葛根黄豆苷元对沙土鼠脑缺血及再灌注损伤的神经保护作用(英文)

目的研究葛根黄豆苷元（DZ）对沙土鼠脑缺血及缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法采用结扎沙土鼠左侧及两侧颈总动脉分别制备脑缺血及缺血再灌注损伤模型,术前20 min腹腔注射DZ(35、70 mg·kg^-1),双盲法记录沙土鼠脑缺血1、3、6h后卒中指数;组织学方法检查神经元的病理学损伤;脑缺血24 h及缺血10 min再灌24 h后,利用干燥称重法及原子吸收分光光度法测定脑内水、钙、钠离子的含量。结果与溶媒组相比,DZ能明显降低沙土鼠卒中指数,缓解缺血性脑神经元的损伤（P<0.05）。缺血24 h后,DZ治疗组沙土鼠脑组织内水、钙、钠含量明显低于溶媒组（P<0.05）。缺血10min再灌24 h后,与溶媒组相比,DZ也明显降低缺血再灌注沙土鼠脑组织中水、钙、钠的含量（P<0.05和P<0.01）。结论 DZ能改善沙土鼠脑缺血及缺血再灌注性脑损伤,其机制可能是减少钙、钠、水在脑细胞内的蓄积。     

银杏叶提取物对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 :研究银杏叶提取物对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法 :采用夹闭沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉 10min或 2 0min再灌注 5d或 1d ,造成沙土鼠前脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。 95只动物分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、银杏叶提取物 (GbE) 50mg·kg 1组及GbE10 0mg·kg 1组。于缺血前 2d和再灌注期间ig给药 ,观察GbE对脑组织钙、钠、水含量和脂质过氧化物的影响 ,以及对海马CA1区神经元迟发性死亡的保护作用。结果 :GbE能降低沙土鼠缺血再灌注后大脑皮层含水量 ,减轻钙、钠积累 ,且具有剂量效应相关性 ;GbE10 0mg·kg 1能降低缺血再灌注 1d内动物的死亡数及脑组织丙二醛含量 ,增加脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元密度。结论 :GbE对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

比较粉防已碱和尼卡地平对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

比较粉防已碱和尼卡地平对沙土鼠脑血再灌注损伤的影响。方法：沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎１０ｍｉｎ后再灌注５ｍｉｎ，造成脑缺血灌注损伤，观察Ｔｅｔ和Ｎｉｃ对沙土鼠脑电图，脑组织钙，水和脂质过氧化物含量以及脑组织超微结构的影响。结果Ｔｅｔ（１５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，ｉｖ）和Ｎｉｃ（０．２５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，ｉｖ）促进脑缺血再灌注沙土鼠ＥＥＧ幅度的恢复     

氢溴酸樟柳碱对抗大鼠急性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的作用机制研究

目的探讨氢溴酸樟柳碱对抗大鼠急性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的作用机制。方法体内实验采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)致脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型,氢溴酸樟柳碱尾静脉注射进行干预。HE染色评价脑组织一般病理学情况;尼氏染色评价脑组织健存神经元情况;检测脑组织匀浆过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;采用Western blot技术检测脑组织Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3、p-Akt等蛋白的表达。体外实验采用PC12细胞氧糖剥夺再灌注损伤模型(OGD-R),采用Western blot技术检测细胞内Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3、p-Akt等蛋白的表达情况,对氢溴酸樟柳碱作用的信号通路进行确认。结果氢溴酸樟柳碱0.15 mg·kg~(-1)能明显降低MCAO模型大鼠一般病理学评分,提高存活神经元数目;氢溴酸樟柳碱0.3、0.15 mg·kg~(-1)能明显提高脑组织CAT活性,氢溴酸樟柳碱0.3 mg·kg~(-1)能明显降低LPO含量;氢溴酸樟柳碱1.2mg·kg~(-1)明显降低LDH活性;各剂量组均能明显降低促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达,提高Bcl-2/Bax比值,促进p-Akt表达,明显提高p-Akt/Akt比值,除氢溴酸樟柳碱0.15 mg·kg~(-1)剂量外,其余剂量均能明显提高抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达。体外实验结果显示,氢溴酸樟柳碱在25~100μmol·L~(-1)时能明显提高Bcl-2蛋白的表达,提高Bcl-2/Bax比值,在50μmol·L~(-1)剂量下能明显提高p-Akt/Akt的比值。结论氢溴酸樟柳碱对抗急性脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠的作用机制与抗氧化损伤及提高p-Akt的表达有关。     

褪黑素对脑缺血再灌注后脑内抗氧化酶及MDA的影响

目的　研究褪黑素 (melatonin ,MT)对脑缺血再灌注沙土鼠脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPx)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛 (MDA)含量的影响 ,探讨MT的脑保护作用机制。方法　采用沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎法制作前脑缺血再灌注损伤的模型 ,缺血前 30min腹腔注射MT ,测定脑缺血再灌注 1h沙土鼠大脑皮层和纹状体GPx、SOD活性及MDA含量。结果　脑缺血再灌注后大脑皮层和纹状体GPx、SOD活性降低 ,MDA含量升高 ;MT预处理能部分反转这种变化。结论　MT对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用 ,其机制可能与保护GPx、SOD活性 ,减少脂质过氧化有关     

