AQP5的结构功能及其调节

水通道是一组参与水分转运的跨膜蛋白 ,其中AQP5位于多种器官细胞膜表面 ,其主要功能是参与水转运 ,参与腺体分泌 ,与气道高反应性有关 ,是肺泡上皮细胞分化的标志之一。AQP5的调节分为长时调节和短时调节 ,其中短时调节又有磷酸化机制和穿梭机制。     

水通道蛋白在鼠肺发育过程中的变化及意义

目的： 探讨水通道蛋白（AQPs）mRNA及蛋白表达在鼠肺发育过程中的变化及意义。方法: 以胎鼠、新生鼠、幼鼠和成年大鼠为研究对象,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和免疫组织化学（SABC）方法分别检测几种主要水通道AQP1、AQP3、AQP4和AQP5 mRNA及蛋白在肺脏的表达和分布;同时测定肺发育过程中一些相关指标,进行对比分析。结果: 大鼠肺发育连续不断,从胎鼠至新生鼠期增长最快,以后增速减慢,为一个动态的过程。肺AQPs mRNA在胎鼠时均开始微量转录,仅出现AQP1蛋白表达,出生后AQPs mRNA及蛋白均快速增加,呈增量表达至成年期。相关性分析显示,AQPs变化与肺发育指标变化存在显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论: AQPs可能参与了大鼠肺发育的诸多重要生理过程。     

肾上腺皮质激素对水通道蛋白表达的调节

肾上腺皮质激素参与水盐代谢的调节,盐皮质激素和糖皮质激素调节上皮细胞水通道蛋白 (Aquaporins,AQPs)的表达。盐皮质激素可使肾脏AQP3表达上调,对肾脏的AQP2表达依据刺激的时间不 同而表达不同,但对AQP1没有影响。糖皮质激素对不同组织器官AQPs的影响不尽相同。肾上腺皮质激素 对AQPs的调节作用在某些水代谢紊乱疾病的诊断与治疗方面可能有着广阔的应用前景。     

水通道蛋白在急性实验染毒大鼠肾脏的表达及意义

目的观察水通道蛋白(AQPs)在正己烷急性染毒SD大鼠肾脏中的变化,结合观察损伤相关细胞因子TNF-α与EGFR的表达特征,初步探讨AQPs在实验染毒大鼠肾脏中的表达及其对自身修复的意义。方法建立SD大鼠正己烷急性染毒模型,取各组SD大鼠的肾脏,用4%多聚甲醛固定,常规石蜡包埋,切片厚度5μm,供HE染色和免疫组化。用免疫组化S-P法,检测AQPs(AQP1、AQP2和AQP4)以及损伤相关细胞因子TNF-α和EGFR在各组SD大鼠肾脏中的表达。结果①各组SD大鼠肾脏微细结构均达到受损要求。②免疫组化检测:AQP1反应位于肾脏近端小管上皮,尤其在顶质膜上呈明显增强;AQP2在集合管上皮表达也呈增强态势;AQP4在集合管基侧膜上却表达逐渐减弱。EGFR在肾脏集合管和远端小管上皮的表达,呈增强态势;TNF-α在集合管和远端小管表达也增强。结论正己烷染毒致SD大鼠肾脏结构明显受损,肾脏中AQPs的免疫组化表达也有明显的改变;正己烷中毒致肾脏中AQPs改变,对肾的尿液浓缩功能造成影响,甚至导致肾功能衰竭;肾脏损伤后,AQPs通过与相关活性因子TNF-α和EGFR等的协调作用,参与自身的修复与再生过程。     

