神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用

目的探讨神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用。方法对30例脑室系统病变,包括12例实质性肿瘤、10例梗阻性脑积水、8例囊性病变患者用神经导航制定手术计划,术中导航引导内镜,按投射轨迹、靶点进行穿刺、活检或肿瘤切除。结果全部病例均能顺利、准确进行手术操作。2例囊性肿瘤和3例实质性肿瘤全切除,8例实质性肿瘤行活检和第三脑室底造瘘,6例囊性病变行造瘘和囊壁部分切除,1例实质性肿瘤行透明隔造瘘和肿瘤部分切除,10例脑积水行第三脑室底造瘘,未出现并发症。结论神经导航辅助的内镜技术最大限度的减少了对脑组织的创伤,明显提高了神经内镜手术的安全性和准确性。     

神经内镜下手术治疗脑室内胆脂瘤

目的探讨神经内镜下手术治疗脑室内胆脂瘤的手术技巧和疗效。方法回顾性分析7例神经内镜下手术治疗的脑室内胆脂瘤患者的临床资料。肿瘤主体分别位于侧脑室5例、三脑室2例,合并脑积水5例。结果 7例患者的脑室内胆脂瘤均得到瘤体全切。其中包膜全切2例,包膜部分切除5例;4例患者行三脑室底造瘘术,2例患者行透明隔造瘘术。合并脑积水患者术后脑积水明显改善,无明显手术并发症。平均随访23.4个月,无复发及脑积水加重病例。结论神经内镜下手术治疗脑室内胆脂瘤是一种创伤小、全切率高、安全性高的有效方法,尤其适合合并脑积水的患者;术中同时行三脑室底造瘘或透明隔造瘘可有效缓解脑积水。     

神经内镜治疗第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水四例报道及文献回顾

目的 探讨第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水经神经内镜治疗的方法和手术技巧.方法 分析北京世纪坛医院神经外科收治的4例第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水患者(前侧部肿瘤2例,底部肿瘤1例,后部肿瘤1例)的临床资料、影像学表现,结合相关文献总结手术经验与技巧.结果 4例患者中3例采用单纯神经内镜手术,1例采用神经内镜辅助显微镜下手术.术后患者临床症状明显改善,无严重并发症及死亡病例.随访3～18月,患者复查头部MRI显示肿瘤无复发,脑积水均有不同程度改善.结论 神经内镜导航下可直达肿瘤所在位置,又可减少不必要的损伤,切除肿瘤同时可解除梗阻性脑积水,重建脑脊液循环,是一种治疗第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水安全有效的手术方法.     

神经内镜治疗第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水四例报道及文献回顾

目的 探讨第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水经神经内镜治疗的方法和手术技巧.方法 分析北京世纪坛医院神经外科收治的4例第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水患者(前侧部肿瘤2例,底部肿瘤1例,后部肿瘤1例)的临床资料、影像学表现,结合相关文献总结手术经验与技巧.结果 4例患者中3例采用单纯神经内镜手术,1例采用神经内镜辅助显微镜下手术.术后患者临床症状明显改善,无严重并发症及死亡病例.随访3～18月,患者复查头部MRI显示肿瘤无复发,脑积水均有不同程度改善.结论 神经内镜导航下可直达肿瘤所在位置,又可减少不必要的损伤,切除肿瘤同时可解除梗阻性脑积水,重建脑脊液循环,是一种治疗第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水安全有效的手术方法.     

神经内镜在脑室内肿瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨神经内镜治疗脑室内肿瘤的手术技术及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2013年2月首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院神经外科应用神经内镜治疗的脑室内肿瘤患者的临床资料及手术效果,共15例.侧脑室肿瘤7例,第三脑室肿瘤7例,脑室内多发肿瘤1例.均于导航指引下手术,术后常规随访,并进行Karnofsky评分(KPS).结果 15例中,单纯神经内镜下活检5例,肿瘤全切除3例,近全切1例;神经内镜结合显微镜全切除肿瘤3例,近全切除3例.合并脑积水10例,其中9例行第三脑室底造瘘术,2例同时行透明隔造瘘术.术后6例行化疗,3例行放射治疗.术后随访2 ～36个月,平均15.8个月.KPS＞ 80分12例,60～ 80分2例,0分(死亡)1例.结论 神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤既可通过活检明确肿瘤的病理学性质,又可根据肿瘤的大小及性质选择单纯神经内镜切除,或神经内镜结合显微镜切除.     

