自发性蛛网膜下腔出血后的脑积水临床表现及治疗

目前,交通性脑积水被认为可以是颅内动脉瘤破裂引起蛛膜下腔出血的合并症。这种合并症是由于蛛膜下腔出血后,在脑基底池、大脑凸面、小脑天幕切迹等处形成粘连所致。本文报告28例脑积水的临床表现,并探讨分流手术的效果。     

神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水(15例报告)

目的 探讨神经内镜下行三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的手术适应证.方法 15例交通性脑积水病人均行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术,术前术后行NPH评分,测Evans指数,腰穿测颅内压,脑池显像观察脑脊液动力学的改变.结果 患者术后NPH评分平均提高(3.26±1.83),Evans指数平均减小(0.11±0.09),颅内压平均下降(66.3±65.8)mmH2O,均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脑池显像表明放射性示踪剂在术后1~3h进入侧脑室,术后6h离开侧脑室,术后24h于大脑凸面呈大致对称的放射性分布.结论 神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术可应用于交通性脑积水,造瘘同时穿透Liliequist膜间脑叶具有重要意义.     

放射性同位素检查在神经系统疾病诊断中的应用(二)

脊髓蛛网膜下腔脑池和脑室显影一、原理γ射线辐射体注入蛛网膜下腔后,在脑脊液中以一定速度弥散泳动,向上弥散由于正常脑室有泵作用,向下弥散被马尾部位蛛网膜吸收。辐射体不能进入脑室内,而进入各脑池,最后到达大脑凸面的蛛网膜粒吸收入血。用本法可研究脑脊液动力学,显示蛛网膜下腔(包括脑池)间隙的大小和形态。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿治疗中的有关问题

目的 探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术指征和手术方法.方法 回顾性分析209例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床表现、影像学资料、治疗方法等临床资料.结果 其中198例行CT蛛网膜下腔-脑池造影,非交通性47例均行于术治疗.43例行囊肿大部切除+脑池开放术,3例行脑室-腹腔分流术,1例行囊肿-腹腔分流术.所有手术病人手术顺利,各种术式各有利弊.结论 颅内蛛网膜囊肿应根据囊肿大小、临床症状体征、与蛛网膜下腔是否交通及年龄来决定治疗方式.手术首选囊肿切除+脑池开放术.     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿的临床诊治（附22例报告）

目的探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的临床诊治。方法回顾分析手术治疗22例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者临床资料,术式包括蛛网膜囊肿囊壁切除加局部蛛网膜下腔及相关脑池开放术及囊肿-腹腔分流术等。结果17例获得良好疗效,6例癫痫患者5例症状消失。结论对引起临床症状的颅内蛛网膜囊肿应积极手术治疗,蛛网膜囊肿囊壁切除加局部蛛网膜下腔及相关脑池开放术是首选的外科方法。     

非交通性脑积水神经内镜术后腰椎穿刺的重要性

目的探讨非交通性脑积水病人在神经内镜下行第三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)后腰椎穿刺的重要性。方法回顾性分析39例非交通性脑积水病人ETV术后的临床资料,均表现为颅高压;根据年龄分为儿童组(34例)和成人组(5例),均隔日一次行腰椎穿刺,测量和记录颅内压变化。结果儿童组ETV后早期颅内压降至正常范围后持续升高,于第3天达高峰,其后呈下降趋势,于第11天恢复正常;成人组ETV后早期颅内压明显降低后逐渐升高,第5天达高峰,余变化趋势同儿童组。两组各时间点腰椎穿刺初、末压差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访1年,儿童组腰椎穿刺治疗有效31例,无效3例;成人组腰椎穿刺治疗有效4例,无效1例。腰椎穿刺治疗无效的4例病人均再次行脑室-腹腔分流术。结论 ETV后腰椎穿刺有利于蛛网膜下腔和蛛网膜颗粒的开放,减少脑脊液流动阻力,提高其顺应性和缓冲能力,重建脑脊液循环。     

