食物频率问卷法评估人群能量和营养素摄入量的准确性验证

目的:食物频率问卷法(FFQ)问卷评估人群膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性进行验证。方法:使用3d称重法(WFR)和FFQ收集北京市130名35～49岁健康成人食物摄入资料,计算出其能量和营养素的摄入量并加以比较。结果:由食物WFR计算到的研究对象能量摄入为9.6MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入分别为82.1、87.5和269.7g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为9.7MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入量分别为88.3g/d、113.9g/d和248.8g/d,两种方法调查的膳食能量、蛋白质及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估27.2%),碳水化物摄入量则被低估(低估10.8%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于WFR,但低估维生素E、铁和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,除维生素C、胡萝卜素和视黄醇当量外,均与WFR显著正相关,相关系数在0.22~0.51之间,但在调整年龄、性别和膳食能量摄入量的影响后,FFQ对膳食脂肪、维生素B1、钠和磷摄入量的估计与WFR相关的显著性消失。结论:FFQ可以用于评估膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化物、维生素A、维生素B2、尼克酸、钾、钙、锌和硒的摄入量,但FFQ不适于评估膳食脂肪、视黄醇当量、胡萝卜素、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素E、钠、铁和磷的摄入量。     

Energy intakes and losses in cystic fibrosis

Energy intakes in cystic fibrosis (CF) are affected by malabsorption, despite the use of enteric-coated pancreatic enzymes. Relaxation of fat restrictions was introduced to aid consumption of a diet sufficient to compensate for malabsorption and help prevent malnutrition. We examined the energy intakes and losses of 50 CF patients on a normal fat intake (mean age 9.6 [s.d.=6.67] years, M:F ratio 33:17). Mean standard deviation scores for height and weight were –1.03 and –0.80, respectively. Nutrient balances were made by means of 7-day weighed dietary inventories and 3-day faecal collections. Mean metabolizable energy intake was 97.3 [s.d. 23.1)% RDA. Mean digestibility coefficient for energy was 0.89 (s.d. 0.07), reducing mean energy intakes to 91.9 (s.d. 24.0)% RDA. The results indicate that despite relaxation of dietary restrictions and the use of enteric-coated pancreatic enzymes, energy intakes of CF patients are still inadequate. Closer monitoring of energy losses as well as intakes is required, to optimize growth and nutritional status in CF patients.     

The nutrient and food intakes of British male dieters aged 16–17 years

Background : There is little information available about the dieting habits of teenage boys. This study aimed to examine the food and nutrient intake of male teenage dieters and compare these with the patterns reported among female dieters. Method : Male dieters aged 16–17 years were isolated from the 1970 Longitudinal Birth Cohort study group. Five hundred and one males who provided a 4-day unweighed dietary diary, height and weight measurements and appropriate background information. Results : Thirty-nine subjects (7.8%) both reported dieting and had a ratio of reported energy intakes to estimated basal metabolic rate measurements of less than 1.35. Dieters were taller and heavier than non-dieters, with mean BMIs of 24.6 and 20.0, respectively, for the two groups. Dieters reported average energy intakes of 9.16 MJ/day compared to intakes of 12.83 MJ/day among non-dieters, and the percentage of energy provided by protein was higher and that provided by NMES lower among dieters. Reported micronutrient intakes were lower among dieters, with calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, iodine, vitamin B ₆, vitamin C and retinol equivalents the nutrients most vulnerable to reduction in energy intakes. Dieters reported lower intakes of most food groups, but reported intakes of alcohol and meat and meat products were not reduced among dieters. Conclusion : Dieters clearly reported energy intakes which were unlikely to represent levels of intake sufficient to maintain existing weight. The nutrient and food intakes reported by the dieters were likely to reflect either true dieting behaviour during the study period, under-reporting or a combination of these effects.     

Nutrient intakes of a group of independently-living elderly individuals in Toronto

A cross-sectional survey of an age-stratified random sample of 619 independently-living adults (307 males, 312 females) aged 60 years and over, living in Toronto was conducted. Detailed dietary data was collected from three sets of 3-day food records. The mean energy and nutrient intakes appeared to be adequate. However the energy intake of many participants was low, while their fat intake was high. The nutrients of concern for inadequate intakes were calcium, vitamin D and vitamin A. Intakes of zinc, vitamin C and protein were low for a smaller group. Nutrition education is recommended to provide guidance for choosing healthy diets.     

New Zealand children's dietary intakes during school hours

Aim:  To describe the dietary habits of New Zealand schoolchildren during school hours.
Methods:  The present study was a secondary analysis of New Zealand's national nutrition survey of schoolchildren (2002 National Children's Nutrition Survey). It includes a subset of 2247 children aged 5–14 years, surveyed to recall a school day. A 24-hour dietary recall was collected in the home of the child. Food or beverage consumption during the morning (9:00 a.m.−11:59 a.m.) and at lunch time (12:00 noon−2:00 p.m.) was based on whether energy intake during these times was above zero. Foods consumed and nutrient intakes during these two time periods were ascertained.
Results:  Approximately 80% of children consumed some food or beverage during the morning and over 90% during lunch time. Older children were less likely than younger children to consume foods or beverages during lunch time. Snack foods, fruit and biscuits were the food groups most consumed during the morning, while sandwiches and fruit were the most popular foods during lunch time. Children obtained approximately one-third of their daily nutrient intakes during school hours. Food and nutrient intakes differed by ethnicity both during the morning and at lunch time.
Conclusions:  Children's food consumption at school could be improved—particularly morning snack quality. Encouraging healthier selections sourced from home is vital as well as ensuring that healthy options are available for purchase, and Pacific children need the most encouragement to choose wisely.     

