变特点对儿童结核性脑膜炎的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要临床意义。     

结核性脑膜炎和病毒性脑炎患者的血脑屏障破坏与脑脊液蛋白质指数变化

目的：分析结核性脑膜炎和病毒性脑炎患者血脑屏障破坏与脑脊液白蛋白指数变化的关系及中枢神经系统免疫状况,为临床治疗提供指导。方法结核组31例,27例病毒性脑炎患者为病毒组,同时选取性别、年龄无显著性差异、排除中枢神经系统感染的患者22例为对照组,采用免疫比浊法检测3组患者血清和脑脊液白蛋白及Ig A、Ig M、Ig G等免疫球蛋白水平,观察3组指标的变化情况。结果结核组脑脊液白蛋白水平及脑脊液白蛋白指数高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结核组和病毒组血脑屏障损伤程度均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,结核组IgA、IgG、IgM指数均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论结核性脑膜炎患者血脑屏障损害较病毒性脑炎患者严重,且中枢免疫反应强于病毒性脑炎患者。     

磁共振成像及脑脊液细胞学对病毒性脑(膜)炎的诊断性研究

目的探讨MRI和脑脊液细胞学检测阳性率、异常程度和发病时间对病毒性脑(膜)炎诊断和制定治疗方案的指导价值。方法回顾189例病毒性脑(膜)炎患者的头部MRI及脑脊液检查资料,分析MRI正常或异常患者在疾病早期的脑脊液细胞学改变。结果 189例患者中96例(50.79%)呈现MRI异常影像、129例(68.25%)脑脊液细胞学检测异常。MRI异常患者中脑脊液细胞学检测异常率为72.92%(70/96),与MRI正常患者(63.44%,59/93)比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论病毒性脑(膜)炎患者在疾病早期MRI改变晚于脑脊液细胞学改变,但二者对提示诊断和制定治疗方案均具有重要临床意义。     

磁共振成像及脑脊液细胞学对病毒性脑（膜）炎的诊断性研究

目的探讨MRI和脑脊液细胞学检测阳性率、异常程度和发病时间对病毒性脑（膜）炎诊断和制定治疗方案的指导价值。方法回顾189例病毒性脑（膜）炎患者的头部MRI及脑脊液检查资料,分析MRI正常或异常患者在疾病早期的脑脊液细胞学改变。结果189例患者中96例（50．79％）呈现MRI异常影像、129例（68．25％）脑脊液细胞学检测异常。MRI异常患者中脑脊液细胞学检测异常率为72．92％（70／96）,与MRI正常患者（63．44％,59／93）比较差异具有统计学意义（P=0．000）。结论病毒性脑（膜）炎患者在疾病早期MRI改变晚于脑脊液细胞学改变,但二者对提示诊断和制定治疗方案均具有重要临床意义。     

结核性脑膜炎和疱疹病毒脑膜脑炎脑脊液细胞学检查的特点分析

目的观察分析结核性脑膜炎(TBM)和疱疹病毒脑膜脑炎(HVME)的脑脊液细胞学特点。方法对经下一代基因测序技术确诊的28例TBM和27例HVME患者进行脑脊液细胞学检查及动态观察。结果 TBM组脑脊液嗜中性粒细胞比例显著高于HVME组(P 0. 01),而小淋巴细胞比例低于HVME组(P 0. 01)。HVME组有6例(22. 22%)患者查见红细胞和/或含铁血黄素吞噬细胞,有2例查见细胞内包涵体,而TBM组则均未查见。脑脊液细胞学动态观察发现,TBM组白细胞计数和嗜中性粒细胞比例下降的速度、小淋巴细胞比例上升的速度均较HVME组缓慢,且呈波动性。结论TBM和HVME的脑脊液细胞反应类型不同,TBM表现为混合型细胞反应,HVME则以淋巴细胞反应为主。HVME并发出血的机率显著高于TBM,而且常见细胞内包涵体。动态观察结果表明脑脊液细胞学检查可做为病情观察、疗效判定和预后评估的客观指标,具有十分重要的临床意义。     

Viral antibodies in the CSF after acute CNS infections.

Viral antibodies were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 25 patients having acute viral central nervous system (CNS) infections, and from 39 control patients. The results, collected two weeks after the clinical onset, revealed the presence of antibodies in nine of 13 (69%) CSF specimens from patients suffering from encephalitis of myelitis, and in only one of nine (11%) of the CSF samples of those presenting a viral meningitis infection. This difference was statistically significant and suggests that the titration of viral antibodies in the CSF can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of viral CNS infection. Our data also suggest that localized production of antibodies occurs during the course of acute CNS infections, and that the respiratory syncytial virus can be associated with CNS infections in man.     