神经内镜治疗不对称性脑积水

目的探讨不对称性脑积水的原因、诊断、治疗和愈后。方法全部病例应用神经内镜治疗,19例行囊肿壁电凝切除或行囊肿脑室造瘘术,5例行室间孔肿瘤切除术,7例行透明隔穿通造瘘术。结果侧脑室内囊肿切除及囊肿脑室造瘘术19例,一侧室间孔肿瘤切除术并打通室间孔5例,室间孔粘连闭塞行透明隔造瘘7例;全部病例获得良好的近远期效果,无不良反应发生。结论神经内镜治疗不对称性脑积水既解除梗阻的原因,也能建立新的脑脊液的循环通路,且为微创性手术,是有效的方法。     

枕部经小脑幕入路松果体区肿瘤切除术中直视下第三脑室底造瘘术

目的 探讨枕部经小脑幕(Poppen)入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤术中直视下第三脑室底造瘘术的技巧及疗效.方法 回顾性分析5例松果体区肿瘤的临床资料,均合并非交通性脑积水.病人均采用Poppen入路切除肿瘤,在显微镜直视下行第三脑室底造瘘术.结果 肿瘤均达显微镜下全切除,复查MRI未见肿瘤残余,矢状位可见造瘘口有脑脊液流动信号,脑积水均缓解.病理检查显示:成熟畸胎瘤1例,非成熟畸胎瘤2例,混合性生殖细胞瘤2例;4例恶性肿瘤术后均行放、化疗.术后并发眼球运动障碍1例,短暂性尿崩症1例.随访3～8个月,未出现肿瘤和脑积水复发.结论 Poppen入路切除松果体区肿瘤术后仍有一定比例的脑积水发生,术中直视下行第三脑室底造瘘术可避免术后脑积水的发生,值得临床推广.     

神经内镜技术在脑室肿瘤手术的应用

目的总结神经内镜下脑室肿瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析23例脑室肿瘤病例资料,其中侧脑室肿瘤10例,第三脑室肿瘤8例,第四脑室肿瘤5例。病例均接受神经内镜手术。结果脑室镜手术6例(肿瘤全切除2例,肿瘤活检及第三脑室造瘘术4例);Endoport内镜控制手术4例(肿瘤全切除3例,肿瘤部分切除及第三脑室造瘘术1例);神经内镜辅助显微神经外科手术13例(肿瘤全切除12例,次全切除1例)。结论对脑室内肿瘤活检与切除,脑室镜手术比传统方法有显著优势。Endoport内镜控制手术主要用于切除血供丰富的肿瘤。内镜辅助显微神经外科手术用于肿瘤残留位置较偏的病例,为手术肿瘤全切提供保证。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术成功治疗交通性脑积水的手术机制和指征.方法 回顾性分析18例神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水患者的临床资料.结果 11例患者术前MRI显示第四脑室异常扩张和“喇叭形”中脑导水管出口,其中9例效果良好;另外7例无此影像学特征的均失败而需进一步行分流术.结论 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术是 治疗部分交通性脑积水的有效手段,而近端脑池梗阻可能是其重要的作用机制.第四脑室相对第三脑室异常扩张和“喇叭形”中脑导水管出口可能是此类患者的影像学特征,可作为第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的手术指征之一.     

