琥珀酸去甲文拉法辛缓释片在Beagle犬体内的药动学和生物等效性

目的建立HPLC-MS/MS法测定Beagle犬血浆中去甲文拉法辛的质量浓度,研究Beagle犬经口给予琥珀酸去甲文拉法辛缓释片后的药动学特征和生物等效性。方法 24只Beagle犬双周期、自身交叉、单次/多次(连续给药7 d)经口给予琥珀酸去甲文拉法辛缓释片,采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定给药后不同时间点血浆中去甲文拉法辛的经时血药质量浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果单次经口给予受试与参比制剂后去甲文拉法辛的主要药动学参数分别为ρmax(28.1±5.7)和(26.9±7.7)μg·L-1;tmax(1.3±0.6)和(1.6±1.0)h;t1/2(3.4±1.0)和(3.3±1.0)h;AUC0→t(147.8±58.2)和(144.6±67.4)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞(159.8±59.2)和(159.1±67.1)μg·h·L-1;相对生物利用度为(106.2±19.7)%。多次经口给予受试与参比制剂7 d后的主要药动学参数分别为ρmax(34.0±14.4)和(33.2±16.7)μg·L-1;tmax(1.6±0.8)和(1.6±0.7)h;t1/2(3.2±1.1)和(3.5±1.3)h;AUC0→t(172.4±94.8)和(162.5±78.1)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞(178.8±98.8)和(168.8±77.1)μg·h·L-1;相对生物利用度为(107.2±39.2)%。结论单次和多次给药后,受试制剂的药动学参数ρmax和AUC对数转换后比值的90%置信区间均在参比制剂的生物等效性标准范围内,2种制剂在Beagle犬体内生物等效。     

尼莫地平缓释片在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究尼莫地平(抗缺血性脑损伤药)缓释片的相对生物利用度,并评价其生物等效性.方法 采用随机交叉试验设计,20名中国健康男性志愿者分别单次和多次口服尼莫地平缓释片受试制剂与参比制剂,用液相色谱一串联质谱法测定血浆中尼莫地平的血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度.结果 单次口服2种尼莫地平缓释片,受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(2.63±0.71),(2.88±0.79)h;Cmax分别为(13.18±5.21),(13.05±5.11)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(3.15±0.79),(3.34 ±1.10)h;MRT0-1分别为(5.58±0.93),(5.78 ±1.06)h;MRT0-∞分别为(5.93±0.89),(6.24 ±1.14)h;AUC0-t分别为(73.84±28.09),(76.85±30.09)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞.分别为(75.24±28.18),(78.58±30.08)μg·h·L-1;F为(97.70±12.10)%.连续多次口服2种尼莫地平缓释片,给药第3 d血药浓度达稳态后,受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(2.43±0.37),(2.40±0.38)h;C-max分别为(17.51±4.22),(16.52 ±4.16)μg·L-1;C-min分别为(3.58±1.92),(2.96 ±1.67)±μg·L-1;Cav分别为(7.29±1.97),(7.23±2.15)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.10±1.42),(3.78±1.09)h;MRT0-t分别为(5.63 ±0.82),(5.71±0.92)h;MRT0-t分别为(6.65 ±1.47),(6.37±o.96)h;AUCss 分别为(87.44±23.69),(86.74±25.75)μg·h·L-1;DF分别为(1.99±0.72),(1.96±0.68);F为(102.20±10.70)%.结论 受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产盐酸丁螺环酮片的人体相对生物利用度

目的:研究盐酸丁螺环酮片的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(15mg)受试制剂和参比制剂,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果:受试及参比制剂的主要药动学参数Tmax分别为(0.87±0.18)h与(0.81±0.09)h,Cmax分别为(25.2±8.0)μg.L-1与(25.1±7.9)μg.L-1,AUC0?t分别为(52.7±17.9)μg.h.L-1与(51.9±17.2)μg.h.L-1,AUC0?∞分别为(55.1±18.2)μg.h.L-1与(54.9±17.0)μg.h.L-1,T1/2分别为(2.8±0.5)h与(2.8±0.4)h。两种制剂主要药动学参数比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(102.7±5.9)%。结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口替莫唑胺胶囊在Beagle犬体内的生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产与进口替莫唑胺胶囊在Beagle犬体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法:6只Beagle犬随机交叉单剂量口服进口替莫唑胺胶囊(参比制剂)和国产替莫唑胺胶囊(受试制剂),采用HPLC法测定犬血浆中替莫唑胺的浓度,Bapp 3.0软件计算其主要药动学数据,并进行两种制剂的等效性评价。结果:参比制剂与受试制剂的Cmax分别为(11.35±1.35)和(11.70±2.77)μg·m L-1;Tmax分别为(0.97±0.56)和(1.08±0.49)h;t1/2β分别为(1.44±0.37)和(1.43±0.24)h;AUC0~t分别为(27.34±2.30)和(28.34±7.47)μg·h·m L-1,AUC0~∞分别为(29.85±4.49)和(30.85±8.46)μg·h·m L-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.1±36.1)%。结论:本实验结果表明,两种替莫唑胺胶囊在Beagle犬体内具有生物等效性。     

