述情障碍者的情绪启动效应特征

目的：分析述情障碍者的情绪启动效应特征，探讨述情障碍者是否存在情绪自动加工的缺陷。方法：采用多伦多述情障碍20个条目量表在大学生中筛选出述情障碍者和非述情障碍者各23人，要求受试完成阈下和阈上两种情绪启动任务，比较两组受试在对目标图片作出判断的正确率和平均反应时的差异。结果：在阈下和阈上启动任务中的正确率，情绪启动状态的主效应均显著（F=14．38，P=0．000，F=3．28，P=0．042），启动和控制状态的反应正确率均高于非启动状态（阈上：启动状态97．3％／非启动状态96．1％，阈下：启动状态96．8％，控制状态96．8％，非启动状态94．7％），而启动状态的平均反应时则均短于非启动状态（阈下：启动，537．2ms；控制，550．8ms；非启动598．4ms）；受试对负性图片的反应正确率显著高于正性图片（如阈下：96．9％／95．3％，阈上：97．6％／95．8％），对负性图片平均反应时显著短于正性目标图片；在阈下启动任务中，述情障碍组与非述情障碍组在正确率和平均反应时上均无显著性差异；在阈上启动任务中，述情障碍组的平均反应时显著长于非述情障碍组（536．3ms／494．4ms）。结论：在无意识水平，述情障碍者对情绪刺激的自动加工不存在缺陷，而对意识到的情绪刺激的自动加工存在明显缺陷。     

海洛因戒断者的阈上情绪启动加工特点

目的:探讨海洛因戒断者的阈上情绪启动加工特点。方法:在强制隔离戒毒所选取海洛因戒断者29例,社会招募对照组29例,以阈上呈现启动刺激的方式,测量三种一致性条件下的反应时和正确率来评估情绪启动效应,测量三种情绪效价启动时的反应时和正确率来反映启动刺激的影响。结果:戒断组的正确率小于对照组[(72.1±15.9)%vs.(83.7±8.9)%,P0.01];对照组负性启动图片的正确率小于正性启动图片的正确率[(81.9±2.3)%vs.(84.6±2.3)%,P0.01],但是戒断组的正性启动图片与负性启动图片的正确率差异无统计学意义。结论:海洛因戒断者的情绪启动加工能力可能较弱,且存在与一般人不同的启动刺激影响。     

情绪启动与情绪适应对大学生认知加工的影响

目的:探讨情绪启动和情绪适应现象,以及二者对大学生认知加工的影响。方法:随机选取大学生30名,采用2×2被试内设计,两个因素分别为:范式类型(启动、适应),情绪图片效价(积极、消极),以被试的反应偏向作为因变量。结果:在情绪启动条件下,积极图片与消极图片所产生的效应量之间差异显著(F=15.01,P=0.001),消极图片所带来的启动效应大于积极图片。当情绪图片为消极时,情绪启动与情绪适应之间差异显著(F=6.90,P=0.014)。结论:大学生易受负性情绪启动的影响,对负面情感的重视超过了正面情感。     

图片和词语阈下情绪启动效应的比较

目的:观察图片和词语的情绪启动效应是否存在差异。方法:以国际图片系统中的情绪图片和汉语情绪词语为刺激材料,启动正性、负性和中性情绪,大学生为被试,进行颜色Stroop判断和主观情绪的自我评定,采用2(材料类型)×3(情绪类型)的被试间设计。结果:①不同情绪类型的Stroop反应时和错误率差异显著(F=36.216,P=0.000<0.05),情绪自我评定时积极组与中性组之间差异显著,但消极组与中性组之间差异不显著;②不同刺激材料类型的Stroop反应时和错误率及情绪自我评定之间差异均不显著。结论:图片和词语作为情绪刺激材料都可产生情绪启动效应,尤其是积极情绪;词语具有与图片相当效应的情绪启动功能。     

