双绒毛膜及单绒毛膜双胎与妊娠期并发症及围生儿结局分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠绒毛膜性对孕妇妊娠期并发症及围生儿预后的影响及意义。方法:对我院定期随诊并分娩的472例双胎临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据绒毛膜性分为单绒毛膜双羊膜囊组(MCDA组)和双绒毛膜双羊膜囊组(DCDA组),对两组孕妇的分娩孕周、并发症以及围生儿预后等进行比较分析。结果:两组孕产妇妊娠并发症的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MCDA组低出生体重儿、极低出生体重儿、新生儿窒息及围生儿死亡的发生率均明显高于DCDA组,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),MCDA组中双胎输血综合征发生率为7.32%。结论:绒毛膜性对孕妇妊娠并发症的发生无明显影响,而双胎孕妇于孕早期行B超检查诊断单绒毛膜或双绒毛膜对预测围生儿预后具有重要意义。尽早确定双胎类型,加强对单绒毛膜双胎的监护及干预,是改善胎儿和新生儿预后的关键。     

超声在双胎输血综合征中的应用

双胎输血综合征是双胎妊娠的一个主要并发症,主要发生于单卵单绒毛膜双胎妊娠,围产儿死亡率极高.现代治疗技术的应用明显减少了双胎死亡率和脑瘫等严重并发症的发生率.早期正确诊断同时进行预后评估有助于选择适当的治疗策略,改善围产儿结局.超声技术作为一种非侵入性的诊疗途径已成为双胎输血综合征诊断、早期筛查、预后评估和指导治疗的主要手段.     

双胎输血综合征的诊断和治疗进展

双胎输血综合征(TTTS)是双胎妊娠的一种严重的并发症,有较高的围产儿死亡率和新生儿神经发育异常率.其病因主要是遗传基因的异常.主要死因是早产.早期诊断,恰当分级,合理评估并选择适宜的治疗方式能延长妊娠周,改善围产儿预后.选择性胎儿镜下激光凝固吻合血管是有较好发展前景的治疗方法.     

肾上腺糖皮质激素对双胎围产儿预后的影响

目的 探讨肾上腺糖皮质激素对双胎妊娠围产儿的作用。方法 56例双胎妊娠孕妇根据是否应用糖皮质激素分成两组,实验组:18例,于分娩前1周到24小时之间曾应用糖皮质激素;对照组:38例,在该时间内未应用糖皮质激素。比较两组围产儿预后间的差别。结果 在分娩孕周≤34周时,实验组的新生儿呼吸窘迫症的发病率和围产儿死亡率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);在孕周>34周时,无一例发生新生儿呼吸窘迫症,围产儿死亡率在实验组反而高于对照组(P<0.05);新生儿窒息的发生率在两组之间无明显的差别。结论 双胎妊娠可能在34周或以前分娩者,肾上腺糖皮质激素可降低新生儿呼吸窘迫症的发生率和围产儿死亡率;在34周以后分娩者,肾上腺糖皮质激素对改善围产儿预后无效。     

双胎之一胎儿宫内死亡51例临床分析

目的:探讨双胎之一胎儿宫内死亡(sIUFD)的原因、临床处理及母婴预后.方法:回顾性分析2009～2012年在南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院住院分娩的51例sIUFD孕妇(sIUFD组)的临床资料,同时随机抽取同期51例双胎均存活者作为对照组进行病例对照分析.结果:①sIUFD组胎儿畸形、胎儿生长受限(FGR)、双胎输血综合征(TTTs)、脐带扭转、单脐动脉发生率、辅助生殖技术(ART)受孕率均明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病和妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②sIUFD组发现一胎儿死亡平均孕周为28.7±6.4周,期待孕周中位数为3.1周,四分位数间距为13.1周.单绒毛膜双胎终止妊娠平均孕周为34.6±2.2周,双绒毛膜双胎为35.9±1.9周.③两组新生儿窒息发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均无围生儿死亡.sIUFD组随访47例,存活儿生长发育均正常,失访4例.结论:胎儿畸形、FGR、TTTS、脐带扭转和单脐动脉是sIUFD的主要原因,母体合并症及并发症与sIUFD的关系不明显,ART对sIUFD的影响有待进一步研究.单绒毛膜双胎期待治疗至妊娠34周、双绒毛膜双胎期待治疗至37周后,以改善新生儿预后.     