Differentiation of the humoral immune response in herpes simplex encephalitis

Six patients with herpes simplex encephalitis were investigated. Antibody activities against different viral antigens were determined in serum and cerebrospinal fluid with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after adjusting both fluids to identical immunoglobulin G concentrations. In serum, the strength of the antiviral reaction remained low and no qualitative changes became detectable. In cerebrospinal fluid, at first locally synthesized antibodies were directed against the same antigens as in serum. Ten days later, the intrathecal reaction increased with additional antibodies against at least two antigens. Once established, this expanded heterogeneity remained stable during the course of the disease.     

Viral IgM antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis and controls

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 28 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 14 with other neurological diseases (OND) and 31 control subjects with tension headache were analysed for presence of IgM antibodies against measles, mumps and varicellae zoster by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This technique excluded false positive reaction due to possible presence of rheumatoid factor. Twelve of the 28 patients with MS had IgM antibodies in serum and 4 in CSF, the latter always being accompanied by presence of corresponding IgM antibodies in serum. Six patients had mumps specific IgM, 5 had measles specific IgM and 3 varicellae specific IgM. In 2 patients, viral IgM antibodies were demonstrated in serum against 2 different viruses. Among the 14 OND patients, one with Wilson's disease had demonstrable serum IgM varicellae antibodies and one with radicultis had elevated serum and CSF measles and varicellae IgM antibodies. Among 31 controls, 2 had IgM antibodies in serum, one against varicellae and one against mumps. No correlations were found between viral IgM antibodies and CSF IgM index, serum IgM levels or blood-brain barrier state. Our data show that MS may be accompanied by a systemic IgM response against the 3 viruses tested, occasionally against 2 of the 3 different viruses simultaneously. The occurrence in MS of virus-specific IgM may be a reflection of viral reactivation and/or polyclonal B cell activation.     

Viral antibody activity of oligodonal and polyclonal immunoglobulins synthesized within the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis

Thin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAG IEF), a very high capacity method for separating immunoglobulins (Ig), was performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. It was followed by antigen immunofixation with measles, mumps, herpes simplex (HSV), and rubella virus antigens and anti-human Ig autoradiography in order to demonstrate viral antibodies in separated Ig zones. Two of 11 control patients and 21 of 25 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) displayed one or more zones of viral antibodies in the CSF without any counterpart, or with distinctly fainter zones, in the serum. Such reaction patterns were taken to indicate the possibility of intrathecal antibody synthesis. Antibody synthesis to measles was found in one to five zones in 76% of the patients with MS; antibody zones were found to HSV in 36% of the patients, to mumps in 12%, and to rubella in 12%. In 36% of the patients, two or three different antibody specificities (of which one was always measles) were found simultaneously in individual autoradiogram zones. For all viral antibodies detected in the CSF autoradiograms, their counterparts in oligoclonal or polyclonal IgG zones (or both) were demonstrable by PAG IEF of the corresponding CSF. The majority of patients with MS also had one or more oligoclonal CSF IgG zones without known antibody specificity. Antigen immunofixation and autoradiography are mainly qualitative. It is not known whether the viral antibodies present in oligoclonal or polyclonal IgG zones in MS CSF reflect a polyclonal B cell activation, a disease-specific immune reaction, or both.     

Viral and bacterial antibody responses in multiple sclerosis

An imprint electroimmunofixation method (IEIF) was used to characterize antibodies to eight viral antigens (measles, mumps, rubella, herpes simplex type 1, varicella-zoster, vaccinia, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus) and four bacterial antigens (β-hemolytic streptococcus, Hemophilus influenzae type B, Escherichia coli, enterococcus) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 12 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Twelve patients matched for age and sex served as controls. Evidence for intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal antibodies to one or more antigens was found in all 12 MS patients and in 1 of the controls. In the MS group, antibodies to viruses with neurotropic properties were more frequently associated with local synthesis than antibodies to other viruses and bacteria. The types and number of locally synthesized antibodies showed no correlation with disease duration and severity. The antibodies were not associated with oligoclonal CSF IgG and appear to account for only a minor fraction of the locally synthesized CSF IgG in MS.     

儿童病毒性脑炎急性期脑脊液细胞学分析及其诊断价值

目的探索儿童病毒性脑炎急性期的脑脊液细胞学(CSFC)特点及临床意义。方法对63例病毒性脑炎急性期患儿的CSFC进行分析。采用微型脑脊液细胞玻片离心法收集细胞,MGG染色。结果52.38%患儿脑脊液常规白细胞数增高,而CSFC异常为90.48%,且以淋巴细胞为主的淋巴细胞反应为多见(49.21%)。结论与脑脊液常规相比,CSFC检查对病毒性脑炎的早期诊断有重要的参考价值。