第三脑室后部肿瘤行第三脑室底造瘘术及活检术疗效随访

目的 探讨第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水使用神经内镜行第三脑室底造瘘术和活检术的手术方法和疗效.方法 收集北京天坛医院神经外科内镜组2009年1月至2012年12月期间收治的22例第三脑室肿瘤合并脑积水患者的临床资料、影像学和随访信息,分析该术式的疗效.结果 随访6个月～4.5年,22例患者中,术后临床症状完全消失18例;显著改善2例,其中1例仍有视物模糊,1例轻度头痛;恶化者2例,1例术后1个月发生全脑转移,1例术后1年复查头颅MRI显示肿瘤明显增大,2例患者均为星形细胞瘤Ⅲ级.随访发现17例患者肿瘤大小未见明显改变;3例明显缩小;1例患者发生全脑转移,经全脑放疗和化疗后症状改善;1例术后1年复查肿瘤明显增大,考虑接受显微外科切除术.结论 第三脑室后部占位多为低级别肿瘤,生长缓慢,可使用神经内镜进行第三脑室底造瘘术和活检术:前者治疗梗阻性脑积水,后者获取病理样本以指导后续治疗.     

Transventricular Biopsy of Brain Tumor without Hydrocephalus Using Neuroendoscopy with Navigation

Objective

It is usually difficult to perform the neuroendoscopic procedure in patients without hydrocephalus due to difficulties with ventricular cannulation. The purpose of this study was to find out the value of navigation guided neuroendoscopic biopsy in patients with peri- or intraventricular tumors without hydrocephalus.

Methods

Six patients with brain tumors without hydrocephalus underwent navigation-guided neuroendoscopic biopsy. The procedure was indicated for verification of the histological diagnosis of the neoplasm, which was planned to be treated by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy as the first line treatment, or establishment of the pathological diagnosis for further choice of the most appropriate treatment strategy.

Results

Under the guidance of navigation, targeted lesion was successfully approached in all patients. Navigational tracking was especially helpful in entering small ventricles and in approaching the third ventricle through narrow foramen Monro. The histopathologic diagnosis was established in all of 6 patients : 2 germinomas, 2 astrocytomas, 1 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and 1 pineocytoma. The tumor biopsy sites were pineal gland (n = 2), suprasellar area (n = 2), subcallosal area (n = 1) and thalamus (n = 1). There were no operative complications related to the endoscopic procedure.

Conclusion

Endoscopic biopsy or resection of peri- or intraventricular tumors in patients without hydrocephalus is feasible. Image-guided neuroendoscopic procedure improved the accuracy of the endoscopic approach and minimized brain trauma. The absence of ventriculomegaly in patients with brain tumor may not be served as a contraindication to endoscopic tumor biopsy.     

Neuroendoscopic biopsy of pediatric brain tumors with small ventricle

Purpose

Intraventricular endoscopic procedures to resect or biopsy peri- or intraventricular tumors may have not been used in patients with small ventricles due to the presumed difficulties with ventricular cannulation and the perceived risk of morbidity. The purpose of this study is to review the feasibility and safety of neuroendoscopic procedures in the biopsy of pediatric brain tumors with a small ventricle.

Methods

Between January 2006 and January 2013, 72 children were identified with brain tumors confirmed by transventricular endoscopic biopsy. Patients were divided into non-hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus groups, and the ratio of the two groups was 20:52.

Results

In 20 pediatric brain tumors with small ventricle, the targeted lesion was successfully approached under the guidance of neuronavigation. Navigational tracking was especially helpful in entering small ventricles and in approaching the third ventricle through the narrow foramen of Monro. The histopathologic diagnosis was established in all 20 patients: nine germinomas, three mixed germ cell tumors, two pilomyxoid astrocytomas, and two pilocytic astrocytomas. The tumor biopsy sites were the suprasellar area (n?=?10), pineal area (n?=?4), lateral ventricular wall (n?=?4), and mammillary body (n?=?1). There were no major morbidities related to the endoscopic procedure.

Conclusion

Neuroendoscopic biopsy or resection of peri- or intraventricular tumors in pediatric patients without hydrocephalus is feasible. Navigation-guided neuroendoscopic procedures improved the accuracy of the neuroendoscopic approach and minimized brain trauma. The absence of ventriculomegaly in patients with brain tumor may not serve as a contraindication to neuroendoscopic tumor biopsy.     