超声在双胎输血综合征中的应用

双胎输血综合征是双胎妊娠的一个主要并发症，主要发生于单卵单绒毛膜双胎妊娠，围产儿死亡率极高。现代治疗技术的应用明显减少了双胎死亡率和脑瘫等严重并发症的发生率。早期正确诊断同时进行预后评估有助于选择适当的治疗策略，改善围产儿结局。超声技术作为一种非侵入性的诊疗途径已成为双胎输血综合征诊断、早期筛查、预后评估和指导治疗的主要手段。     

双胎妊娠致梗阻性难产的预防

双胎妊娠时孕妇并发症较多，围生儿死亡率和新生儿窒息发生率较高，其中10％～30％的双胎妊娠可能经阴道分娩，而梗阻性难产是双胎妊娠阴道分娩时必须考虑的困难，阴道分娩时及时识别难产并进行正确处理，对降低围生儿死亡率有重要意义。     

双胎输血综合征患者的围产结局分析

目的 探讨双胎输血综合征患者的围产结局分析.方法 选择2002年11月1日-2005年9月30日在北京妇产医院住院分娩的双胎妊娠孕妇352例,其中合并双胎输血综合征(TTTS)的24例患者及其双胎儿为TTTS组,不合并TTTS的328例患者及其双胎儿为对照组,比较两组围产结局;比较对照组中单卵双胎与TTTS组的母儿预后差异;比较TTTS组中供血儿和受血儿的预后差异;探讨TTTS分级对围产结局的影响;按照2004年Bajoria提出的诊断标准进行TTTS的诊断和分级.结果 (1)TTTS发生率:TTTS的发生率为6.8%(24/352).(2)合并症及并发症:TTTS组羊水过多[37.5%(9/24)]、妊娠期高血压疾病[20.8%(5/24)]和早产[66.7%(16/24)]的发生率明显高于对照组[分别为2.1%(7/328)、7.0%(23/328)、36.3%(119/328)],两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)围产儿结局:TTTS组围产儿胎死宫内[18.8%(6/32)]、新生儿窒息[73.1%(19/26)]、转入新生儿ICU[88.5%(23/26)]、新生儿死亡[15.4%(4/26)]和围产儿死亡的发生率[31.3%(10/32)]也明显高于对照组[分别为1.1%(7/640)、3.0%(19/632)、23.4%(148/632)、1.7%(11/632)、2.8%(18/632)],两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.01).(4)与对照组中单卵双胎患者的合并症及并发症比较:TTTS组妊娠期高血压疾病和早产的发生率明显高于对照组中单卵双胎[分别为9.9%(14/142)和49.3%(70/142)],两者比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(5)与对照组中单卵双胎围产儿结局比较:TTTS组围产儿胎死宫内、新生儿窒息、转入新生儿ICU、新生儿死亡和围产儿死亡率均明显高于对照组中单卵双胎[分别为0.7%(2/282)、3.9%(11/280)、29.3%(82/280)、2.1%(6/280)、3.2%(8/282)],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(6)TTTS分级对围产结局的影响:TTTS Ⅰ～Ⅲ级者的围产结局优于Ⅳ～Ⅴ级者,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 双胎妊娠合并TTTS患者的围产结局不良,应及早诊治.     

双胎输血综合征的诊断和治疗进展

双胎输血综合征(TTIS)是双胎妊娠的一种严重的并发症，有较高的围产儿死亡率和新生儿神经发育异常率。其病因主要是遗传基因的异常。主要死因是早产。早期诊断，恰当分级，合理评估并选择适宜的治疗方式能延长妊娠周，改善围产儿预后。选择性胎儿镜下激光凝固吻合血管是有较好发展前景的治疗方法。     

