经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影在颅内动脉瘤中的应用

目的 探讨经颅超声造影(CE-TCCS)在大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄闭塞疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法 对86例临床疑似大脑中动脉狭窄的患者分别行经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)及CE-TCCS检查,比较造影前、后对MCA 狭窄的显示率,定位狭窄部位,评价狭窄程度,并将诊断结果与数字减影血管造影(DSA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)结果进行对照。结果 MRA或DSA显示,86例患者中共98支MCA 狭窄,TCCS对MCA 狭窄的显示率为80.6%(79/98),CE-TCCS为100%(98/98)。98支狭窄的MCA中M1段狭窄68支,M2段狭窄30支,CE-TCCS对于MCA 狭窄定位诊断的准确率为94.8%。86例中19例患者年龄较大,TCCS大脑中动脉不能全程显示,呈断续显示,未探及明显高速血流,其中M1段狭窄漏诊8例,M2段狭窄漏诊11例;注射造影剂后,MCA全程显示清楚,狭窄段表现为彩色血流色彩明亮,呈五彩镶嵌样,频谱多普勒显示局部血流速度明显加快,部分血管远段血流速度减低;严重狭窄者近闭塞动脉处血流信号呈断续的点条状充盈,血流速度减低。闭塞动脉未见血流信号。结论 经颅超声造影能够准确诊断MCA 狭窄并准确定位狭窄部位,且对评估狭窄程度具有一定作用,有望成为MCA狭窄的首选检查方法。     

经颅彩色多普勒超声联合造影技术对颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位的研究

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术诊断颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位的价值。方法 112例脑血管病患者,利用经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术,采用冠状面和轴断面相结合的方法,依次检查颈内动脉颅内各段,记录血流动力学测值。超声检查与磁共振脑血管造影比较,总结超声和磁共振脑血管造影诊断颈内动脉狭窄闭塞性部位的价值。结果经过筛选共40例患者符合条件,所有颈内动脉根据解剖分为5段,即颈段、C1~2段、C3~4段、C5~6段和大脑中动脉(MCA1)段,共分析了400段。经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术诊断的颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞者有48段,狭窄分布部位如下:大脑中动脉(MCA1)26段、C1~2段10段、C3~4段10段、C5~6段2段;合并颈内动脉颅外段狭窄闭塞者有18段,大脑后动脉狭窄2例。MRA诊断颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞者有54段,其中大脑中动脉(MCA1)28段、C1~2段6段、C3~4段20段、C5~6段0段;合并颈内动脉颅外段狭窄闭塞者有18段,大脑后动脉狭窄2例,岩骨段小动脉瘤2例。结论超声与磁共振脑血管造影两种无创检查方法均能有效判断颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位,经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术能提供颅内血流动力学状况,超声与磁共振脑血管造影结合使用对颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位的诊断能提供更全面客观的评价。     

经颅超声造影在大脑中动脉狭窄定位及定量诊断中的初步应用

目的探讨经颅超声造影(CE-TCCS)在大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄闭塞病变诊断中的应用价值。方法对86例临床疑似大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞的患者分别行经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)及经颅超声造影检查,比较造影前后大脑中动脉狭窄显示率、定位狭窄部位、评价狭窄程度,并与核磁共振血管成像和(或)数字减影血管造影检查结果进行对照。结果经核磁共振血管成像和(或)数字减影血管造影显示,86例中98支大脑中动脉狭窄,经颅彩色多普勒超声诊断狭窄79支(79/98,80.6%),经颅超声造影诊断狭窄98支(98/98,100%),其中M1段狭窄68支,M2段狭窄30支;经颅超声造影对大脑中动脉狭窄定位诊断准确率为94.9%(93/98),不同程度的大脑中动脉狭窄表现不同。结论经颅超声造影能够准确诊断大脑中动脉狭窄,狭窄部位定位准确,对狭窄程度的评价有一定作用,有望成为大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞病变首选的筛查方法。     

