Wernicke's encephalopathy in a metropolitan hospital. A prospective study of incidence, characteristics and outcome

Thirty-two cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy were admitted to hospital for treatment in a period of 33 months; this represented a relatively low incidence in total hospital admissions. Thiamin status was deficient, borderline and normal in 21 (66%), five (16%) and six (19%) patients, respectively, and responded immediately to treatment in those who had abnormal thiamin status. Ophthalmoplegia responded rapidly to treatment. Nystagmus, ataxia, disturbance of mental function and peripheral neuropathy responded incompletely to treatment in both the short-and the long-term. The overall setting for the development of Wernicke's encephalopathy appears to be chronic alcohol abuse, accompanied by cerebral "atrophy" and liver disease, but often without gross evidence of malnutrition.     

Thiamin status of a sample of homeless clinic attenders in Sydney

Thiamin is one of the marginally adequate nutrients in the Australian diet. The incidence and prevalence of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in this country may be the highest in the world. Homeless men could be at risk for low intakes of thiamin in association with irregular high alcohol intakes. A sample of 107 homeless men from two hostels and one clinic for homeless persons in inner Sydney was investigated for nutritional status; their thiamin status is reported here. By means of 24-hour recall methods, their mean dietary thiamin intake--0.76 mg per day--was less than the National Health and Medical Research Council's recommended dietary intake of 1.1 mg per day; at 0.076 mg/MJ it was even less than the minimal requirement of 0.08 mg/MJ. It was much lower than the mean intake of 1.38 mg per day that was found in the 1983 National Dietary Survey of adults and the distribution of thiamin intakes in this study was skewed positively, with the largest intake being in the range of 0-0.1 mg per day. On clinical examination we found a high prevalence of signs that were consistent with thiamin deficiency. Twenty-four per cent of the subjects showed three-or-more of the signs of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and global confusion). In assaying for red-cell transketolase levels, this subgroup showed higher thiamin pyrophosphate effects than did the whole sample. Thirty-six per cent of the whole sample showed subnormal thiamin status by the thiamin pyrophosphate effect. Thus, in this sample, homeless men showed a high prevalence of dietary, biochemical and clinical features to indicate subclinical or early clinical thiamin deficiency.     

皮层下动脉硬化性脑病影像学表现

目的：总结皮层下动脉硬化性脑病（ＳＡＥ）临床、影像学表现及诊断要点。方法：对临床资料完整并经ＣＴ扫描的３３０例（其中５４例加磁共振成像）进行分析。结果：进行性智能障碍是ＳＡＥ的主要临床表现,ＣＴ显示脑内白质区多发低信号灶,ＭＲＩ表现为长Ｔ１、长Ｔ２异常信号灶,同时合并多发腔隙性脑梗死和脑萎缩。结论：ＣＴ平扫结合临床是ＳＡＥ最简便有效的诊断手段,ＭＲＩ能更敏感的显示合并的脑内细小梗死灶。     

贵州省地方性克汀病脑CT和电生理改变

本文克汀病病人组颅脑CT表现特征:1.部分患者大脑皮质和髓质发育不良,表现为额叶、枕叶和顶叶的脑沟增宽(35％),脑外侧裂增宽(28％)。大脑皮质除额叶外各叶CT值均减低,侧脑室有前角扩大和体部相对性扩大。2.丘脑受到侵犯,表现为CT值减低和第三脑室扩大。3.脑干发育不良。4.部分(32％)患者小脑发育不良。本组患者BAEPs全部异常,其它检查的异常率SSEPs为27.2％,VEPs为25.5％,CET为81.8％,EEG为75.8％。     

小儿结核性脑膜炎的临床及影像学特征

目的:探讨小儿结核性脑膜炎(TM)的临床及影像学特征.方法:对106例TM患儿的临床及头颅CT、MRI进行分析.结果:82例头颅CT检查,68例异常,异常率为82.9%;头颅MRI检查53例,49例异常,异常率为92.4%.早期头颅CT表现为脑池改变或轻度脑实质低密度影,或脑室系统轻度扩大;MRI上可见脑室系统的扩大,皮层脑沟、池增宽,脑实质可见异常信号.中期还可见明显的脑水肿、脑积水改变.晚期都伴有大脑半球、基地界区明显的梗塞灶.结论:头颅CT、MRI检查可为TM患儿的病变部位、范围和程度提供准确的诊断依据,对预后估计具有非常重要价值.     