双胎输血综合征诊断处理和妊娠结局

目的 探讨双胎输血综合征的临床诊断、处理及妊娠结局。方法 回顾性分析十五年间18例双胎输血综合征（TTTS组）和620例非双胎输血综合征双胎（非TTTS组）的临床资料，比较两组的妊娠并发症、妊娠合并症和妊娠结局。结果 （1）双胎输血综合征占双胎妊娠总数的2．8％，占单绒毛膜双胎的8．1％；（2）明确分期14例，引产10例，要求保留胎儿7例（Ⅱ期1例、Ⅲ期5例、Ⅳ期1例）；3例经腹羊水减量，其中2例转为Ⅴ期后引产，1例胎儿镜下激光凝固胎盘血管交通支，获两活婴；（3）TTTS组辅助生育受孕明显低于非TTTS组（11．1％比40．0％，P〈0．05），胎盘早剥发生率明显高于非TTTS组（22．2％比1．3％，P〈0．05）；（4）TTTS组终止妊娠孕周、胎儿平均出生体重显著低于非TTTS组（P〈0．01）。TTTS组胎儿死亡、畸形和窒息的发生率分别为41．7％、16．7％和33．3％，显著高于非TTTS组的6．4％、1．9％和7．0％（P〈0．01）。结论 （1）双胎输血综合征严重影响胎儿预后；（2）明确双胎输血综合征的分期有助于临床处理和评估预后；（3）胎儿镜下激光凝固胎盘血管交通支术治疗双胎输血综合征有较好的应用前景。     

Twin pregnancy

Recent advances regarding twin pregnancies have focused on several problems, including the detection and definition of risk in relation to chorionicity, the management of a pregnancy with a single anomalous fetus, the prediction of prognosis and the management of twin-twin transfusion syndrome, and the detection of preterm labor. These questions will be considered in this review.     

Twin pregnancy

Twins account for 2–3% of all births. They carry significant risks to both mothers and babies. These risks include preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, and pre-eclampsia. In addition, monochorionic gestations confer an even higher rate of perinatal morbidity and mortality arising from a shared placenta due to placental anastomoses, which may lead to twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) or twin anaemia-polycythaemia sequence (TAPS). It is essential that chorionicity is established in the first trimester in order to initiate the appropriate antenatal management and surveillance. In view of the high risk of both maternal and fetal complications, twin pregnancies are ideally managed in a dedicated clinic according to agreed protocols with both obstetric and midwifery input.     

Twin delivery

The incidence of twin pregnancy has increased worldwide over the past 10 years largely as a consequence of the assisted reproductive technologies. Issues such as intrapartum monitoring and operative interventions, especially with regard to the second twin, provide a unique challenge in labour and delivery. Epidemiological data suggest that the term twin has a threefold higher mortality rate than the singleton. It is the authors' view that many aspects of twin delivery deserve as much import as those features of twin gestations such as pre-term birth and intrauterine growth restriction that, to date, have received much of the research and clinical interest in this area.Indications for elective Caesarean section are presented, incorporating new data derived from the delivery of the term singleton breech, and implications on the timing thereof are discussed.Vaginal delivery of both twins presenting by the vertex is recommended as safe as long as guidelines for the conduct of such delivery are followed. The recommended time interval between twins as well as the use of epidural, fetal monitoring and ultrasound in the delivery room are discussed.The second twin presenting as a non-vertex presents an urgent dilemma for accoucheurs. Data suggest that internal version and breech extractions are safer than external cephalic version provided that the appropriate techniques are applied. It is revealed, however, that the use of elective Caesarean section in this group of babies has not been subject to randomized controlled studies of sufficient power to determine the best method of delivery of the second twin - particularly in the low-birth-weight baby.     

Twin pregnancy

Twins account for 2–3% of all births. They carry significant risks to both mothers and babies. These risks include preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. In addition, monochorionic gestations confer an even higher rate of perinatal morbidity and mortality arising from a shared placenta due to placental anastamoses, which may lead to twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). It is essential that chorionicity is established in the first trimester in order to initiate the appropriate antenatal management and surveillance. In view of the high risk of both maternal and fetal complications, twin pregnancies are ideally managed in a dedicated clinic according to agreed protocols.     

Twin pregnancy

Twins account for 2–3% of all births. They carry significant risks to both mothers and babies. These risks include preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. In addition, monochorionic gestations confer an even higher rate of perinatal morbidity and mortality arising from a shared placenta due to placental anastomoses, which may lead to twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). It is essential that chorionicity is established in the first trimester in order to initiate the appropriate antenatal management and surveillance. In view of the high risk of both maternal and fetal complications, twin pregnancies are ideally managed in a dedicated clinic according to agreed protocols.     

Twin Transfusion Syndrome

Twin transfusion syndrome (TTS) is a rare, yet frequently fatal, complication of twin gestations. Recently published data demonstrate a reduction in the perinatal mortality rate associated with TTS from nearly 100% to 20-40%. This article explains the pathophysiology of TTS, newly described treatments, complications, and specific aspects of nursing care for patients with this complication of multiple gestation.