三维经颅彩色多普勒对颅内血管闭塞诊断的意义

本文报告用三维经颅多普勒超声(3D-TCD)诊断颅内血管狭窄或闭塞共10例,经数字减影脑血管造影证实,即颈内动脉虹吸部C_1 C_2段狭窄和闭塞6例,其中2例伴有大脑前动脉(ACA)和中动脉(MCA)起始部闭塞,2例颈内动脉(ICA)起始部闭塞,2例双侧狭窄伴一侧闭塞,2例单纯MCA起始部闭塞。由于颅内血管闭塞的部位和病变累及范围不同,3D-TCD检查显示特征亦不同。1.颈内动脉虹吸部以上部     

头臂动脉型多发性大动脉炎颅内动脉及眼动脉血流动力学的超声研究

目的 应用经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)研究头臂动脉型多发性大动脉炎(TA)患者颅内动脉及眼动脉血流动力学的状况.方法 用TCCS检测21例头臂动脉型TA患者颅内动脉[大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)]和眼动脉(OA)的血流动力学变化.结果 21例头臂动脉型TA患者患侧MCA、 ACA、 PCA、 OA的血流速度、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)均明显低于对照组(P<0.001).结论 TCCS能较准确地实时评价头臂动脉型TA患者颅内动脉、眼动脉的血流动力学变化,并可以解释头臂动脉型TA患者的头晕、视物模糊等临床症状,对评估治疗疗效和判断预后具有重要的临床价值.     

经颅彩色多普勒超声对颈内动脉闭塞患者颅内侧支循环及血供的研究

目的 探讨颈内动脉闭塞时颅内动脉侧支循环血流代偿的途径及血供状况。方法 选择单侧颈内动脉闭塞患者29例，应用经颅彩色多普勒超声显像（TCCD）、能量多普勒（CDE）及超声造影检测双侧眼动脉（OA）及颅内动脉；分别根据患侧OA反向血流、患侧大脑前动脉（ACA）的A1段反向血流或压迫健侧颈总动脉（CCA）患侧大脑中动脉（MCA）血流速度降低、压迫患侧CCA同侧大脑后动脉（PCA）的P1段血流速度增高，判断OA、willis环前交通动脉（ACoA）、willis环后交通动脉（PCoA）侧支循环途径代偿。结果 29例患者经TCCD和CDE检查OA均显示清楚，MCA、ACA、PCA完全显示16例（55．2％），另13例（44．8％）行超声造影后均能完全显示。经OA、ACoA、PCoA侧支循环代偿分别29例（100％）、24例（82．7％）、2例（6．8％）。患侧OA血流速度较健侧增高，搏动指数、阻力指数减小（P〈0．05）；而患侧MCA、ACA流速较健侧降低（P〈0．05），搏动指数、阻力指数无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论 TCCD、CDE、超声造影能实时观察颅内动脉侧支循环及血供，为脑血管检查的有效方法。     

彩色多普勒超声检测双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者侧支循环及血流动力学

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声检测双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者颅内动脉侧支循环代偿途径及血流动力学状况的价值.方法 对7例双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者(患者组)和对照组7名健康成人,应用彩色多普勒超声检测双侧眼动脉(OA)及颅内动脉,分别根据患者OA反向血流及大脑后动脉(PCA)P1段峰值血流速度(Vs)大于对照组((-x)+2s)来判断OA、Willis环后交通动脉侧支循环代偿途径,并比较患者组与对照组大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)的平均血流速度(Vm).结果 7例患者均存在双侧OA反向血流,双侧椎动脉、基底动脉Vm明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05);4例左侧PCA P1段和3例右侧PCA P1段Vs大干对照组;MCA、ACA Vm较对照组明显降低(P均＜0.05).结论 双侧ICA闭塞患者存在OA及后交通动脉两种侧支循环代偿途径,但其颅内动脉仍供血不足.彩色多普勒超声能实时评价颅内动脉侧支循环血供和血流动力学变化.     