99Tcm-DTPA脑池显像鉴别交通性蛛网膜囊肿1例

交通性蛛网膜囊肿（CIAC）与非交通性蛛网膜囊肿（NCIAC）根据蛛网膜囊肿（IAC）是否与蛛网膜下腔交通而区分，本科运用^99Tc^m-DTPA脑池显像（ECT）很好地鉴别了1例CIAC病人，现报道如下。     

显微外科治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的疗效观察

目的 探讨显微手术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的效果。方法 回顾性分析42例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者采用显微手术治疗的疗效。结果 囊肿全切除23例,大部切除14例,部分切除加脑池交通术5例。术后复查CT,29例囊肿消失或明显缩小。平均随访1年,患者症状与体征均改善。结论 显微手术治疗蛛网膜囊肿疗效满意。充分建立囊腔与脑池和蛛网膜下腔的交通,是手术成功的关键。     

四叠体池蛛网膜囊肿

目的:探讨四叠体池蛛网膜囊肿的临床特征和治疗方法。方法:对11例四叠体池蛛网膜囊肿进行了回顾性总结分析。所采用的手术方法有:①脑室分流手术;②囊肿-腹腔分流术;③囊肿切除;④囊肿切除加囊肿-脑池分流术,或囊肿部分切除(即囊肿开窗术),或囊肿切除加脑室-脑池分流术。结果:其主要临床表现以颅内压增高症和中线综合征为主。上述方法中单纯囊肿壁切除只能使部分病人的病情缓解,脑室分流或囊肿切除加脑室分流手术的疗效较好。结论:四叠体区蛛网膜囊肿常合并梗阻性脑积水,单纯囊肿切除不能解除多数病人的梗阻性脑积水。作者根据囊肿是否与蛛网膜下腔相通提出:对交通性蛛网膜囊肿采用单纯性脑室分流术,对非交通性者采用囊肿切除加脑室分流手术的治疗方法。     

终池置管持续脑脊液外引流治疗重度蛛网膜下腔出血

蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)是神经科的常见病,原发性蛛网膜下腔出血约占急性脑血管病的15%左右。SAH的治疗原则是制止继续出血,防治脑血管痉挛及正常压力脑积水,并去除病因防止复发。近年来我院将头痛剧烈、按Yasargil分级法[1]级以上、CT示脑基底池、侧裂池均有大量积血者定为重度蛛网膜下腔出血,我们采用终池置管脑脊液外引流的方法进行治疗,症状减轻、病死率明显降低,随访发现此法治疗后脑血管痉挛、蛛网膜粘连、交通性脑积水明显下降。1　临床资料1.1　临床资料　本组36例,实验组17例:男8例,女9例;年龄37～70岁,治愈15例,死亡2例(其中1例…     

Response to clozapine of rapid cycling versus non-cycling patients with a history of mania

OBJECTIVE: Rapid cycling (RC) bipolar disorder (BD) patients often do not respond fully to mood-stabilizers. Atypical antipsychotics including clozapine may be good candidates as an alternative mood-stabilizer for these patients. METHODS: Twenty-eight treatment-resistant patients with either Bipolar Disorder Type I (n = 20), or Schizoaffective Disorder Bipolar Type (n = 8) received clozapine add-on therapy. Patients were followed for up to 1 year. Patients were seen monthly and assessed on a number of symptom domains. RESULTS: Fifteen of 28 patients met RC criteria. Differences between groups was non-significant for reported age of onset, age at study entry, past history of treatment or hospitalization, or diagnosis. However, significantly more women were RC. More than 80% of patients in either group showed at least some improvement over the 1-year study. Random regression analyses found the non-rapid cycling (NRC) group experienced significantly greater improvement than RC patients (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine is more effective in NRC patients with a history of mania in comparison to patients with a recent history of RC.     