Dietary guidelines and food nutrient intakes in Portugal

The average intakes of nutrients by a group of 489 adult Portuguese (> or = 40 years) living in a metropolitan area of Northern Portugal were studied using a food frequency questionnaire, and used to compare with the most recent recommendations for the same population by the National Council of Food and Nutrition. The data suggested a relative concordance between consumption levels and nutritional goals, however we found differences between subgroups of the population. Higher intakes of total fat and saturated fat, and lower intakes of fibre/energy and carbohydrates were shared by younger people (40-55 years), and higher intakes of total fat, saturated fat, fibre/energy, protein and carbohydrates and lower intakes of alcohol by women. Nutrients have been analysed in terms of the percentage contribution to total energy intake, but as alcohol is energy dense, its consumption can decrease the proportion of the energy intake from nutrients other than alcohol, and some caution must be taken in interpreting these results.     

Dietary intake, body composition and physical activity levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with healthy controls

Background:  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age in the UK. Obesity is a common feature of PCOS with approximately 33% of UK women with PCOS (wPCOS) being obese (Barr et al. , 2007) compared with 20% of women in the general population (Ruston et al ., 2004). This research aims to compare the diet and lifestyle of wPCOS (normal and overweight) with matched controls.
Methods:  A 7-day food and activity diary, and medical questionnaire were completed by 37 wPCOS and 31 age and weight matched controls. A pedometer was also provided to on the same 7 days. Anthropometric measurements (body mass index, percentage body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio), and dietary intakes were compared. Percentage body fat measurements were taken using Bodystat tetrapolar bioimpedance (BodyStat, UK). Ethical approval was obtained from Roehampton University Ethics Board and the Huntingdon Research Ethics Committee.
Results:  There were no significant differences for anthropometric measurements or mean energy intake between wPCOS and controls. However, percentage energy (%E) from fat, and absolute and percentage saturated fat intakes were all significantly higher for wPCOS compared with controls ( Table 1 ) and further from the recommendations for health. Percentage energy intake from carbohydrate for wPCOS was significantly lower than controls ( P  = 0.003) with no significant differences in the contribution from protein.  

  Table 1  Subject characteristics and nutrient intake (mean ± SD).     

8.

Crohn's disease affects diet and growth in children     

Laiho  Nuutinen  Malin  & Isolauri 《Journal of human nutrition and dietetics》1998,11(4):287-294

Background: Thirteen (eight girls, five boys) patients, aged 9.8–15.4 years, and 13 controls matched for age and sex were studied to identify foods that might aggravate the symptoms of children with Crohn's disease, to examine the adequacy of nutrient intake and to assess nutritional status.
Methods: The link between symptoms and food intake was determined by 48-h dietary recall on two separate occasions and by a dietary questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed using growth charts and biochemical values.
Results: Patients with Crohn's disease identified several foods that aggravate symptoms. The intakes of bread, cereals and fat were greater in patients than in controls. The mean relative (% energy) intake of protein was lower, but the mean absolute intake of carbohydrates was higher in patients than in controls. The intakes of vitamin D, calcium, iron and zinc by the patients were below the respective recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). Nutritional status was good in the majority of the patients. However, the mean height-for-age was lower in the patients than in the controls, and 38% of the patients had serum albumin concentrations below the reference value.
Conclusions: Symptoms and foods that aggravate symptoms may restrict diet and thus decrease nutrient intake. The diet of children with Crohn's disease may contain insufficient amounts of nutrients. In some children, Crohn's disease markedly retards growth. These results substantiate the need for coordinated dietetic follow-up.     

9.

Nutrient intakes in relation to body weight of nonobese and obese elderly females1–2     

Chung Ja Lee  Gerald S. Lawler 《Nutrition Research》1983,3(2):149-155

This study was designed to determine the relationship between the body weight of 122 noninstitutionalized elderly females and the dietary energy intake computed from food records reflecting usual food intake. Women of 62 to 82 yrs of age were divided into two groups on the basis of their triceps skinfolds; there were 63 nonobese and 59 obese females. To estimate their usual food intake, a 28-day food record (instead of a 7-day food record) was collected, and mean intakes of daily dietary enery and calorie contributing nutrients were computed. Intake of protein from animal origin (p<0.01) and the animal protein/vegetable protein r ratio (p<0.002) were significantly higher among obese than nonobese counterparts. Intakes of total energy, fats, and carbohydrates were not different between the two groups. No significant relationships between the body weights and the intakes of the dietary energy and its sources were observed among nonobese persons. However, the body weight and wt/ht ratio of obse females were positively correlated to intakes of total energy, animal fat and sucrose (p<0.05); the wt/ht ratio was correlated to animal protein intake also (p<0.05). Both the body weight and wt/ht ratio were inversely related to the density of crude fiber (crude fiber/1000 kcal) (p<0.01). The data suggest that not only the total caloric intake but the sources of energy as well as the density of fiber are related to the body weight of obse individuals.     