经颅彩色双功超声及超声造影诊断颅内动脉狭窄与DSA对照研究

目的探讨经颅彩色双功超声(TCCS)及超声造影(CEUS)对颅内动脉狭窄诊断的价值,并与DSA结果对照评价其可靠性。方法对58例临床疑颅内动脉狭窄的患者一周内行TCCS和DSA检查颅内动脉。结果DSA共检出31条大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄,TCCS及CEUS检出28条,DSA未证实有狭窄的MCA血管中,TCCS检出1条有狭窄,TCCS诊断MCA狭窄的敏感性、特异性、假阳性和假阴性分别为90.3%、96.5%、3.5%和10.3%。结论TCCS和CEUS诊断颅内动脉狭窄有较好的准确性,是其检查的有效方法。     

超声对颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞时颅内侧支循环情况的评价

目的应用经颅彩色双功超声(TCCS)评价颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞时颅内侧支循环的建立情况。方法采用彩色多普勒血流成像筛选单侧颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的患者,用TCCS检测颅内主要动脉的血流动力学变化。结果①有前交通动脉参与的侧支循环与中风发生呈负相关,而眼动脉(OA)参与的侧支循环与中风发生呈正相关。②无症状组及有症状组颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的患者患侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的收缩期峰值流速、搏动指数明显低于健侧及对照组。无症状组患侧OA的收缩期峰值流速、搏动指数与健侧及对照组比较无统计学意义,而有症状组OA的收缩期峰值流速、搏动指数明显低于健侧及对照组。结论TCCS检测颅内主要动脉的血流动力学变化,可以方便地评价颅内侧支循环状态,对颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者治疗和预后的判断具有重要的临床价值。     

经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影诊断颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞的价值

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声（TCCS）联合经颅超声造影诊断颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞的特征及准确性。方法对35例疑有椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞的患者应用TCCS联合经颅超声造影经枕窗检查椎-基底动脉,同时与数字减影血管造影（DSA）比较。结果35例患者DSA检出椎-基底动脉狭窄29支,TCCS联合经颅超声造影检出椎-基底动脉狭窄24支。与DSA检查对照,TCCS联合经颅超声造影诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,其诊断敏感性为79131％,特异性为98．68％,阳性预测值为95．83％,阴性预测值为92．59％。结论TCSS联合经颅超声造影能有效评估颅内椎-基底动脉的血流变化,可以作为大部分颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄闭塞病变的首选筛查手段。     

Cerebral haemodynamics in acute bacterial meningitis in adults

BACKGROUND: Vascular complications are an important cause of neurological sequelae among adult survivors of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM). AIM: To examine the haemodynamic changes associated with ABM. METHODS: Serial transcranial colour-coded sonography (TCCS) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) were used to examine cerebrovascular changes in adult ABM patients. Outcome at 3 months was categorized using a modified Barthel index. RESULTS: We recruited 24 patients, 12 men and 12 women, aged 21-68 years. Mean cerebral blood flow velocity (V(mean)) increased from day 1 to day 4 in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA). On day 4, V(mean) values in the MCA, ACA and PCA were all significantly higher than reference values in healthy volunteers. At 3 months follow-up, 16 cases had good outcomes, while the other eight had poor outcomes. Under multiple logistic regression analysis, only Glasgow coma score (GCS) at admission was independently associated with the three-month outcome. DISCUSSION: In these patient, stenosis as demonstrated by TCCS did not wholly coincide with stenosis as demonstrated by MRA, and the presence of intracranial stenosis was not predictive of a poor outcome at 3 months. Further studies are needed to delineate the characteristics and significance of cerebrovascular changes in adult ABM.     

经颅超声造影在后循环缺血患者椎-基底动脉病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨经颅超声造影对后循环缺血患者颅内椎-基底动脉病变的诊断价值。方法对39例临床诊断后循环缺血(PCI)患者分别行常规经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)及经颅超声造影(CE-TCCS)检查,以数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查为"金标准",分别比较这两种检查方法对椎-基底动脉狭窄显示的符合程度,计算TCCS与CE-TCCS诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄的敏感度及特异度。比较TCCS与CE-TCCS间椎-基底动脉不同程度狭窄时收缩期峰值流速(PSV)的差异。结果 39例患者共117支椎-基底动脉(78支椎动脉和39支基底动脉),以DSA为金标准,TCCS诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄与DSA的吻合系数Kappa=0.515,P<0.01;CE-TCCS诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄与DSA的吻合系数Kappa=0.788,P<0.01。TCCS诊断颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄的敏感度为66.7%(32/48),特异度为84.1%(58/69),阳性预测值为74.4%(32/43),阴性预测值为78.4%(58/74);CE-TCCS诊断颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄的敏感度为87.5%(42/48),特异度为91.3%(63/69),阳性预测值为87.5%(42/48),阴性预测值为91.3%(63/69)。在颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄程度<50%时,CE-TCCS测量的收缩期峰值流速高于TCCS的测量值,两者比较差异有统计学意义(Z=-6.181,P<0.01);在颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄程度≥50%时,CE-TCCS测量的收缩期峰值流速亦高于TCCS的测量值,两者比较差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.180,P<0.05)。结论与TCCS比较,CE-TCCS在诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄方面与DSA结果显示出更好的一致性。CE-TCCS检查有助于提高PCI患者颅内椎-基底动脉病变的诊断。     