双氯芬酸钠缓释片的人体生物等效性考察

目的研究双氯芬酸钠缓释片在健康人体内的药物动力学及其相对生物利用度。方法20名健康男性受试者随机分为2组,根据交叉试验设计方案,单次给予和多次给予两种双氯芬酸钠缓释制剂,采用HPLC法测定其血药浓度,并计算药物动力学参数。结果口服单次给药的药物动力学参数计算结果显示,血浆中受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t分别为(2 103.0±651.7)和(2 264.5±731.9)μg.h.L-1,以AUC0-t计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(95.4±21.8)%。口服多次给药的药物动力学参数计算结果显示,血浆中受试制剂和参比制剂的AUCss分别为(2 922.5±398.6)和(2 843.6±429.4)μg.h.L-1,受试制剂的DF/τ为参比制剂的(102.8±18.0)%,以AUCss计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.5±10.3)%。结论统计学分析结果表明受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产酒石酸唑吡坦的生物利用度和生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产酒石酸唑吡坦在中国健康受试者体内的生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定18例健康受试者单剂量口服受试制剂或参比制剂10 mg后血浆中唑吡坦的浓度,采用BAPP2.0生物统计软件对2种制剂的Cmax,Tmax和AUC0-t进行统计分析.结果:酒石酸唑吡坦受试制剂与参比制剂的实测Tmax均为(0.9±0.3)h,实测Cmax分别为(173.94±57.49)和(173.74±47.99)μg·L-1, 梯形法计算AUC0-t分别为(543.19±252.06)和(551.01±254.65)μg·h·L-1,t1/2Ke分别为(2.22±0.61)和(2.12±0.40)h.2种制剂的主要药动学参数经统计分析差异无显著性.酒石酸唑吡坦受试片剂的相对生物利用度为(99.9±20.7)%.结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

氧氟沙星缓释片单次、多次给药人体药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的：研究氧氟沙星缓释片单次、多次给药的人体药代动力学特征,并与氧氟沙星片比较其缓释特征与生物等效性。方法：单次给药20例健康成年男性受试者随机分组,自身双周期交叉对照,单次口服药物400mg;多次给药18例健康成年男性受试者随机分组,自身双周期交叉对照,多次口服药物（参比制剂400mg／2次／d×5d,受试制剂400mg／次／d×5d）。通过反相HPLC法测定血浆氧氟沙星浓度,采用非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,并进行统计分析。结果：单次给药参比制剂与受试制剂的Cmax分别为（5382±1558）、（3419±1034）μg／L;Tmax分别为（1．7±0．6）、（4．2±1．8）h;t1／2分别为（8．2±1．0）、（7．6±1．8）h;MRT分别为（8．6±0．9）、（10．3±1．4）h;AUC分别为（33764±5297）、（31280±4412）／zg·L-1·h;AUC分另别为（34643±5356）、（32642±4257）Frel为（97．9±12．4）％。方差分析显示,MRT各参数受试制剂与参比制剂差异具有统计学意义;各参数受试制剂与参比制剂差异无统计学意义。等效性检验显示,受试制剂与参比制剂90％可信限。为89．0％～97．0％;AUC为91．4％～97．8％。多次给药参比制剂与受试制剂的Cmax分别为（3732±1502）、（3564±982）μg／L;Cmax分别为（750±193）、（438±89）分别为（1．5i0．5）、（3．7±1．7）h;AUCss分别为（32689±4786）、（33591±7929）分别为（1362±199）、（1405±337）μg／L;DF分别为（216．1±76．5）、（221．5i33．9）％;F刊为（102．9±22．5）％。方差分析显示,AUCss、DF受试制剂与参比制剂差异均无统计学意义。等效性检验显示,909／6可信限Cmax为80．8％～114．6％;AUCss为89．3％～111．9％;为89．5％～112．4％;DF为93。7％～122．4％。结论：受试制剂氧氟沙星缓释片相对于参比制剂氧氟沙星片,单次给药具有缓释动力学特征及吸收程度生物等效,多次给药达稳态时具有生物等效性。     

马来酸依那普利口腔崩解片健康人体生物等效性研究

目的研究马来酸依那普利口腔崩解片与普通片在健康人体的生物等效性.方法20例健康志愿者采用双周期交叉实验,分别给予马来酸依那普利口腔崩解片(受试制剂)和片剂(参比制剂)各20mg, LC-MS/MS法测定健康受试者血清中依那普利及其代谢产物依那普利拉浓度,DAS2.0统计软件计算主要药动学参数.结果受试制剂和参比制剂中依那普利的主要药动学参数分别为t1/2(0.731±0.124)和(0.706±0.159)h,Cmax(170.3±44.7)和(180.0±37.2)μg·L-1,Tmax(0.863±0.309)和(0.850±0.297)h,AUC0～48h(269.5±67.2)和(268.7±67.6)μg·h·L-1.受试制剂和参比制剂中依那普利拉的主要药动学参数为t1/2(8.247±2.349)和(8.225±3.377)h,Cmax(73.8±20.8)和(79.1±21.5)μg·L-1,Tmax(3.450±0.686)和(3.400±0.754)h,AUC0～48h(605.6±124.7)和(640.6±146.0)μg·h·L-1.以依那普利和依那普利拉计算的人体相对生物利用度分别为(103.8±32.0)%和(96.5±17.9)%.结论2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产替米沙坦片健康人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价国产和进口替米沙坦片剂在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定18名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80 mg后血浆替米沙坦浓度.用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价.结果:两种替米沙坦片的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数为:Cmax分别为(931.0±367.7)μg·L-1和(894.2±421.7)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(1.0±0.6)h和(1.4±0.8)h;T1/2β分别为(28.1±14.1)h和(27.0±10.8)h;AUC0-t分别为(4 085±2 313)μg·L-1·h和(3 920±2 199)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(4 751±2 742)μg·L-1·h和(4 352±2 569)μg·L-1·h.国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度F0-t为(97.5±15.6)%,F0-∞为(96.5±15.8)%.结论:方差分析和双单侧t检验证明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.