脑萎缩指标与血管性痴呆认知障碍及中医证型的相关性研究

为探讨神经影像学在血管性痴呆(VD)认知障碍评价中的意义及与中医证型的相关性,采用临床痴呆量表选择4组实验对象进行神经心理学量表测评、CT、检测脑萎缩相关指标和中医辨证分型.结果:与认知正常组相比,脑卒中组存在某些方面的认知障碍,痴呆组则有广泛的认知损害,且随着痴呆程度加重而加重.VD存在明显的脑萎缩和白质疏松,且与认知障碍程度相关.中医证候诊断中,脑卒中组的肾精亏虚证候比认知正常组明显,轻度VD组的痰浊阻窍证候比脑卒中组和认知正常组明显,中度VD组的瘀血阻络证候比其它3组明显.肾精亏虚、痰浊阻窍、瘀血阻络证候均与各认知量表得分、痴呆程度、白质密度、脑萎缩相关.尤以瘀血阻络证候明显.说明神经影像学指标与VD认知障碍相关,肾精亏虚、痰浊阻窍、瘀血阻络证候与认知损害关系密切,与脑萎缩指标也相关,而标实的影响可能比本虚更大.     

74例缺血性脑血管病颈动脉超声多普勒检测及其临床

使用多普勒超声血流计量仪(QFM),对74例有 CT 脑扫描资料的缺血性脑血管病病人,进行了双侧颈总动脉血流各值的测定,发现异常者39例.随后对此39例作颈动脉 B 超,并对其中4例作了脑血管造影,其中27例证实颈动脉颅外段病变。作者根据临床表现,CT 资料、颈动脉 B超以及脑血管造影进行全面分析,认为 QFM 对颈部血管病检查有一定可靠性,特别是临床表现为缺血性脑血管病,而 CT 扫描正常者,QFM 异常可提示颈内动脉颅外段病变,并作为 CT 检查的补充.研究还发现,颈动脉系循环阻抗,可作为判断脑动脉硬化的计量参考指标.     

橄榄体桥脑小脑萎缩的CT和MRI诊断(附16例报告)

报道诊断为橄榄体桥脑小脑萎缩16例(OPCA),男10例,女6例,平均年龄52.5岁.结合临床表现及头部CT和核磁共振(MRI)影像特征进行比较和分析.结果16例CT扫描异常者9例(56.2%),无异常者7例(43.7%),但7例CT扫描无异常者经MRI检查均发现有异常改变.结果表明MRI对不典型及CT扫描正常的OPCA的诊断更有帮助.     

小于胎龄儿神经及智能发育的远期预后

71例小于胎龄儿,其中52例新生儿期曾作头颅CT扫描,阴性10例,阳性42例,包括各型颅内出血及脑水肿。出院后10～42月作神经智能发育测定:38例(53.5％)正常,13例(18.3％)可疑,异常20例(28.2％)。神经系统异常者14例,包括脑瘫及癫痫,其中8 例CT扫描复查除2例正常外,其他有脑室、沟扩大5例,脑软化灶1例。围产因素中窒息、颅内出血、低血糖以及宫内感染与预后有密切关系。     

300例癫痫患者的CT表现

300例癫痫患者头颅电子计算机断层扫描(CT)检查,异常发现率为33.67%,主要表现为脑萎缩、脑畸形、脑梗塞、脑肿瘤、颅内异常钙化等.大脑纵裂增宽、双额角不对称及对称性扩大亦为常见.经对比,我们认为这些征象是轻度脑萎缩的表现.     