经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影在颅内动静脉畸形中的应用

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)及经颅超声造影(CE-TCCS)在颅内动静脉畸形诊断中的应用价值。方法对31例疑为颅内动静脉畸形的患者分别行经颅彩色多普勒超声及经颅超声造影检查,比较造影前后畸形血管团及供血动脉的显示率,并与数字减影血管造影(DSA)或计算机体层摄影血管成像(CTA)检查结果进行对比。结果 (1)经CTA或DSA证实30例为颅内动静脉畸形,1例为颅内海绵状血管瘤。(2)经颅彩色多普勒超声对颅内动静脉畸形的显示率为70%(21/30),经颅超声造影对颅内动静脉畸形的显示率为96.7%(29/30)。对位于颞叶(11例)、岛叶(1例)、小脑(1例)的颅内动静脉畸形经颅彩色多普勒超声测量动静脉畸形血管团大小与DSA测量结果一致,而5例位于额叶、1例位于顶叶及1例位于枕叶的动静脉畸形血管团测值(2.4cm×3.0cm)明显小于DSA测值(3.0cm×3.6cm)。经颅超声造影测量畸形血管团的大小均与DSA测值一致(3.5cm×4.4cm)。(3)经颅彩色多普勒超声对供血动脉的显示率为59.5%(22/37),经颅超声造影对供血动脉的显示率为83.7%(31/37),造影后供血动脉流速较造影前略增快,但造影前后收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)及阻力指数(RI)测值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅超声造影可提高颅内动静脉畸形及供血动脉的显示率,经颅超声造影测量畸形血管团大小与DSA检查结果更为一致。     

Detection of stenoses in the anterior circulation using frequency-based transcranial color-coded sonography

Atherosclerotic stenoses of the intracranial vessels are less frequent than those of the extracranial vessels, but they are associated with a considerable annual stroke rate. The aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of frequency-based transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS), transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) and intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. Forty patients presenting with 48 intracranial stenoses of the anterior circulation were involved in the study. The stenoses were detected in the neurovascular laboratory during routine TCD examinations. All patients underwent an additional frequency-based TCCS examination. Both the axial and coronal planes were obtained to allow the exact localization of MCA stenosis and differentiation from intracranial ICA stenosis. Angle-corrected flow velocity measurements were performed if straight vessel compartments were 20 mm or more in length. A total of 18 stenoses (44%) were investigated additionally with DSA. According to the investigation with TCD, 20 (42%) stenoses were low-grade, 12 (25%) were moderate, and the remaining 16 (33%) were severe. Angle-corrected flow velocity measurements obtained with the integrated pulse-wave Doppler device of the TCCS machine were highly correlated (0.912, p < 0.001) with those obtained with TCD. TCCS achieved a reliable differentiation of MCA main stem stenosis vs. intracranial ICA stenosis in 7 patients and vs. MCA branch stenosis in 4 patients, but TCD failed in these two subgroups. The agreement between DSA and TCCS to evaluate semiquantitatively 18 intracranial stenoses resulted in a weighted-kappa value of 0.764. The major clinically relevant advantages of TCCS over TCD in MCA stenosis are its ability to differentiate MCA trunk stenosis from terminal ICA or MCA branch stenosis reliably and to perform angle-corrected flow velocity measurements.     