意识障碍患者的临床并发症分析

目的研究意识障碍(disturbance of consciousness,DOC)患者康复治疗期间并发症的种类及发病率。方法统计分析中国人民解放军南部战区总医院2016年6月—2018年6月收治的186例慢性DOC患者住院期间发生的所有并发症。按照致病因素,将患者分为创伤性颅脑损伤组(107例)和非创伤性颅脑损伤组(79例);按并发症类型分为颅脑相关性(105例次)和非颅脑相关性(280例次),非颅脑相关性并发症分为感染性(154例次)和非感染性(126例次)。计算各类并发症的发病率;对肺部感染及泌尿系感染进行致病菌型分析;比较创伤性颅脑损伤组与非创伤性颅脑损伤组患者各类并发症的发病率。并分析主要并发症与患者年龄、性别、昏迷时间、昏迷程度、有无气管切开、有无尿管、是否吸烟、是否给予早期康复治疗等因素的相关性。结果所有并发症中,感染性并发症所占比例最高,其中肺部感染最多;其主要致病菌是铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌。颅脑相关性并发症中,以脑积水最多;非感染性并发症中,以阵发性交感神经兴奋性增高(paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity,PSH)最多。创伤性颅脑损伤组的脑积水发病率明显高于非创伤性颅脑损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002);非创伤性颅脑损伤组的PSH发病率明显高于创伤性颅脑损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.015)。DOC程度是DOC患者发生肺部感染、尿路感染、脑积水、PSH的危险因素;年龄≥50岁是肺部感染、尿路感染、PSH的危险因素。此外,气管切开、吸烟、性别均是DOC患者发生肺部感染的危险因素;留置尿管是DOC患者发生尿路感染的危险因素;DOC时间是DOC患者发生PSH的危险因素。结论肺部感染、脑积水、PSH是慢性DOC患者治疗康复过程中最常见的并发症,创伤性颅脑损伤患者与非创伤性颅脑损伤患者的并发症分型和发病率均有明显差异。为节约医疗成本、改善患者预后,在康复治疗期间应对以上几种并发症进行重点防治。     

Quantitative SPECT cisternography in normal pressure hydrocephalus

Twenty-one patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), 8 patients with various brain diseases with an element of hydrocephalus, and 7 patients with miscellaneous dementia disorders were investigated with quantitative radionuclide cisternography (RC) using single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). The total intracranial counts as well as the counts in the lateral and third ventricles were measured. All 15 NPH patients accessible for postoperative examination were improved after shunt surgery. In all groups the ventricular and total intracranial counts level increased during the measurement period but remained constant in distribution in each group. The NPH patients had a higher relative count value in the lateral and third ventricles compared to the patients with miscellaneous dementia disorders. The relative values in the third and lateral ventricles were predictive for the outcome of shunt surgery. Quantitative SPECT RC appears to be a useful diagnostic procedure in NPH investigations.     

超早期行血管内栓塞术联合持续性腰大池引流术治疗高级别动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的预后分析

目的分析颅内囊状动脉瘤Hunt-Hess Ⅳ~Ⅴ分级患者超早期行血管内栓塞术联合持续性腰大池引流术的预后。 方法回顾性分析大连大学附属中山医院神经外一科自2014年1月至2017年12月收治的颅内囊状动脉瘤Hunt-Hess Ⅳ~Ⅴ分级患者32例（Ⅳ级24例,Ⅴ级8例）的临床资料,其中16例超早期行血管内栓塞术联合持续性腰大池引流术（A组）,另外16例患者入院超早期行血管内栓塞术（B组）;根据术后CT、TCD及临床症状,判断是否发生脑血管痉挛、脑积水及脑梗死,记录2组患者住院时间,对2组患者治疗后第1、3、6月的预后进行评价。 结果A组发生脑血管痉挛5例、脑积水9例、脑梗死6例,住院时间（25±8）d;B组发生脑血管痉挛8例、脑积水11例、脑梗死9例,住院时间（28±9）d;2组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组治疗后1个月GCS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后3、6个月改良Rankin量表评分比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论颅内囊状动脉瘤Hunt-Hess Ⅳ~Ⅴ分级患者术后持续腰大池引流可减少脑血管痉挛、脑积水及脑梗死等并发症的发生,减少住院时间,提高患者术后3个月及半年恢复水平。     