人胎肺发育过程中生存素表达及生物学意义

目的检测生存素(survivin)和caspase-3在人胎肺发育过程的表达特征,探讨两者在胎肺发育中的意义。方法采用16～35周人胎肺组织,用免疫组化SP法检测survivin和caspase-3的表达。结果在胎肺的假腺期和小管期,survivin主要表达于远端支气管上皮,在原始肺泡期,survivin阳性表达于原始肺泡上皮,到35周,近端支气管上皮细胞中出现散在的survivin阳性细胞。caspase-3在支气管上皮的表达,以小管末期最强,主要定位于近端支气管上皮、Ⅱ型肺泡细胞。结论 胎肺发育早期,survivin对支气管树形态构筑过程中上皮细胞的发育与分化具有重要的保护意义,caspase-3参与支气管树的重建。胎肺发育晚期,Survivin和caspase-3协同作用,调控着Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肺泡细胞的成熟和分化。     

人胎肺Ⅱ型肺泡细胞中表面蛋白-B的表达及意义

目的检测肺表面蛋白-B(SP-B)及其调控因子甲状腺转录因子-1(TTF-1)在肺泡Ⅱ型细胞发育过程的表达特征,探讨两者对于人胎肺肺泡Ⅱ型细胞发育、分化和成熟的调控作用。方法取16-35周人胎肺组织,常规石蜡包埋切片,用免疫组化技术检测SP-B和TTF-1的表达特征。结果,TTF-1在胎肺16周开始表达,定位于上皮细胞核内,随支气管树的发育分化,远端位置的反应总是较近端者强。SP-B蛋白于18周开始表达,定位于肺泡Ⅱ型细胞胞浆内,阳性反应细胞于早、中期表达丰富;由呼吸道近端逐渐往远端迁移,且强度不断增强。发育末期至成肺中,TTF-1和SP-B阳性反应均在肺泡Ⅱ型细胞中稳定表达。结论TTF-1参与支气管树形态发生和肺泡的发育成熟,并调控肺泡Ⅱ型细胞中SP-B蛋白的分泌,起稳定肺泡直径的作用。因此,SP-B蛋白的分泌反映肺泡Ⅱ型细胞功能的成熟。     

水通道蛋白5在人胎肺发育中的表达及意义

目的检测水通道蛋白5（AQP5）在胎儿正常肺组织和发育异常肺组织的表达,探讨AQP5对胎肺发育的影响及其在肺液代谢中的作用。方法应用RT-PCR检测AQP5mRNA在各胎肺中的表达以及real-timePCR检测AQP5在正常胎肺和发育异常胎肺中的基因表达差异。结果AQP5mRNA在各孕周胎肺均有表达,发育异常胎肺组织较正常胎肺组织表达量明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05））。结论发育异常胎肺AQP5表达下降,其对胎肺的正常发育和肺液代谢可能有重要影响。     

水通道蛋白-4在大鼠甲状腺中的表达

目的:观察水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)在甲状腺滤泡细胞的表达和分布特点,为研究甲状腺内分泌及调节机制提供形态学基础。方法:利用免疫组织化学、免疫荧光组织化学和原位杂交组织化学技术,检测大鼠AQP4及其mRNA在甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的表达。结果:免疫组织化学和免疫荧光组织化学显示,AQP4在甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞膜上有表达,而在上皮细胞基底面和管腔面表达更为明显;原位杂交组织化学显示AQP4 mRNA在上皮细胞中表达明显。结论:AQP4在甲状腺的表达和分布特点,提示其参与了甲状腺素的合成和分泌过程中渗透压的精细调节作用。     

地塞米松对水通道蛋白1、4、5在大鼠变应性鼻炎鼻黏膜中表达的影响及意义

目的:确定水通道蛋白(AQPs)在大鼠变应性鼻炎时鼻黏膜上的表达及分布,并观察地塞米松对AQPs表达的影响,探讨AQPs与变应性鼻炎时水液分泌的关系.方法:健康SD大鼠随机分成空白组、假处理组、模型组、干预组,组织化学方法观察各组组织形态学特征,免疫组织化学方法(SP法)检测各组AQPs的表达并进行比较.结果:AQP1在血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞中表达较强;AQP4表达于上皮细胞和上皮内腺上皮细胞及部分上皮下的腺上皮细胞;AQP5在上皮下部分腺上皮细胞成簇表达.经地塞米松处理后,AQP1、4、5的表达均有明显变化,仅AQP4在干预组间的表达并无明显改变.结论:AQP1、4、5在大鼠鼻黏膜上有不重叠表达;地塞米松能调节AQPs在鼻黏膜上的表达.     