症状性单侧颈内动脉颅内段严重狭窄或闭塞全脑CT灌注成像表现模式

目的:研究症状性单侧颈内动脉(ICA)严重狭窄或闭塞的320排CT全脑灌注成像(CTPI)表现及血流动力学模式。资料与方法:回顾分析23例症状性单侧ICA严重狭窄(>70%)或闭塞的患者的全脑CTPI资料,分别重建4D-CTA及CTPI参数图(脑血容量(CBV)、脑血流量(CBF)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)及延迟(Delay)图),分别记录ICA狭窄程度、患者临床症状、有无梗死及梗死部位、CTPI参数图特点及绝对值,并对病灶侧及对侧脑区灌注参数值进行比较。结果:单侧ICA闭塞15例,严重狭窄8例。大脑中动脉(MCA)和/或大脑前动脉(ACA)分布区脑梗死13例,内侧分水岭区梗死6例,基底节区腔隙性脑梗死2例,无梗死2例。CTPI血流动力学模式有:①CBV/CBF基本正常,MTT/TTP/Delay延长(4例);②CBV基本正常,CBF轻度下降,MTT/TTP/Delay延长(3例);③CBV/CBF明显减低,MTT局灶缩短并周围MTT/TTP/Delay延长(16例)。统计学分析显示:病灶同侧CBV、CBF、TTP、Delay与对侧比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);病灶同侧MTT与对侧比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.66)。结论:320排CT全脑容积CTA/CTPI能一次显示颅内段ICA的狭窄程度并能全面反映脑血流动力学变化,为临床治疗提供重要信息。     

TCD对缺血性脑血管病颅内动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的：观察经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对颅内血管狭窄诊断的可靠性。方法：对确诊的128例缺血性脑血管病进行TCD与数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查，观察颅内血管的变化情况。结果：128例中共检查血管1112条，TCD发现狭窄血管183条，其中135条与DSA诊断一致，但在TCD检查正常的血管中DSA发现血管狭窄29条，显示TCD诊断血管狭窄的敏感性82．3％，特异性94．9％，阳性预测值73．7％，阴性预测值96．8％，其中对大脑中动脉的价值最大，其后依次为椎动脉、大脑前后动脉。结论：TCD对诊断脑内动脉狭窄具有较高的敏感性和特异性，尤其对大脑中动脉和椎动脉，对大脑前动脉和大脑后动脉诊断须慎重。     

Classification of Intracranial Stenoses: Discrepancies between Transcranial Duplex Sonography and Computed Tomography Angiography

Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) are widely used to identify intracranial stenoses (ISs). We assessed concordance of IS grading between TCCS and CTA and proposed new TCCS criteria for severe IS ≥70%. One hundred two stroke patients (70 ± 13 y) with TCCS-identified IS were included. TCCS and CTA were performed within 24 h after admission. TCCS peak systolic velocity cutoffs for <50%/50%–69% stenoses were ≥155/≥220 cm/s (middle cerebral artery [MCA]-M1), ≥100/≥140 cm/s (MCA-M2), ≥120/≥155 cm/s (anterior cerebral artery [ACA]-A1), ≥100/≥145 cm/s (posterior cerebral artery [PCA]-P1 and PCA-P2), ≥90/≥120 cm/s (vertebral artery [VA]-V4) and ≥100/≥140 cm/s (basilar artery [BA]). Criteria for ≥70% stenoses were, despite variable flow velocities, post-stenotic flow alterations and/or leptomeningeal collateral flow. One hundred seventy-seven ISs were detected by TCCS. The number and grade (<50%/50%–69%/≥70%) of ISs were MCA 70 (39/19/12), BA 24 (9/11/4), ACA 21 (14/7/0), PCA 49 (29/15/5) and VA 13 (2/6/5). IS localization was confirmed by CTA in 84 of 177 cases (48%): MCA, 41/70 (59%); BA, 16/24 (67%); ACA 2/21, (10%); PCA, 17/49 (35%); VA, 8/13 (62%). Concordance between TCCS and CTA grading was (<50%/50%–69%/≥70%) 17%/19%/77%. TCCS and CTA exhibited substantial differences in the detection and grading of IS. Higher concordance rates for severe stenosis support our proposed TCCS criteria.