状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向

目的:考察状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向及其内在机制。方法:通过数字减法任务诱发大学生的状态焦虑,采用点探测和线索-靶子任务,分别将情绪词置于线索和靶子位置,比较状态焦虑大学生和正常大学生对靶刺激反应的差异。结果:正常组大学生的状态焦虑量表得分实验前和实验后差异不显著;状态焦虑组大学生实验后的量表得分显著高于实验前(t=-5.595,P0.05)。点探测任务中,词语类型与被试类型交互作用显著(F=4.103,P0.05),状态焦虑大学生对负性词条件下靶刺激的反应时比中性词条件下的更短,而正常大学生在两类词语条件下对靶刺激的反应时差异不显著。线索-靶子任务中,线索类型、词语类型、被试类型三者交互作用显著(F=47.478,P0.05),状态焦虑组大学生在负性有效线索条件下的反应时短于负性无效条件下的反应时,正常组大学生在负性有效条件下的反应时长于负性无效条件。结论:状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词存在注意偏向,表现为其注意一旦被负性信息捕获,就难以从中解除。     

抑郁症患者对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:通过分析抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的行为学特点,探索抑郁症患者对负性情绪信息注意偏向的认知特点。方法:筛选出符合国际精神疾病诊断与分类标准(ICD-10)的抑郁症患者20例(抑郁组),选取在性别、年龄、受教育年限方面与抑郁组相匹配的对照组20例。采用中科院心理研究所编制的中国化面孔情绪图片系统作为刺激材料,选择线索-靶子任务进行研究,比较两组被试在不同线索条件下反应时及正确率的差异。结果:抑郁组的总体平均反应时比对照组总体平均反应时长(t=-5.579,P0.01),对照组无效任务与有效任务反应时差值为正,抑郁组为负。对照组、抑郁组均表现出有效任务正确率高于无效任务(t=8.353,2.994,P0.01),中性图片正确率高于负性图片(t=7.363,4.499;P0.01)。结论:1抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的反应速度较正常人慢,符合抑郁症患者思维迟缓、意志活动减退的症状特点;2正常人对情绪面孔图片表现出线索效应,抑郁症患者则表现出返回抑制,抑郁症患者未表现出显著的负性信息注意偏向。     

创伤模拟情境下情绪启动对注意偏向的影响

目的:探讨情绪启动对创伤个体注意偏向的影响。方法:采用实验室创伤模拟法。在创伤电影范式的基础上,结合情绪启动范式和点探测范式,研究情绪启动对17名大学生被试注意偏向的影响。结果:电影负性、电影中性和一般负性图片启动对注意偏向有抑制作用;在无启动对照条件下,被试对负性面孔仍表现出注意偏向。结论:早期的创伤相关以及负性图片启动对后期的注意偏向有一定抑制作用。研究为厌恶疗法提供了一定的实验支持。     

述情障碍者情绪启动效应的ERPs特征

目的:分析述情障碍者情绪启动中的ERPs特征,探讨述情障碍者情绪自动加工缺陷的神经机制。方法:采用TAS-20中文版筛选出述情障碍者与非述情障碍者进入情绪启动实验。以阈下或阈上方式呈现启动图片,要求受试对目标图片做出正负性的判断,记录受试ERPs数据。结果:在阈上启动任务中,述情障碍组的P2波幅和"启动-非启动"差异波N600波幅均显著小于非述情障碍组的波幅,而阈下启动任务中的P2、P3潜伏期与波幅及N600波幅则均不存在显著组间差异。结论:本研究进一步支持述情障碍者对无意识感知的情绪刺激的自动加工是完整的,而对意识到的情绪刺激的自动加工存在明显的缺陷。     

育龄女性在月经周期三个时相中的情绪Stroop效应

目的:探索正常育龄女性在月经周期不同时相的情绪注意偏向。方法:方便选取某高校育龄女性80名,运用情绪Stroop任务,采用被试内2因素重复测量设计,比较卵泡初期、排卵期和黄体中期对不同情绪效价双字词颜色辨别的正确率和反应时。结果:对情绪词颜色辨别正确率的时相主效应显著,女性在排卵期低于黄体中期(P<0.05)。词语类型和月经时相在情绪词颜色辨别的正确率和反应时上均存在交互作用。对负性词颜色判断的正确率,女性在排卵期低于卵泡初期和黄体中期(均P<0.05);负性词颜色判断的反应时,女性在黄体中期高于卵泡初期和排卵期,差异虽无统计学意义但达边缘显著水平(均P<0.08)。中性词和正性词在3个时相中的成绩差异无统计学意义。结论:女性在黄体中期较其他时相表现出更为明显的情绪Stroop效应,在月经周期的3个时相中对负性情绪注意偏向变化较为明显。     