Ⅱ型肺泡细胞发育中相关活性物质的表达及其调控意义

目的：检测人胎肺成纤维生长因子受体(FGFR)、骨形成蛋白-4(BMP-4)、rasp-21蛋白、甲状腺转录因子-1(TTF-1)和肺表面蛋白-B(SP-B)在Ⅱ型肺泡细胞发育过程中的表达特征，探讨它们在调节Ⅱ型肺泡细胞发育和分化过程中的生物活性作用，以及相互之间的调控意义。方法：16-35周人胎肺组织，共15例。     

Screening of aquaporin 7 and aquaporin 8 expression in 35 organs using semi-quantified RT-PCR methods

Screening of aquaporin 7 and aquaporin 8 expression in 35 organs usingsemi-quantified RT-PCR methods     

Aquaporins in the digestive system

Fluid transfer such as secretion and absorption is one of the major functions of the digestive system. Aquaporins are water channel proteins providing water transfer across the cellular membrane. At least six aquaporin isoforms are expressed in the digestive system. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is widely distributed in endothelial cells of capillaries and small vessels as well as in the central lacteals in the small intestine. AQP1 is also present in the duct system in the pancreas, liver, and bile duct. AQP3 is mainly expressed in the epithelia of the upper digestive tract from the oral cavity to the stomach and of the lower digestive tract from the distal colon to the anus. AQP4 is present in the parietal cells of the stomach and in the intestinal epithelia. AQP5 is expressed in acinar cells of the salivary, pyloric, and duodenal glands. AQP8 is expressed in the intestinal epithelia, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and intestinal goblet cells. Aquaporins have important roles in the digestive system, such as AQP5 in saliva secretion, as shown by the studies on AQP5-null mice. In addition, water transfer across the digestive epithelia seems to occur not only via aquaporins but also via other transporter or channel systems.     

Adult T-cell leukemia with generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

An autopsy case of adult T-cell leukemia with generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is reported. Tumor cells had T-cell characteristics (E-rosette) and cerebriform nucleus similar to Sèzary cells. Generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and an ectopic pancreas in the ileum were found at the time of autopsy. Histologically, leukemic infiltration was observed in almost every organ, and perivascular infiltration, vascular invasion were conspicuous findings. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies were observed in most organs (lungs, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, ectopic pancreas, sweat gland, stomach, thyroid gland, pituitary body, etc.). An acute hepatitis, probably caused by cytomegalovirus, was also noted. Presumed correlation of adult T-cell leukemia, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma was discussed.     

ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA WITH GENERALIZED CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION DISEASE AND PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA

An autopsy case of adult T-cell luekemia with generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is reported. Tumor cells had T-cell characteristics (E-rosette) and cerebriform nucleus similar to Sèzary cells. Generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and an ectopic pancreas in the ileum were found at the time of autopsy. Histologically, leukemic infitration was observed in almost every organ, and perivascular infiltration, vascular invasion were conspicuous findings. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies were observed in most organs(lungs, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, ectopic pancreas, sweat gland, stomach, thyroid gland, pituitary body, etc.). An acute hepatitis, probably caused by cytomegalovirus, was also noted. Presumed correlation of adult T-cell leukemia, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma was discussed.     