可调压与非可调压分流管治疗儿童交通性脑积水疗效的比较

目的 探讨可调压与非可调压分流管治疗儿童交通性脑积水的效果.方法 中山大学附属第一医院神经外科自2003年1月至2009年12月行侧脑室腹腔分流术(VPS)治疗交通性脑积水儿童患者66例,其中采用Codman Hakim可调压分流管27例,采用Medtronic非可调压分流管39例,比较可调压分流管组和非可调压分流管组患者的并发症和分流装置平均生存时间.结果 2组患者分流管相关性感染、脑室端和腹腔端堵塞、硬膜下积液或血肿的发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).可调压分流管组分流装置平均生存时间为52.55个月,非可调压分流管组分流装置平均生存时间为42.33个月,2组分流装置生存曲线相比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.763,P=0.382).结论 与非可调压分流管相比,未发现使用可调压分流管治疗儿童交通性脑积水有明显的优势.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the outcomes of adjustable and set-pressure valves in the management of communicating hydrocephalus in children. Methods A retrospective study reviewing the medical records of 66 children with communicating hydrocephalus who received ventriculoperitoneal shunt at our center from January 2003 to December 2009 was performed. All the patients were divided into 2 groups: Codman Hakim adjustable valve group (n=27) and Medtronic set-pressure valve group (n=39). Rate of appearing complication and shunt survival time were analyzed between the 2 groups.Results The rate of shunt infection, proximal or distal obstruction, subdural hematoma and subdural hygroma showed no statistical significance between patients of the adjustable and set-pressure valve groups (P=1.000, P=0.727, P=0.455, P=0.691, respectively). The average shunt survival time of children in the adjustable valve group was 52.551 months (38.169-66.852, 95% CI) and that of children in the set-pressure valve group was 42.327 (31.636-53.019, 95%CI); no statistical significance on the average shunt survival time between these 2 groups was noted (x2=0.763, P=0.382).Conclusion The adjustable valve is not superior to set-pressure valve in the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus in children.     

Functional imaging of cerebrospinal fluid pathology

The most common problem addressed by dynamic radionuclide imaging of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities is differentiating patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) from those with other forms of degenerative brain disorder who would clearly not benefit from surgical treatment by ventricular shunting. Radionuclide cisternography (RC) SPECT and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) SPECT are critically important for the diagnosis and therapy management of patients with chronic hydrocephalus. However, radionuclide imaging is helpful not only in identifying patients with NPH showing improvement after shunting. RC reveals tracer activity outside the intracranial cavity, indeed. The importance of establishing the diagnosis arises from the fact that untreated leaks can be followed by meningitis in up to one quarter of patients. CSF collections may communicate with the subarachnoid space. RC SPECT has proved useful in assessing the communication of the arachnoid cysts (CSF collection) with the ventricular or subarachnoid compartment. Improved anatomical detail revealed by SPECT imaging is helpful in solving problems of the CSF pathology. Sensitive and accurate assessments of normal and disordered CSF dynamics can be obtained with RC SPECT.     