阈下药物相关线索和负性情绪刺激对海洛因戒断者反应抑制的影响

目的：探讨阈下药物相关线索和负性情绪刺激对海洛因戒断者反应抑制的影响。方法：选取34名男性海洛因戒断者和相匹配的34名健康男性，考察两组被试在阈下药物相关线索、负性刺激和中性刺激条件下的Go任务反应时和NoGo任务虚报率。结果：海洛因戒断组在药物相关图片和负性图片下的Go任务反应时显著低于中性图片，药物相关图片下的反应时显著高于负性图片；对照组在药物相关图片和负性图片下的反应时显著低于中性图片。海洛因戒断组在药物相关图片下的NoGo任务虚报率显著低于负性图片和中性图片；对照组在三种线索图片下的虚报率没有显著差异。结论：阈下药物相关线索促进了海洛因戒断者的反应抑制。     

N170 response to facial expressions is modulated by the affective congruency between the emotional expression and preceding affective picture

Does contextual affective information influence the processing of facial expressions already at the relatively early stages of face processing? We measured event-related brain potentials to happy and sad facial expressions primed by preceding pictures with affectively positive and negative scenes. The face-sensitive N170 response amplitudes showed a clear affective priming effect: N170 amplitudes to happy faces were larger when presented after positive vs. negative primes, whereas the N170 amplitudes to sad faces were larger when presented after negative vs. positive primes. Priming effects were also observed on later brain responses. The results support an early integration in processing of contextual and facial affective information. The results also provide neurophysiological support for theories suggesting that behavioral affective priming effects are based, at least in part, on facilitation of encoding of incoming affective information.     

Emotionally positive stimuli facilitate lexical decisions-an ERP study

The influence of briefly presented positive and negative emotional pictures on lexical decisions on positive, negative and neutral words or pseudowords was investigated. Behavioural reactions were the fastest following all positive stimuli and most accurate for positive words. Stimulus-locked ERPs revealed enhanced early posterior and late parietal attention effects following positive pictures. A small neural affective priming effect was reflected by P3 modulation, indicating more attention allocation to affectively incongruent prime-target pairs. N400 was insensitive to emotion. Response-locked ERPs revealed an early fronto-central negativity from 480 ms before reactions to positive words. It was generated in both fronto-central and extra-striate visual areas, demonstrating a contribution of perceptual and, notably, motor preparation processes. Thus, no behavioural and little neural evidence for congruency-driven affective priming with emotional pictures was found, but positive stimuli generally facilitated lexical decisions, not only enhancing perception, but also acting rapidly on response preparation and by-passing full semantic analysis.     

Affective picture processing: the late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance

Recent studies have shown that the late positive component of the event-related-potential (ERP) is enhanced for emotional pictures, presented in an oddball paradigm, evaluated as distant from an established affective context. In other research, with context-free, random presentation, affectively intense pictures (pleasant and unpleasant) prompted similar enhanced ERP late positivity (compared with the neutral picture response). In an effort to reconcile interpretations of the late positive potential (LPP), ERPs to randomly ordered pictures were assessed, but using the faster presentation rate, brief exposure (1.5 s), and distinct sequences of six pictures, as in studies using an oddball based on evaluative distance. Again, results showed larger LPPs to pleasant and unpleasant pictures, compared with neutral pictures. Furthermore, affective pictures of high arousal elicited larger LPPs than less affectively intense pictures. The data support the view that late positivity to affective pictures is modulated both by their intrinsic motivational significance and the evaluative context of picture presentation.     

Affective modulation of inspiratory motor drive

The present study aimed to explore inspiratory motor drive as measured by inspiratory occlusion pressure (P100) during affective picture viewing. P100 is the decrease in mouth pressure that develops 100 ms after an inspiratory effort against a closed breathing circuit. The P100 is a measure of the "central respiratory drive." Seventy-eight healthy women viewed four pictures series (160 s) varying in content: neutral, positive, threat, or pain. They also rated each picture series on pleasantness and arousal. An occlusion was applied at the onset of inspiration in 33% of the breaths. The threat and the pain picture series were associated with an increased P100 and were rated as most unpleasant and highest in arousal. We conclude that inspiratory motor drive is affectively modulated and is a measure of the respiratory response to threatful stimuli.     