Neuroendoscopic biopsy. Experience in 31 patients and literature review

OBJECTIVE. To describe our experience with the endoscopic management of intraventricular tumors, analyzing biopsy effectiveness, and to compare our results with those obtained from an extensive literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between 2003 and 2010, 31 patients aged between 7 months and 77 years, diagnosed of solid and/or cystic intra and/or periventricular tumors, underwent neuroendoscopic biopsy. We analyze operative technique, pathological result, management of associated hydrocephalus, rate of complications and postoperative technique. RESULTS. 32 endoscopic procedures were done and biopsy was successfully performed in 28 cases, with positive histological result in 25 of them (78% success rate per procedure and 89% success rate per biopsy). Most frequent pathological diagnosis was grade II astrocytoma. 30 patients had associated hydrocephalus that required endoscopic third ventriculostomy (19 cases, with 73.7% success rate) and/or septostomy (12 patients, 3 associated with ventriculostomy and 9 with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt). Frameless neuronavigation was used in three selected cases. During the surgery and the postoperative period the following complications appeared: intraventricular hemorrhage in four cases (two of them died), seizures in two patients, new neurological findings in three cases (Parinaud's sign, transient palsy of third cranial nerve and hemiparesis associated with palsy of third cranial nerve), and cerebrospinal fluid leak and infection in one case. 19 patients received subsequent treatment (microsurgical resection in 1, radiosurgery in 2, radiotherapy in 8, chemotherapy in 5 and chemo-radiotherapy in 3). CONCLUSIONS. Endoscopic management of intraventricular and/or periventricular brain tumors is effective, and allow diagnostic biopsy and simultaneous treatment of the associated hydrocephalus in many cases. So, it could be the treatment of choice in those tumors that are not suitable for microsurgical resection. Although this technique is not exempt of serious complications, morbimortality could be lower than conventional microsurgical approach.     

Single-port endoscopic removal of intraventricular central neurocytoma

Central neurocytoma is a rare benign intraventricular tumor which occurs in young adults. Craniotomy with tumor removal is associated with relatively high rates of morbidity and mortality. To improve the efficiency of endoscopic surgery for removal of this tumor, we used a polypropylene tube combined with a working channel endoscope. From January 2006 to October 2008, three patients with intraventricular central neurocytoma with acute hydrocephalus were treated by endoscopic surgery in our hospital. The tumor was almost totally removed. At 6-month follow-up no recurrence was found. One patient required a permanent ventriculoperitoneal shunt due to hydrocephalus during follow-up. We report that a working channel endoscope combined with a polypropylene endoscopic sheath facilitates the removal of intraventricular central neurocytoma. Endoscopic neurosurgery is a safe method for removing a central neurocytoma with low risk of permanent neurological deficits.     

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors in children

OBJECT: The purpose of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in children with hydrocephalus related to posterior fossa tumors. METHODS: Between September 1999 and December 2002, 63 children with posterior fossa tumors were treated at Santobono Hospital in Naples, Italy. Twenty-six patients had severe hydrocephalus. In order to relieve intracranial hypertension before tumor removal, 20 were treated with ETV, and 6 with ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunts. Twenty patients with mild hydrocephalus were treated with diuretics, corticosteroid agents, and early posterior fossa surgery, and 17 patients who did not have hydrocephalus were treated by elective posterior fossa surgery. Another 4 ETV were performed in the management of postoperative hydrocephalus. RESULTS: Preoperative ETV procedures were technically successful. One was complicated by intraventricular bleeding. The successful 19 preoperative ETV resolved intracranial hypertension before posterior fossa surgery in all cases. Three of these 19 patients developed postoperative hydrocephalus and were treated by VP shunt insertion after posterior fossa surgery. Out of the 4 ETV performed after posterior fossa surgery, only 2 were successful, both when the shunt malfunctioned. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy should be considered as an alternative procedure to ventriculo-peritoneal shunting and external ventricular draining for the emergency control of severe hydrocephalus caused by posterior fossa tumors, since it can quickly eliminate symptoms, and hence, can delay surgery scheduling if required. Even though ETV does not prevent postoperative hydrocephalus in all cases, it does protect against acute postoperative hydrocephalus due to cerebellar swelling. In addition, it eliminates the risks of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection related to external drainage and minimizes the risk of overdrainage because it provides more physiological CSF drainage than the other procedures. Since postoperative hydrocephalus is very often physically obstructive, ETV should always be considered a possible treatment procedure.     