Characteristics of aquaporin 1, 3, and 5 expression during early murine salivary gland development

Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential to coordinate the transit of water and ions through the cell membrane. In salivary glands (SGs), AQPs have been associated with saliva formation, facilitating water absorption through the epithelium during the formation of hypotonic saliva, which is then secreted into the oral cavity. Different members of the AQP family have been suggested to play distinct roles during embryonic development, highlighted by their specific expression patterns. Here, we have investigated the expression patterns of AQP-1, AQP-3 and AQP-5 by immunofluorescence at key stages of salivary gland development, utilising cultured mouse embryonic submandibular (SMG) and sublingual (SLG) glands. The expression of AQPs was compared to a mitotic marker, phospho-histone 3 (PH3), a myoepithelial marker, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and a vascular marker, CD31. Qualitative analysis revealed that AQP-1 and AQP-3 were primarily expressed during the earlier phases of SG morphogenesis and were associated with cells undergoing mitotic processes (PH3-positive). AQP-5, in contrast, was not associated to mitotic figures, but was predominantly expressed during late stages of SG morphogenesis. Our results highlight that AQPs are expressed from early stages of SG morphogenesis and exhibit complimentary expression patterns that may contribute to the morphogenesis of salivary glands.     

Alcoholic hyalin and interstitial filaments as markers of alcoholic damage of internal organs

Biopsies of the liver, stomach, pancreas, small salivary glands, lung of patients with chronic alcoholism were studied morphologically including ultrastructural analysis. The formation of fibrillar alcoholic hyalin in hepatocytes is the most characteristic ultrastructural feature of the liver alcoholic damage. Accumulation of intermediate filaments in the epithelial cells of the stomach, pancreas, small salivary glands, stomach macrophages is a characteristic sign of the alcoholic damage to these organs. This disturbance of the structural organization of the cytoskeleton seems to reflect secretory insufficiency of the epithelium and failure of macrophagal function.     

Immunolocalization of the water channel, aquaporin-5 (AQP5), in the rat digestive system

Aquaporin-5 (AQP5), an isoform of membrane water channel aquaporins, is expressed in the salivary and lacrimal glands. We surveyed the expression and immunohistochemical localization of AQP5 in the rat digestive system. RT-PCR analysis revealed that AQP5 is expressed in the submandibular gland, tongue, gastric corpus, pyloric region, duodenum, and liver. Immunofluorescence microscopy using AQP5-specific antibodies showed that AQP5 protein is present in the minor salivary glands of the tongue, the pyloric glands, and duodenal glands. To distinguish apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, double-immunofluorescence staining for AQP5 and tight junction protein occludin was performed. In the minor salivary gland, AQP5 was present in both the serous and mixed secretory end portions. AQP5 was found in the apical membrane of the secretory cells including intercellular secretory canaliculi demarcated with occludin. At higher magnifications, omega-shaped indentations of AQP5 labeling were seen along the apical membrane, suggesting a dynamic process for the apical membrane in exocytosis. Only weak labeling for AQP5 was detected in the basolateral domain. In the stomach, AQP5 was detected in the apical membrane of the pyloric gland secretory cells. In the duodenum, AQP5 was restricted to duodenal glands, where it was localized to the apical membrane. AQP5 was not detected in the intestinal glands or cells in the villi. These observations show that AQP5 is localized mainly in the apical membrane, including intercellular secretory canaliculi of secretory cells in the minor salivary glands, pyloric glands, and duodenal glands. AQP5 appears to play an important role in water transfer in these glands.     

Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas in a human fetus

Postmortem examination of a 26 week old (postmenstrual) human fetus delivered by Cesarean section revealed meconium ileus and many swollen mucus-secreting cells in the gastro-intestinal mucosa. The pancreas showed extensive fibrosis, acinar destruction and dilatation of ducts containing eosinophilic casts. Mucous glands of the lungs also revealed mucous cells swollen and distended with their secretory products. The patient is believed to have cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, suggesting that the pathologic manifestations of the disease may begin early in fetal life.     

CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS IN A HUMAN FETUS

Postmortem examination of a 26 week old (postmenstrual) human fetus delivered by Cesarean section revealed meconium ileus and many swollen mucus-secreting cells in the gastro-intestinal mucosa. The pancreas showed extensive fibrosis, acinar destruction and dilatation of ducts containing eosinophilic casts. Mucous glands of the lungs also revealed mucous cells swollen and distended with their secretary products. The patient is believed to have cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, suggesting that the pathologic manifestations of the disease may begin early in fetal life.