腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的疗效。方法应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复32例足踝部软组织缺损患者,缺损面积5 cm×4 cm~10 cm×8 cm。结果 32例皮瓣全部存活,1例皮瓣远端皮缘浅表坏死,经换药愈合。患者均获得随访,时间3~12个月,皮肤质地优良,色泽正常,局部稍饱满,修复缺损满意。结论应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣可以很好地修复足踝部软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的　应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复同侧小腿下段及足踝部软组织损伤的临床效果。方法　应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复同侧小腿下段及足踝部软组织损伤 19例 ,皮瓣面积最大 15cm× 13cm ,最小 5cm× 4cm。其中将小隐静脉与受区静脉吻合 9例 ,未吻合但在其蒂部结扎 6例 ,未吻合也未结扎 4例。结果　大部皮瓣成活 ,小隐静脉吻合者皮瓣全部成活 ,未吻合但在其蒂部结扎者部分坏死 1例 ,未吻合也未结扎者均短期内间内肿胀淤血且大部分坏死 1例。结论　腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的可靠方法 ,术中若能将小隐静脉与修复区静脉吻合其效果更佳。     

腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法采用腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复26例足踝部及小腿软组织缺损患者,缺损面积4 cm×6 cm～18 cm×12cm,切取皮瓣面积5 cm×7 cm～19 cm×14 cm。结果患者均获得随访,时间12～18个月。2例皮瓣远端边缘部分坏死,经换药后愈合;余24例皮瓣全部成活。结论腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣血管解剖恒定,血供可靠,无需吻合血管,旋转灵活,对小腿功能和外形影响小,是修复足踝部及小腿软组织创面的良好方法。     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损与骨髓炎创面

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床疗效.方法 采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面26例,创面缺损范围5 cm×3.5 cm~18 cm×10 cm,皮瓣切取面积6.0 cm×4 cm～18 cm×12 cm.结果 26例均得到随访,时间3～12月.患者皮瓣均存活.术后发生皮瓣血管危象2例,予拆除缝线、高压氧治疗好转;皮瓣边缘部分坏死2例,供区植皮坏死1例、感染2例,均经换药治愈.皮瓣外观及功能满意.结论 腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,损伤小,不需要显微外科技术,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的较理想皮瓣.     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损

目的 总结腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿中、下部及足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果. 方法 2004年1月至2010年2月,采用腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿中、下部及足踝部软组织缺损15例,其中修复小腿下段软组织缺损3例,修复足背缺损6例,修复足跟部及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损共6例.皮瓣切取面积5 cm×7cm～ 13cm× 19cm.术中将小隐静脉与受区静脉吻合重建皮瓣静脉回流、将腓肠神经与受区可供吻合的神经行端端或端侧吻合重建皮瓣感觉. 结果 15例皮瓣全部成活,伤口Ⅰ期愈合,供区植皮完全成活.术后经6个月～2年随访,皮瓣质地良好,厚薄均匀,色泽与周边皮肤相似,皮瓣两点辨别觉10 ～ 16 mm,平均14 mm,下肢负重、行走正常. 结论 应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损可获得较好的临床效果.     

腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的：总结应用腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的经验。方法：从2006年2月～2008年12月,笔者应用腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损共12例,皮瓣最大15cm×10cm,最小6cm×5cm,筋膜蒂宽度为4～5cm,皮瓣旋转点至外踝尖距离5～7cm。皮瓣剥离的深度在腓肠肌肌膜深面,将小隐静脉和腓肠神经包含于内。蒂部均留有2cm宽度的皮肤,走明道向受区旋转。结果：12例皮瓣全部成活,无供血不足及静脉回流障碍。结论：腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣血运丰富,制作简便,防止蒂部受压是成活率高的保证。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及效果.方法　2003年1月至2011年1月,在腓动脉穿支与腓肠神经营养血供的解剖基础上,根据足踝部皮肤缺损大小,设计腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,逆行移位修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损13例.切取皮瓣而积9 cm×8.5 cm～ 28 cm×13 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7～3.3 cm.结果　本组中11例皮瓣全部存活,2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经换药治愈.全部患者随访6～12个月,皮瓣外形及功能满意.结论　腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损.     

吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染创面

目的报道应用吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染创面的临床效果。方法应用吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染软组织缺损创面11例,创面面积最大12cm×18cm,最小8cm×10cm,切取皮瓣面积最大14cm×20cm．最小8cm×10cm。在转移皮瓣时将小隐静脉与创面周围大隐静脉属支吻合。结果11例皮瓣术后均无明显肿胀、瘀血等现象。其中10例顺利成活,1例皮瓣因创面感染未控制致部分坏死,清创游离植皮后治愈。其中10例获4～36个月随访,平均18．4个月,按照美国足踝外科协会评分系统踝一后足评分系统（总分100分）进行评分,最高得分97分,最低84分,平均93．5分,皮瓣外形、色泽及足踝部功能满意。结论应用吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染所致的足跟部皮肤软组织缺损,操作简单,皮瓣成活率高,抗感染能力强,有利于骨感染创面的愈合临床效果好。     

腓动脉皮支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨腓动脉皮支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法在应用解剖学基础上,设计腓动脉皮支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣,修复足踝部软组织缺损。结果临床应用15例,皮瓣最大面积25cm×15cm,1例皮缘部分坏死,余全部成活。结论腓动脉皮支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血液循环丰富,成活率高,不牺牲主要血管神经,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的　报道应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的手术方法及临床应用效果。　方法　应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损 2 3例 ,切取瓣面积最大为 18cm× 12cm ,最小为 12cm× 6cm。蒂长最长 11cm ,最短 7cm。　结果　 2 3例中 19例全部成活 ,3例皮瓣边缘坏死合并有水泡 ,经换药治愈 ;1例部分坏死经植皮治愈。　结论　腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣质地良好 ,有感觉 ,手术切取操作简便 ,成活率高 ,不损伤血管 ,是修复足踝部软组织缺损较为理想的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.