脑型肝豆状核变性患者的智能、记忆障碍研究

目的了解脑型肝豆状核变性(HLD)患者发生智能、记忆障碍的状况。方法采用龚氏修定的韦氏成人智力量表中国版、记忆量表中国版,对40例脑型HLD患者及相匹配的40例正常对照组进行检查研究。结果脑型HLD患者组智商、记忆商测验值与正常对照组比较差异有高度显著性(P<0.01),26例智力低于正常,其中10例出现智能障碍;32例记忆力低于正常,其中记忆障碍者17例。40例患者中全部病例脑部MRI、CT均有异常,病变累及范围广泛且较对称,发病部位主要在基底节区,部分病例波及丘脑,其中有30例伴有程度不等的广泛性大脑皮层萎缩,16例以额颞叶萎缩为重,伴有脑室轻度扩大。结论脑型HLD患者存在明显智能、记忆障碍,广泛性大脑皮层萎缩,尤其是额颞叶萎缩是主要原因之一。     

脑卒中后锥体束华勒变性的影像诊断

目的通过分析脑卒中后锥体束华勒变性的影像表现,以提高对该病的认识和诊断水平。方法收集脑卒中累及单侧大脑半球锥体束的病变并继发华勒变性病例76例,均行常规磁共振成像(MRI)(T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR)及CT平扫,并对影像资料进行统计分析并总结。结果在原发病变基础上,可见继发病变均沿锥体束方向分布;CT表现为等或低密度,MRI表现为等或稍长T1、稍长T2信号,FLAIR呈稍高信号;变性晚期MRI及CT均显示伴有患侧大脑脚及桥脑萎缩。结论脑卒中累及锥体束可导致锥体束继发性华勒变性,通过辨识原发病灶与继发病灶的关系,再结合病变的分布特点及相应影像表现,诊断不难。     

Value of computed tomography in patients with stroke: Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project

The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) was assessed in 325 consecutive patients with a "clinically definite first stroke" from a community stroke register. CT detected five "non-stroke" lesions (two cerebral gliomas, one cerebral metastasis, and two subdural haematomas), a frequency of 1.5%. Five patients were identified with cerebellar haemorrhage, but only one survived long enough to have a CT scan. CT was useful in excluding intracranial haemorrhage as the cause of the stroke in four patients receiving anticoagulants and seven receiving antiplatelet treatment; it showed intracranial haemorrhage in one patient taking aspirin. Forty six patients were in atrial fibrillation at the time of their stroke; four had intracranial haemorrhages and three had haemorrhagic cerebral infarcts. Nineteen patients with presumed ischaemic minor stroke were considered suitable for carotid endarterectomy; CT showed small haemorrhages in two. The CT scan provides very useful information in a minority (up to 28%) of patients with first stroke, who can be selected on quite simple criteria: (a) doubt (usually because of an inadequate history) whether the patient has stroke or a treatable intracranial lesion; (b) the possibility of cerebellar haemorrhage or infarction; (c) the exclusion of intracranial haemorrhage in patients who either are already taking or likely to need antihaemostatic drugs or are being considered for carotid endarterectomy; (d) if the patient deteriorates in a fashion atypical of stroke.     

50例短暂性脑缺血发作病人的CT结果及预后分析

目的：探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）病人的CT检察结果及其预后。方法：回顾分析我院7年来收治的50例TIA病人的有关临床资料。结果：50例TIA病人行头颅CT检查，33例无异常，17例有病灶性改变，表现为腔梗14例，占28％，陈旧腔梗3例，占6％。随访的30例患者中，1月内发生脑梗塞4例，占8％，1年内发生脑便塞10例，占20％。结论：TIA病人行头颅CT检查可发现病灶性改变，但不决定其预后，其预后是否发生完全性卒中，与TIA综合治疗有关。     

脑颜面血管瘤综合征的CT表现及检查优势

目的：探讨脑颜面血管瘤综合征的CT表现及其诊断优势。方法：回顾性分析临床确诊的6例脑颜面血管瘤综合征的CT资料及临床表现。结果：6例脑颜面血管瘤综合征均有抽搐的临床表现及面部三叉神经分布区紫红色血管瘤,5例CT表现为颅内枕顶叶、额颞叶的表浅部位波浪状、脑回状钙化,1例CT检查当时未发现异常,之后随诊复查亦逐渐显示。6例均有局限性脑萎缩或脑发育不全。结论：CT能够很好的显示脑颜面血管瘤综合征的宽大脑回及弯曲＂蚓＂状钙化的特征,诊断具有特征性及重要价值,是脑颜面血管瘤综合征首选检查方法。     