10.

Foods, nutrients and portions consumed by a sample of Australian children aged 16–24 months     

Karen WEBB  Ingrid RUTISHAUSER  Natalia KNEZEVIC 《Nutrition & Dietetics》2008,65(1):56-65

Aim:  To describe the diet of a sample of Australian children aged 16–24 months with regard to the amounts of foods and nutrients consumed.
Methods:  Cross-sectional data collected from participants in a five-year randomised trial of the primary prevention of asthma. Pregnant women with a family history of atopy were recruited from six hospital antenatal clinics in western Sydney. At the 18-month assessment, carers of 429 of children completed three-day weighed food records. Three-day average intakes of foods and nutrients and average portions per eating occasion for commonly consumed foods. T -tests for comparing gender differences.
Results:  Diets were characterised by large amounts of milk and non-milk drinks with smaller amounts of cereals, fruits, vegetables and meats. Total energy intake was significantly higher for boys than girls and exceeded estimated energy requirements in both boys and girls. Food groups contributing most to energy included milk and milk products (35%), cereals (15%), cereal-based products (9%) and non-milk drinks (8%). Micronutrient intakes were below the Estimated Average Requirement in more than 5% of the children for vitamin A, calcium, vitamin C and iron. Sodium intakes exceeded the upper level of 1000 mg for 62% of children, while dietary fibre intake was only half the Adequate Intake of 14 g. Relatively few foods were widely consumed and median portion sizes were typically small in relation to commonly used reference portion sizes.
Conclusion:  These data may be useful as a preliminary basis for developing age-specific dietary surveillance tools and dietary guidance for children aged one to two years.     

11.

Errors in reported dietary intakes. I. Short-term recall   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M L Wu  A S Whittemore  D L Jung 《American journal of epidemiology》1986,124(5):826-835

Measures for quantifying reproducibility and between-subject variability of nutrient intake data are applied to intakes reported in two interviews (1-3 months apart) by 44 male and 17 female healthy white subjects aged 45-75 years. Intakes were assessed by three methods: a dietary history that included consumption frequency and serving size for 71 food items (dietary history method); a combination of individual consumption frequencies with sex-specific mean serving sizes (frequency method); an extrapolation from frequencies and serving sizes of all foods reported for a "typical day" in the specified time period (typical day method). Intake variation within subjects, between subjects, and between methods was assessed by analysis of variance for each sex and for each of the nutrients: total calories, protein, fat, vitamin A, and protein and fat as percentage of total calories. Dietary history-assessed intakes exceeded those assessed by the other two methods. The dietary history versus frequency excess was greater than the dietary history versus typical day excess for calories, fat, and protein, while the reverse was true for vitamin A and fat as percentage of total calories. The typical day method was unreliable for vitamin A because it occasionally produced extremely high, unreproducible intakes. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to measure a method's ability to distinguish interpersonal variation from within-person error. The frequency method produced less within-person error than did the dietary history method for all nutrients. For absolute intakes, the frequency method produced less interpersonal variation than did the dietary history method, while for relative intakes, the reverse was true. Females reported intakes with less within-person error than did males, and the interpersonal spread of their intakes was smaller. Consequences of these findings for the power and sensitivity of studies on the role of dietary factors in the etiology of chronic disease are explored.     

12.

Consistency of the Willett semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recalls in estimating nutrient intakes of preschool children.     

A D Stein  S Shea  C E Basch  I R Contento  P Zybert 《American journal of epidemiology》1992,135(6):667-677

A study was performed to determine the utility of the Willett semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for assessing the habitual diets of preschool children. Children (n = 224) were recruited mainly through a New York City hospital-based pediatric practice during 1986-1987. The children's ages at baseline were 44-60 months; 50% were male, and 91% were Hispanic. Over a 12-month period, the Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered twice to each child's parent, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted four times. For energy and eight nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaires were 1.4-1.9 times higher than those from 24-hour recalls. Group mean estimates of nutrient density of total and saturated fat, potassium, and calcium did not differ between the two methods. Correlations between methods for crude nutrient intakes (unadjusted for energy consumption) ranged from 0.16 (polyunsaturated fat in boys) to 0.60 (potassium in girls). Correlations generally decreased when intakes were adjusted for energy consumption. Adjustment for energy intake and residual intraindividual variability yielded correlations of 0.48 for total calories, 0.35 for total fat, and 0.37 for saturated fat. For intake of energy and nine nutrients, of those children classified into the highest quintile by dietary recall, 28.9-40.9% were so classified by the Willett questionnaire, and 48.9-68.9% were classified into the highest two quintiles. When data were expressed as nutrient densities, agreement was high for potassium and calcium and fair for saturated fat, cholesterol, and protein. The moderately low consistency of nutrient intake estimates across dietary assessment methods in this study may be due, in large part, to residual intraindividual variability in both the recall data and the food frequency data.     