七叶皂苷钠对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤ET和CGRP的影响

目的：观察七叶皂苷钠对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注模型脑组织匀浆中内皮素（ ET）和降钙素基因相关肽（ CGRP）含量的影响。方法：采用结扎双侧颈总动脉缺血10 min再灌注2 h,建立沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注模型。七叶皂苷钠（10,20,40 mg·kg-1）术前3 d开始腹腔注射给药,qd,术后1 h给药1次。再灌注2 h后,放射免疫法测定脑组织ET和CGRP含量。结果：七叶皂苷钠各剂量组可降低脑组织ET水平至28.69~37.03 ng·L-1,与模型组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05或0.01）,对脑组织CGRP水平则无明显影响（P〉0.05）。结论：七叶皂苷钠可能通过降低脑组织ET水平,实现对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。     

银杏叶及合用丹参酮Ⅱ A对沙土鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的初步研究

目的 观察银杏叶提取物及合用丹参酮ⅡA对沙土鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法 采用结扎双侧颈总动脉10min再灌注24h，建立沙土鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。考察再灌注24h后银杏叶提取物对沙土鼠死亡率、神经症状评分、脑指数、脑组织含水量、脑组织SOD活性和MDA含量及脑组织病理变化的影响。结果 银杏叶提取物48mg／kg、丹参酮ⅡA25mg／kg均能显著减少全脑缺血再灌注损伤沙土鼠死亡率，显著改善其神经症状评分，降低脑组织含水量，提高脑组织SOD活性，降低MDA含量，并减轻脑皮层及海马CA1区细胞损伤，两药合用对上述指标改善更为显著。结论 银杏叶提取物、丹参酮ⅡA可通过改善模型沙土鼠脑水肿．减轻脑组织氧自由基损害，保护大脑皮层和海马神经元免遭损伤，抑制海马椎体细胞迟发性坏死等途径，发挥其预防性治疗作用，两药组合的最佳配比研究值得深入开展。     

羟丁酸钠对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究

目的　研究缺血前后羟丁酸钠 (sodiumgamma hy droxybutyrate,γ OH)对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　采用沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎法制作全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,观察γ OH对脑缺血再灌注沙土鼠大脑皮层、海马和纹状体ATP酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性及丙二醛 (MDA)含量的影响。结果　缺血前给γ OH能保护脑缺血再灌注沙土鼠脑组织ATP酶和SOD的活性 ,降低MDA含量 ,缺血后给药仍有一定疗效。结论　γ OH对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用 ,其机制与保护脑组织ATP酶和SOD活性 ,清除氧自由基 ,减少脂质过氧化有关。     

山莨菪碱对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用与抗脂质过氧化(英文)

目的:研究山莨菪碱对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用与抗脂质过氧化的关系.方法:在麻醉大鼠心肌缺血15 min再灌注10 min模型上,于再灌注前1 min iv山莨菪碱(Ani) 1,3,5 mg·kg~(-1).结果:减少心肌CK的释放和MDA含量的升高,保持SOD活性,并完全阻止再灌注心肌膜中油酸,亚油酸和花生四烯酸的减少.SOD 75 U·kg~(-1)的作用与Ani 3 mg·kg~(-1)相当.结论:Ani的抗脂质过氧化可能是其保护再灌注心肌的机制.     

芍药苷对脑缺血再灌注模型沙土鼠脑组织炎症反应因子的影响

目的:研究芍药苷对脑缺血再灌注模型沙土鼠脑组织炎症反应因子的影响。方法:50只沙土鼠随机均分为假手术(等容生理氯化钠溶液)组、模型(等容生理氯化钠溶液)组与芍药苷高、中、低剂量(20、10、5 mg/kg)组,腹腔注射给药,每天1次,连续3d。末次给药30 min,采用结扎双侧颈总动脉缺血10 min后再灌注6 h以复制沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注模型。观察沙土鼠再灌注6 h内的神经症状,统计卒中指数;免疫组化法检测沙土鼠大脑海马组织核转录因子(NF)-κB、细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)-1的表达;酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测沙土鼠脑匀浆中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β含量。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组沙土鼠卒中指数升高,海马组织NF-κB、ICAM-1表达增强,脑匀浆中TNF-α、IL-1β含量增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,芍药苷高、中、低剂量组沙土鼠卒中指数降低,海马组织NF-κB、ICAM-1表达减弱,脑匀浆中TNF-α、IL-1β含量减少,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:芍药苷预处理对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的神经保护作用,该作用可能与其下调脑组织中炎症因子表达、减轻脑组织炎症反应等有关。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.