Emotionally negative pictures increase attention to a subsequent auditory stimulus

Emotionally negative stimuli serve as a mechanism of biological preparedness to enhance attention. We hypothesized that emotionally negative stimuli would also serve as motivational priming to increase attention resources for subsequent stimuli. To that end, we tested 11 participants in a dual sensory modality task, wherein emotionally negative pictures were contrasted with emotionally neutral pictures and each picture was followed 600 ms later by a tone in an auditory oddball paradigm. Each trial began with a picture displayed for 200 ms; half of the trials began with an emotionally negative picture and half of the trials began with an emotionally neutral picture; 600 ms following picture presentation, the participants heard either an oddball tone or a standard tone. At the end of each trial (picture followed by tone), the participants categorized, with a button press, the picture and tone combination. As expected, and consistent with previous studies, we found an enhanced visual late positive potential (latency range = 300-700 ms) to the negative picture stimuli. We further found that compared to neutral pictures, negative pictures resulted in early attention and orienting effects to subsequent tones (measured through an enhanced N1 and N2) and sustained attention effects only to the subsequent oddball tones (measured through late processing negativity, latency range = 400-700 ms). Number pad responses to both the picture and tone category showed the shortest response latencies and greatest percentage of correct picture-tone categorization on the negative picture followed by oddball tone trials. Consistent with previous work on natural selective attention, our results support the idea that emotional stimuli can alter attention resource allocation. This finding has broad implications for human attention and performance as it specifically shows the conditions in which an emotionally negative stimulus can result in extended stimulus evaluation.     

Concreteness of positive word contributions to affective priming: An ERP study

Recent behavioral data suggest that the concreteness of positive words modulates subsequent cognitive processing; however, the underlying physiological processes of this influence are not well understood. To explore this process, positive-abstract words or positive-concrete words were used as primes when participants performed a lexical decision task during the measurement of event-related potentials (ERPs). The behavioral data revealed a significant affective priming effect (i.e., incongruent > congruent) only for abstract word pairs. The N400 amplitude was larger for affectively incongruent pairs compared to affectively congruent pairs, independent of the prime concreteness. The amplitude of the late positive component (LPC) was modulated by prime concreteness. The processing of positive-abstract targets was facilitated by previous exposure to a congruent prime, as reflected by the reduced LPC, which has been thought to reflect attentional and memory processes. However, no differences in the LPC amplitude were found between congruent and incongruent-concrete pairs. These findings suggest that the influence of the concreteness of positive words mainly occurs during the decision-making processing and memory-related stages.     

Affective modulation of brain potentials to painful and nonpainful stimuli

In accordance with the emotional priming hypothesis, emotions seem to modulate pain perception and pain tolerance thresholds. To further evaluate this association, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by painful and nonpainful electrical stimuli during processing of positive, neutral, and negative valenced pictures were recorded from 30 healthy volunteers. Valence of pictures affected pain ratings and the N150 elicited by painful stimuli, with lowest amplitudes for positive pictures and highest amplitudes for negative pictures. The P260 elicited by painful and nonpainful stimuli was modulated by arousal with reduced amplitudes with arousing (positive or negative) compared to neutral pictures. N150 amplitudes varying with picture valence seem to reflect an affective modulation of pain perception whereas P260 amplitudes varying with picture arousal rather reflect non-pain-specific attentional processes.     

Understanding the subliminal affective priming effect of facial stimuli: an ERP study

The subliminal affective priming was studied by recording event-related potential (ERP) to ambiguous neutral faces preceded by 20 ms positive or negative prime faces. Behavioral results showed that positive and negative prime faces led to valance-consistent biases in affective judgments of ambiguous neutral faces. ERP data showed that subliminal primes differentially influenced N100, N300 and vertex positive potential (VPP), with larger amplitudes in negative priming trials. These results support the conclusion that the early perceptual analysis of targets, as well as evaluation and selection of targets, is affected by subliminal affective information.