13.

Comparison of a self-administered quantitative food amount frequency questionnaire with 4-day estimated food records     

Hartwell DL  Henry CJ 《International journal of food sciences and nutrition》2001,52(2):151-159

Our objective was to assess the relative validity of a self-administered food amount frequency questionnaire (FAQ), using 4-day estimated food records (FRs) as a reference method, for use in a subsequent clinical study of patients undergoing heart surgery. Thirty healthy subjects (19 males, 11 females), aged 45-75 years, were randomly recruited from patient lists generated by two local GP practices in Oxford. Complete data from the FAQ and FR, administered twice 6 months apart, were available for 25 subjects (16 males, 9 females). For absolute nutrient values, intakes of protein, CHO, total fat, PUFA, thiamin, iron, dietary fibre and alcohol were not significantly different between the FAQ and FR, and Pearson's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.28 for protein to 0.88 for total fat. Estimates from the FAQ were within +/- 10% of the estimates produced by the FR for two-thirds of nutrients. When nutrients were expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, no statistically significant differences were observed for any nutrient between the two methods, and correlations ranged from 0.32 for protein to 0.80 for SFA. In conclusion, the broad dietary patterns obtained by the two methods of assessment were comparable. This simple and inexpensive FAQ can be used to usefully estimate group intakes for a variety of nutrients in the study of patients undergoing heart surgery.     

14.

Dietary intakes and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes.     

L M Burke  R A Gollan  R S Read 《International journal of sport nutrition》1991,1(4):378-394

The present study conducted dietary surveys of four groups of Australian male athletes: triathletes, marathon runners, Australian Rules football players, and Olympic weightlifters. Their training diets were assessed via a 7-day food record from which mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, and key micronutrients were estimated. The data were compared between groups as well as to recommendations in the literature for athlete nutrition. Results showed major differences between groups. The contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake was greater for triathletes and marathon runners than for the other two groups. There was no difference between all four groups in the total amount of fat consumed, yet its contribution to total energy intake was significantly lower for triathletes and marathon runners. The football players and weightlifters consumed a similar fat:energy ratio as the typical Australian diet. Furthermore, the micronutrient density of the football players' diets was significantly lower than that of the other groups.     

15.

The Kilkenny Health Project: food and nutrient intakes in randomly selected healthy adults     

M J Gibney  M Moloney  E Shelley 《The British journal of nutrition》1989,61(2):129-137

1. Sixty healthy subjects aged 35-44 years (thirty men and thirty women) were randomly selected from electoral registers to participate in a dietary survey using the 7 d weighed-intake method during June-August 1985. 2. Energy intake (MJ/d) was 12.5 for men and 8.4 for women. Fat contributed 36.0 and 39.1% of the total energy intake of men and women respectively. When this was adjusted to exclude energy derived from alcoholic beverages, the corresponding values were 38.8 and 39.7% respectively. The major sources of dietary fat (%) were spreadable fats (28), meat (23), milk (12) and biscuits and cakes (11). 3. The subjects were divided into low- and high-fat groups both on the relative intake of fat (less than 35% or greater than 40% dietary energy from fat) and on the absolute intake of fat (greater than or less than 120 g fat/d). By either criterion, high-fat consumers had lower than average intakes of low-fat, high-carbohydrate foods such as potatoes, bread, fruit and table sugar, and higher intakes of milk, butter and confectionery products. Meat intake was higher among high-fat eaters only when a high-fat diet was defined as a percentage of energy.     

16.

Comparison of nutrient intake between different dietary assessment methods in elderly male volunteers     

Gunnar JOHANSSON 《Nutrition & Dietetics》2008,65(4):266-271

Aim:  The objective of the study was to compare nutritional intake results obtained from the 4 × 4-day weighed records with those obtained from a food frequency questionnaire, repeated 24-hour recalls, a seven-day food record and a seven-day checklist in elderly men.
Methods:  Seventy-five healthy men aged 55–88 years and living at home in Cambridge, UK, took part in the study. Energy and nutrients had means and standard deviations calculated. Misreporting was based on an evaluation of food intake level, calculated as reported energy intake divided by predicted basal metabolic rate. This was in relation to a plausible physical activity level, calculated as the ratio of energy expenditure divided by predicted basal metabolic rate. Statistical significance was assessed via one-way anova .
Results:  The nutrient density was higher for protein and potassium for the group with low food intake level values in all dietary assessment methods. For some methods, this was also true for calcium, carotene, iron and vitamin C. All methods yielded similar results.
Conclusions:  The present study indicates that selective underreporting exists. Surprisingly, the simplest method, the simplified 24-hour recall, performed as well as more complicated methods.     

17.