Endoscopic management of intraventricular neurocysticercosis.

Surgical management is the only option for patients presenting with acute hydrocephalus caused by intraventricular neurocysticercosis. Although various modalities have been described, endoscopic excision is becoming increasingly popular. The outcomes for 22 patients with intraventricular neurocysticercal cysts with hydrocephalus managed endoscopically are presented. Complete excision of cysts (fourth ventricle, 14; lateral ventricle, 4; third ventricle, 3; both lateral and third ventricles, 1) was performed in all patients. Internal procedures for cerebrospinal fluid diversion were performed in 20 patients. There were minimal perioperative complications, all patients were relieved of raised intracranial pressure and no patient has required shunting to date. Mean follow-up duration was 20.7 months. Follow-up imaging showed the absence of residual cysts and resolution of hydrocephalus in all patients.     

神经内镜下治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患采用神经内镜下进行第三脑室底和(或)透明隔造瘘的手术方法进行治疗，分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法 对10例不同原因造成的梗阻性脑积水患进行10次神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘术。结果 随诊1—12月，平均6月显效8例有效1例无效1例(改V—P分流术)。手术并发症：1例轻度颅内感染、1例轻度脑室内出血，无死亡病例。结论 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘手术治疗梗阻性脑积水是一种完全有效的手术方法。但为了提高手术疗效应有良好的手术器械，严格掌握手术适应症并能熟练进行手术操作。     

Application of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence for endoscopic biopsy of intraventricular tumors

Background

Many reports have already indicated the benefit of pathological diagnosis of intra- and periventricular tumors with neuroendoscopic biopsy. However, it is also well known that studies can be occasionally inconclusive because of the small and/or inadequate samples for identification of abnormal tissues. The application of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence for endoscopical tumor biopsy under the intraventricular surroundings is a new area not previously reported. We attempted visual differentiation of intraventricular lesions from the surrounding structure using ICG fluorescence and considered the most appropriate region for biopsy.

Methods

Three cases (13–14 year-old boys) with secondary hydrocephalus caused by intra- and periventricular tumors were operated for endoscopic transventricular biopsy combined with endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Final pathological diagnoses were suprasellar malignant lymphoma and germ cell tumors in two patients, both associated with intraventricular dissemination. Enhanced tumor visualization with 12.5 mg of ICG administration was obtained using the D-light P light equipment and ICG telescope 5.8 mm/19 cm.

Results

It was possible to identify the tumor mass margins themselves and detect the differences of intratumoral ICG accumulation. The areas of tumor dissemination were identifiable by neuroendoscopy but unable to be visualized by ICG fluorescence.

Conclusions

We were able to obtain an ICG fluorescence imaging inside the cerebral ventricles by new D-light P system comprised of a camera head telescope. ICG fluorescence with neuroendoscopy can provide useful information for choosing the point of biopsy of intra- and periventricular tumors. However, we need to assess if the ICG accumulation site is the most appropriate for biopsy.     

Cyst fenestration and Ommaya reservoir placement in endoscopic transcortical transventricular approach for recurrent suprasellar cystic craniopharyngioma without ventriculomegaly

The efficacy of the endoscopic transcortical transventricular approach (ETTA) for craniopharyngioma in the third ventricle with hydrocephalus has been reported focusing on its reduced invasiveness. On the other hand, suprasellar craniopharyngioma without ventriculomegaly is generally surgically managed by craniotomy or the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). Here, we report an elderly patient who received cyst fenestration and Ommaya reservoir placement in ETTA for recurrent suprasellar cystic craniopharyngioma without ventriculomegaly. The ETTA as a less invasive procedure is feasible in patients not only with intraventricular craniopharyngioma but also with suprasellar craniopharyngioma without hydrocephalus provided a navigational system is applied and the surgeon has ample experience with transcranial endoscopic procedures.