Adult patients with "asymptomatic" and "compensated" hydrocephalus benefit from surgery

OBJECTIVES: There exists no consensus regarding the appropriate treatment of the group of adult hydrocephalus patients often denoted as "arrested"/ "compensated", "asymptomatic" or "symptomatic congenital". Our case series describes the results of CSF diversion in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the period of 1984 to 1994, 23 consecutive adult patients with "asymptomatic" (n = 10), "compensated" (n = 7) and "symptomatic congenital" (n = 6) hydrocephalus were prospectively evaluated. All patients showed signs of motor or psychometric impairment, had indications of an infantile or childhood debut, and had previously been ignored. In 15 patients the ventricular enlargement was a coincidental finding. Seventeen patients underwent shunt surgery or endoscopic third ventriculostomy. RESULTS: All but one operated upon improved. Six patients declined surgery, but have been followed with 1 showing deterioration, the remaining being unchanged. CONCLUSION: In addition to patients with "symptomatic congenital" most adult "asymptomatic" and "arrested"/"compensated" hydrocephalus patients can benefit from surgery despite a considerable duration of disease.     

Cerebrospinal fluid free-radical peroxidation products and cognitive functioning patterns differentiate varieties of normal pressure hydrocephalus

The aims of the study were as follows: first, to verify the hypothesis that free radical peroxidation may be one of the factors implicated in pathophysiology of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and, second, to find out whether these biochemical characteristics together with neuropsychological cognitive deficits can differentiate between various types of NPH. This provides prognostic criteria for selection of patients for shunt surgery. Lipid peroxidation was measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid-reactive material (TBAR) and protein sulphydryl (SH) groups were measured as CSF content. Cognitive deficits were assessed using a number of neuropsychological tests. In the sample of NPH patients (n = 24), three categories were distinguished using these criteria: idiopathic active hydrocephalus (A), arrested hydrocephalus (AH), and post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PT). TBAR levels for NPH patients were higher than that of controls without CNS pathology (n = 2). Moreover, NPH patients had increased levels of total and soluble protein groups, and decreased levels of protein SH groups, which suggests the occurrence of processes that activate peroxidation of free radicals in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Levels of these indicators varied across NPH types. Two categories of NPH patients, with active (A) or posttraumatic (PT) hydrocephalus differed significantly from the controls (C)--their TBAR levels were 0.58, 0.56 and 0.28 nmol/mg protein, respectively; soluble SH levels: 41.5; 58.15 and 11.3 nmol/mg protein, and protein SH levels: 34.3, 21.8 and 57.5 nmol/mg protein. In PT group, many individual differences were noticed. These findings seem promising because the studied biochemical indicators may serve as additional diagnostic criteria for selection of NPH patients for shunting.     

Serial MRI to determine the effect of dexamethasone on the cerebral pathology of tuberculous meningitis: an observational study

BACKGROUND: Adjunctive dexamethasone increases survival from tuberculous meningitis, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We aimed to determine the effect of dexamethasone on cerebral MRI changes and their association with intracerebral inflammatory responses and clinical outcome in adults treated for tuberculous meningitis. METHODS: Cerebral MRI was undertaken, when possible, at diagnosis and after 60 days and 270 days of treatment in adults with tuberculous meningitis admitted to two hospitals in Vietnam. Patients were randomly assigned either dexamethasone (n=24) or placebo (n=19) and received 9 months of treatment with standard first-line antituberculosis drugs. We assessed associations between MRI findings, treatment allocation, and resolution of fever, coma, cerebrospinal fluid inflammation, and neurological outcome. FINDINGS: 83 scans were done for 43 patients: 19 given placebo, 24 given dexamethasone. Basal meningeal enhancement (82%) and hydrocephalus (77%) were the most common presenting findings. Fewer patients had hydrocephalus after 60 days of treatment with dexamethasone than after placebo treatment (p=0.217). Tuberculomas developed in 74% of patients during treatment and in equal proportions in the treatment groups; they were associated with long-term fever, but not relapse or poor clinical outcome. The basal ganglia were the most common site of infarction; the proportion with infarction after 60 days was halved in the dexamethasone group (27%vs 58%, p=0.130). INTERPRETATION: Dexamethasone may affect outcome from tuberculous meningitis by reducing hydrocephalus and preventing infarction. The effect may have been under-estimated because the most severe patients could not be scanned.