Change in nutrient intake between adolescence and adulthood: a 21-year longitudinal study     

A. M. Craigie  J. C. Mathers  A. J. Rugg-Gunn  A. J. Adamson 《Nutrition Bulletin》2004,29(3):204-212

Summary   The period between adolescence and adulthood is a time of great change, mentally, physically and socially. Such changes can have a profound impact on nutrient intake. Yet whilst some short-term studies have attempted to assess dietary change during adolescence, few have considered how diet changes over the longer term, spanning the transition between adolescence and adulthood. This article describes the findings of the first British study to assess the change in macronutrient and micronutrient intake from early adolescence into adulthood. The study sample comprised 202 participants of a dietary survey carried out on Northumberland 12 years olds in 1979–80 who were followed up at 33 years old. At both time-points dietary intake was measured using two 3-day food diaries with follow-up interviews to record estimated portion size. The most notable findings were that between 12 and 33 years old, for both males and females, % food energy intakes of fat, total sugars and carbohydrate had fallen and protein intakes had risen, whilst absolute intakes of unavailable carbohydrate and all micronutrients considered (vitamin C, iron, calcium, vitamin D), with the exception of retinol equivalents, had increased. These changes in intake were generally consistent in direction between males and females. In conclusion, nutrient intake undergoes considerable change between adolescence and adulthood and, in most respects, this is in a direction in line with dietary recommendations. This does not imply that efforts should not be made to improve childhood and adolescent diet given the importance of diet on health in adolescence and later in life and evidence that dietary intake is, to some extent, established at an early age.     

18.

Nutrient intakes in long-stay mentally handicapped persons     

K Cunningham  M J Gibney  A Kelly  J Kevany  M Mulcahy 《The British journal of nutrition》1990,64(1):3-11

A study of the dietary intake of 115 male and 217 female mentally handicapped persons aged 15-64 years in five long-stay institutions was carried out using a semi-weighed technique over 4 d. Nineteen per cent of males and 5% of females were classified as being underweight and 15% of males and 27% of females were classified as being obese. The average daily intakes of nutrients were: energy 8.8 MJ, protein 92 g, carbohydrate 218 g, fat 101 g, dietary fibre 18 g, calcium 1024 mg, iron 12.5 mg, vitamin B6 1.4 mg, vitamin B12 10.8 micrograms, ascorbic acid 68 mg. The distribution of energy between protein, carbohydrate and fat was 18, 39 and 43% respectively. Energy intakes were not related to ambulatory status, degree of mental handicap, the level of drug usage or body mass index. Energy intakes varied significantly between hospitals and between the sexes.     

19.

Pregnant adolescent and adult women have similarly low intakes of selected nutrients     

Giddens JB  Krug SK  Tsang RC  Guo S  Miodovnik M  Prada JA 《Journal of the American Dietetic Association》2000,100(11):1334-1340

OBJECTIVE: To examine the dietary intake of pregnant adolescents during the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare their nutrient intake with that of pregnant adults. DESIGN: Two 7-day food records (14 days) from subjects participating in a larger randomized clinical calcium trial: the first at 19 to 21 weeks and the second between 29 and 31 weeks gestation. Intake of energy and selected nutrients were calculated and compared with dietary standards. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Fifty-nine pregnant adolescents and 97 pregnant adults recruited from prenatal clinics at a metropolitan university hospital. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Two sample t tests, equality of variances, and repeated measures (analysis of variance). RESULTS: There was no difference in mean nutrient intakes between the second and third trimesters. Using two 7-day food records, we found mean intakes for energy, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, folate, and vitamins D and E to be below recommended standards in both groups. Other nutrients examined met or exceeded reference values. Total daily intakes for energy and 11 nutrients were significantly higher in the adolescent compared to the adult diets (P < .05). These differences were not evident when nutrient values were corrected for energy, indicating that increased energy intake in the teen-aged population was contributed by nutrient-dense foods. APPLICATIONS: This study indicates the need for continued dietary monitoring of pregnant adolescents and pregnant adults, including nutrition guidance that stresses food sources of calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, fiber, folate, and vitamins D and E, the nutrients found deficient in their diets.     

20.

One-day and 3-day nutrient intakes by individuals--Nationwide Food Consumption Survey findings, Spring 1977   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

E M Pao  S J Mickle  M C Burk 《Journal of the American Dietetic Association》1985,85(3):313-324

With the use of data from the Spring 1977 sample of the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-78, 1- and 3-day nutrient intakes for 8,779 individuals in 22 sex-age groups in the 48 conterminous states were compared. For most nutrients studied, 3-day mean intakes and day 1 mean intakes showed little difference. Mean intakes for day 1 and for days 2 and 3 combined were not significantly different for most sex-age groups for most nutrients. The few statistically significant differences observed for energy, fat, and carbohydrate could have been the result of chance and therefore have little practical significance. Regression analysis indicated that day 1 intake was strongest as a predictor of intake on subsequent days for energy, carbohydrate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus; less strong for protein, fat, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin C; and poorest for vitamin A.     

Crohn's disease affects diet and growth in children

Background: Thirteen (eight girls, five boys) patients, aged 9.8–15.4 years, and 13 controls matched for age and sex were studied to identify foods that might aggravate the symptoms of children with Crohn's disease, to examine the adequacy of nutrient intake and to assess nutritional status.
Methods: The link between symptoms and food intake was determined by 48-h dietary recall on two separate occasions and by a dietary questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed using growth charts and biochemical values.
Results: Patients with Crohn's disease identified several foods that aggravate symptoms. The intakes of bread, cereals and fat were greater in patients than in controls. The mean relative (% energy) intake of protein was lower, but the mean absolute intake of carbohydrates was higher in patients than in controls. The intakes of vitamin D, calcium, iron and zinc by the patients were below the respective recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). Nutritional status was good in the majority of the patients. However, the mean height-for-age was lower in the patients than in the controls, and 38% of the patients had serum albumin concentrations below the reference value.
Conclusions: Symptoms and foods that aggravate symptoms may restrict diet and thus decrease nutrient intake. The diet of children with Crohn's disease may contain insufficient amounts of nutrients. In some children, Crohn's disease markedly retards growth. These results substantiate the need for coordinated dietetic follow-up.     

Nutrient intakes in relation to body weight of nonobese and obese elderly females1–2

This study was designed to determine the relationship between the body weight of 122 noninstitutionalized elderly females and the dietary energy intake computed from food records reflecting usual food intake. Women of 62 to 82 yrs of age were divided into two groups on the basis of their triceps skinfolds; there were 63 nonobese and 59 obese females. To estimate their usual food intake, a 28-day food record (instead of a 7-day food record) was collected, and mean intakes of daily dietary enery and calorie contributing nutrients were computed. Intake of protein from animal origin (p<0.01) and the animal protein/vegetable protein r ratio (p<0.002) were significantly higher among obese than nonobese counterparts. Intakes of total energy, fats, and carbohydrates were not different between the two groups. No significant relationships between the body weights and the intakes of the dietary energy and its sources were observed among nonobese persons. However, the body weight and wt/ht ratio of obse females were positively correlated to intakes of total energy, animal fat and sucrose (p<0.05); the wt/ht ratio was correlated to animal protein intake also (p<0.05). Both the body weight and wt/ht ratio were inversely related to the density of crude fiber (crude fiber/1000 kcal) (p<0.01). The data suggest that not only the total caloric intake but the sources of energy as well as the density of fiber are related to the body weight of obse individuals.     

Foods, nutrients and portions consumed by a sample of Australian children aged 16–24 months

Aim:  To describe the diet of a sample of Australian children aged 16–24 months with regard to the amounts of foods and nutrients consumed.
Methods:  Cross-sectional data collected from participants in a five-year randomised trial of the primary prevention of asthma. Pregnant women with a family history of atopy were recruited from six hospital antenatal clinics in western Sydney. At the 18-month assessment, carers of 429 of children completed three-day weighed food records. Three-day average intakes of foods and nutrients and average portions per eating occasion for commonly consumed foods. T -tests for comparing gender differences.
Results:  Diets were characterised by large amounts of milk and non-milk drinks with smaller amounts of cereals, fruits, vegetables and meats. Total energy intake was significantly higher for boys than girls and exceeded estimated energy requirements in both boys and girls. Food groups contributing most to energy included milk and milk products (35%), cereals (15%), cereal-based products (9%) and non-milk drinks (8%). Micronutrient intakes were below the Estimated Average Requirement in more than 5% of the children for vitamin A, calcium, vitamin C and iron. Sodium intakes exceeded the upper level of 1000 mg for 62% of children, while dietary fibre intake was only half the Adequate Intake of 14 g. Relatively few foods were widely consumed and median portion sizes were typically small in relation to commonly used reference portion sizes.
Conclusion:  These data may be useful as a preliminary basis for developing age-specific dietary surveillance tools and dietary guidance for children aged one to two years.     

Errors in reported dietary intakes. I. Short-term recall

Measures for quantifying reproducibility and between-subject variability of nutrient intake data are applied to intakes reported in two interviews (1-3 months apart) by 44 male and 17 female healthy white subjects aged 45-75 years. Intakes were assessed by three methods: a dietary history that included consumption frequency and serving size for 71 food items (dietary history method); a combination of individual consumption frequencies with sex-specific mean serving sizes (frequency method); an extrapolation from frequencies and serving sizes of all foods reported for a "typical day" in the specified time period (typical day method). Intake variation within subjects, between subjects, and between methods was assessed by analysis of variance for each sex and for each of the nutrients: total calories, protein, fat, vitamin A, and protein and fat as percentage of total calories. Dietary history-assessed intakes exceeded those assessed by the other two methods. The dietary history versus frequency excess was greater than the dietary history versus typical day excess for calories, fat, and protein, while the reverse was true for vitamin A and fat as percentage of total calories. The typical day method was unreliable for vitamin A because it occasionally produced extremely high, unreproducible intakes. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to measure a method's ability to distinguish interpersonal variation from within-person error. The frequency method produced less within-person error than did the dietary history method for all nutrients. For absolute intakes, the frequency method produced less interpersonal variation than did the dietary history method, while for relative intakes, the reverse was true. Females reported intakes with less within-person error than did males, and the interpersonal spread of their intakes was smaller. Consequences of these findings for the power and sensitivity of studies on the role of dietary factors in the etiology of chronic disease are explored.     

Consistency of the Willett semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recalls in estimating nutrient intakes of preschool children.

A study was performed to determine the utility of the Willett semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for assessing the habitual diets of preschool children. Children (n = 224) were recruited mainly through a New York City hospital-based pediatric practice during 1986-1987. The children's ages at baseline were 44-60 months; 50% were male, and 91% were Hispanic. Over a 12-month period, the Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered twice to each child's parent, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted four times. For energy and eight nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaires were 1.4-1.9 times higher than those from 24-hour recalls. Group mean estimates of nutrient density of total and saturated fat, potassium, and calcium did not differ between the two methods. Correlations between methods for crude nutrient intakes (unadjusted for energy consumption) ranged from 0.16 (polyunsaturated fat in boys) to 0.60 (potassium in girls). Correlations generally decreased when intakes were adjusted for energy consumption. Adjustment for energy intake and residual intraindividual variability yielded correlations of 0.48 for total calories, 0.35 for total fat, and 0.37 for saturated fat. For intake of energy and nine nutrients, of those children classified into the highest quintile by dietary recall, 28.9-40.9% were so classified by the Willett questionnaire, and 48.9-68.9% were classified into the highest two quintiles. When data were expressed as nutrient densities, agreement was high for potassium and calcium and fair for saturated fat, cholesterol, and protein. The moderately low consistency of nutrient intake estimates across dietary assessment methods in this study may be due, in large part, to residual intraindividual variability in both the recall data and the food frequency data.     

Comparison of a self-administered quantitative food amount frequency questionnaire with 4-day estimated food records

Our objective was to assess the relative validity of a self-administered food amount frequency questionnaire (FAQ), using 4-day estimated food records (FRs) as a reference method, for use in a subsequent clinical study of patients undergoing heart surgery. Thirty healthy subjects (19 males, 11 females), aged 45-75 years, were randomly recruited from patient lists generated by two local GP practices in Oxford. Complete data from the FAQ and FR, administered twice 6 months apart, were available for 25 subjects (16 males, 9 females). For absolute nutrient values, intakes of protein, CHO, total fat, PUFA, thiamin, iron, dietary fibre and alcohol were not significantly different between the FAQ and FR, and Pearson's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.28 for protein to 0.88 for total fat. Estimates from the FAQ were within +/- 10% of the estimates produced by the FR for two-thirds of nutrients. When nutrients were expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, no statistically significant differences were observed for any nutrient between the two methods, and correlations ranged from 0.32 for protein to 0.80 for SFA. In conclusion, the broad dietary patterns obtained by the two methods of assessment were comparable. This simple and inexpensive FAQ can be used to usefully estimate group intakes for a variety of nutrients in the study of patients undergoing heart surgery.     

Dietary intakes and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes.

The present study conducted dietary surveys of four groups of Australian male athletes: triathletes, marathon runners, Australian Rules football players, and Olympic weightlifters. Their training diets were assessed via a 7-day food record from which mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, and key micronutrients were estimated. The data were compared between groups as well as to recommendations in the literature for athlete nutrition. Results showed major differences between groups. The contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake was greater for triathletes and marathon runners than for the other two groups. There was no difference between all four groups in the total amount of fat consumed, yet its contribution to total energy intake was significantly lower for triathletes and marathon runners. The football players and weightlifters consumed a similar fat:energy ratio as the typical Australian diet. Furthermore, the micronutrient density of the football players' diets was significantly lower than that of the other groups.     

The Kilkenny Health Project: food and nutrient intakes in randomly selected healthy adults

1. Sixty healthy subjects aged 35-44 years (thirty men and thirty women) were randomly selected from electoral registers to participate in a dietary survey using the 7 d weighed-intake method during June-August 1985. 2. Energy intake (MJ/d) was 12.5 for men and 8.4 for women. Fat contributed 36.0 and 39.1% of the total energy intake of men and women respectively. When this was adjusted to exclude energy derived from alcoholic beverages, the corresponding values were 38.8 and 39.7% respectively. The major sources of dietary fat (%) were spreadable fats (28), meat (23), milk (12) and biscuits and cakes (11). 3. The subjects were divided into low- and high-fat groups both on the relative intake of fat (less than 35% or greater than 40% dietary energy from fat) and on the absolute intake of fat (greater than or less than 120 g fat/d). By either criterion, high-fat consumers had lower than average intakes of low-fat, high-carbohydrate foods such as potatoes, bread, fruit and table sugar, and higher intakes of milk, butter and confectionery products. Meat intake was higher among high-fat eaters only when a high-fat diet was defined as a percentage of energy.     

Comparison of nutrient intake between different dietary assessment methods in elderly male volunteers

Aim:  The objective of the study was to compare nutritional intake results obtained from the 4 × 4-day weighed records with those obtained from a food frequency questionnaire, repeated 24-hour recalls, a seven-day food record and a seven-day checklist in elderly men.
Methods:  Seventy-five healthy men aged 55–88 years and living at home in Cambridge, UK, took part in the study. Energy and nutrients had means and standard deviations calculated. Misreporting was based on an evaluation of food intake level, calculated as reported energy intake divided by predicted basal metabolic rate. This was in relation to a plausible physical activity level, calculated as the ratio of energy expenditure divided by predicted basal metabolic rate. Statistical significance was assessed via one-way anova .
Results:  The nutrient density was higher for protein and potassium for the group with low food intake level values in all dietary assessment methods. For some methods, this was also true for calcium, carotene, iron and vitamin C. All methods yielded similar results.
Conclusions:  The present study indicates that selective underreporting exists. Surprisingly, the simplest method, the simplified 24-hour recall, performed as well as more complicated methods.     

Change in nutrient intake between adolescence and adulthood: a 21-year longitudinal study

Summary   The period between adolescence and adulthood is a time of great change, mentally, physically and socially. Such changes can have a profound impact on nutrient intake. Yet whilst some short-term studies have attempted to assess dietary change during adolescence, few have considered how diet changes over the longer term, spanning the transition between adolescence and adulthood. This article describes the findings of the first British study to assess the change in macronutrient and micronutrient intake from early adolescence into adulthood. The study sample comprised 202 participants of a dietary survey carried out on Northumberland 12 years olds in 1979–80 who were followed up at 33 years old. At both time-points dietary intake was measured using two 3-day food diaries with follow-up interviews to record estimated portion size. The most notable findings were that between 12 and 33 years old, for both males and females, % food energy intakes of fat, total sugars and carbohydrate had fallen and protein intakes had risen, whilst absolute intakes of unavailable carbohydrate and all micronutrients considered (vitamin C, iron, calcium, vitamin D), with the exception of retinol equivalents, had increased. These changes in intake were generally consistent in direction between males and females. In conclusion, nutrient intake undergoes considerable change between adolescence and adulthood and, in most respects, this is in a direction in line with dietary recommendations. This does not imply that efforts should not be made to improve childhood and adolescent diet given the importance of diet on health in adolescence and later in life and evidence that dietary intake is, to some extent, established at an early age.     

Nutrient intakes in long-stay mentally handicapped persons

A study of the dietary intake of 115 male and 217 female mentally handicapped persons aged 15-64 years in five long-stay institutions was carried out using a semi-weighed technique over 4 d. Nineteen per cent of males and 5% of females were classified as being underweight and 15% of males and 27% of females were classified as being obese. The average daily intakes of nutrients were: energy 8.8 MJ, protein 92 g, carbohydrate 218 g, fat 101 g, dietary fibre 18 g, calcium 1024 mg, iron 12.5 mg, vitamin B6 1.4 mg, vitamin B12 10.8 micrograms, ascorbic acid 68 mg. The distribution of energy between protein, carbohydrate and fat was 18, 39 and 43% respectively. Energy intakes were not related to ambulatory status, degree of mental handicap, the level of drug usage or body mass index. Energy intakes varied significantly between hospitals and between the sexes.     

Pregnant adolescent and adult women have similarly low intakes of selected nutrients

OBJECTIVE: To examine the dietary intake of pregnant adolescents during the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare their nutrient intake with that of pregnant adults. DESIGN: Two 7-day food records (14 days) from subjects participating in a larger randomized clinical calcium trial: the first at 19 to 21 weeks and the second between 29 and 31 weeks gestation. Intake of energy and selected nutrients were calculated and compared with dietary standards. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Fifty-nine pregnant adolescents and 97 pregnant adults recruited from prenatal clinics at a metropolitan university hospital. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Two sample t tests, equality of variances, and repeated measures (analysis of variance). RESULTS: There was no difference in mean nutrient intakes between the second and third trimesters. Using two 7-day food records, we found mean intakes for energy, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, folate, and vitamins D and E to be below recommended standards in both groups. Other nutrients examined met or exceeded reference values. Total daily intakes for energy and 11 nutrients were significantly higher in the adolescent compared to the adult diets (P < .05). These differences were not evident when nutrient values were corrected for energy, indicating that increased energy intake in the teen-aged population was contributed by nutrient-dense foods. APPLICATIONS: This study indicates the need for continued dietary monitoring of pregnant adolescents and pregnant adults, including nutrition guidance that stresses food sources of calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, fiber, folate, and vitamins D and E, the nutrients found deficient in their diets.     

One-day and 3-day nutrient intakes by individuals--Nationwide Food Consumption Survey findings, Spring 1977

With the use of data from the Spring 1977 sample of the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-78, 1- and 3-day nutrient intakes for 8,779 individuals in 22 sex-age groups in the 48 conterminous states were compared. For most nutrients studied, 3-day mean intakes and day 1 mean intakes showed little difference. Mean intakes for day 1 and for days 2 and 3 combined were not significantly different for most sex-age groups for most nutrients. The few statistically significant differences observed for energy, fat, and carbohydrate could have been the result of chance and therefore have little practical significance. Regression analysis indicated that day 1 intake was strongest as a predictor of intake on subsequent days for energy, carbohydrate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus; less strong for protein, fat, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin C; and poorest for vitamin A.