不同阶段缺血性脑梗塞CT影像学特点

目的探讨不同阶段缺血性脑梗塞CT影像学特点。方法回顾性分析发病1-48h经临床确诊为缺血性脑梗塞患者57例的临床资料,入院时行首次CT检查,间隔24 h复查,分析CT影像学表现。结果本组57例患者,首次CT诊断发现28例异常(49.12%),24h后复查发现43例异常(75.44%),以大脑中动脉供血区堵塞为主。4例发病时间6h,CT平扫无法清晰显示显示病灶,小部分患者脑会沟轻微变窄;16例发病时间6-24h,脑沟消失,灰白质无清晰边界,脑沟有不同程度的变浅;23例发病时间24 h,病灶处为大中动脉为高密度,轻微占位现象,脑回不对称,部分中线结构改变,豆状核边缘不清晰,脑灰质密度降低,脑白质无清晰界线。结论不同阶段CT影像学表现不同,临床医师应提高对CT影像阳性特点的认识。     

超声与CT检查对小儿颅内出血诊断价值的比较

①目的 比较超声与CT检查对小儿颅内出血的诊断价值。②方法 应用超声和CT对41例颅内出血病儿和50例正常儿童进行检查，对超声检查与CT检查的结果进行比较。③结果 超声诊断为脑实质出血10例、硬脑膜下隙出血5例与CT相符；超声诊断蛛网膜下隙出血7例，漏诊2例，误诊1例；超声诊断脑室出血2例，漏诊1例，误诊1例；混合型出血12例，超声与CT检查诊断结果相符。PW显示血流频谱异常者39例，占95％。④结论 超声与CT检查诊断脑实质及硬脑膜下隙出血无明显差别。CT诊断蛛网膜下隙、脑室出血优于超声。CT确定出血部位优于超声。     

新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病的CT随访研究

目的:研究新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)的发展规律及程度与预后的关系。方法:收集有围产期窒息史,头颅CT诊断为不同程度的HIE,分别于3个月、6个月及1a进行CT和智力发育随访复查的患者51例。结果:3个月时50%病例有CT异常表现,大部分是外部性脑积水,其中27.3%病例有神经系统症状和体征;6个月复查,35.5%有CT异常表现,其中35.5%有神经系统症状和体征;1岁后约12.5%有异常CT表现,表现为局限性脑软化和脑萎缩。结论:HIE所致脑实质低密度影在出生后3个月内吸收消失;HIE的预后与CT分度密切相关,轻度预后良好。中、重度预后差。早产窒息儿颅内病变严重,如伴有脑实质出血,预后差;HIE在3个月复查时,50%有头颅CT表现异常,大部分为外部性脑积水,1岁时外部性脑积水愈合。     

血管性痴呆患者颅脑影像学改变与认知功能障碍的关系探讨

目的探讨血管性痴呆患者颅脑影像学改变特点及其与认知功能障碍的关系.方法采用MRI技术测定30例缺血性血管性痴呆患者和30例正常对照者脑叶和海马体积.采用CT技术测定30例缺血性血管性痴呆和30例缺血性卒中对照患者脑室和脑沟线性指标.应用MMSE、BSSD和RSPM评定受试者认知功能.结果血管性痴呆组与卒中对照组和正常对照组比较,额叶和颞叶体积显著较小(P＜0.05),海马结构、顶叶和枕叶体积无显著差异(P＞0.05).额叶和颢叶体积减小的程度与MMSE、BSSD评分的降低呈正相关.病灶位于额叶和颞叶、多发病灶以及病灶总体积大于50 mm3的血管性痴呆患者认知功能减退更加显著(P＜0.05).结论额叶和颞叶萎缩是发生血管性痴呆的危险因素.关键部位病变、病灶数量和病灶体积是影响血管性痴呆患者认知功能的重要因素.     

经颅多普勒超声引导下后循环慢性脑缺血CT灌注成像研究＊

目的：探讨经颅多普勒超声引导下后循环慢性脑缺血CT灌注成像的临床应用价值。方法：收集2010-2012年在本院神经内科拟诊为后循环缺血患者60例,使用EMS-9EB×2P（双通道四深度）TCD仪分别评价基底动脉（BA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）、椎动脉（VA）的血流情况,使用Siemens 16排CT对观察组、对照组进行常规平扫,选取以环池层面为中心的感兴趣区进行灌注扫描,应用Siemens自带PCT专用软件包进行后处理,测定灌注参数CBF、CBV、MTT、TTP。结果：TCD：观察组30例患者基底动脉（BA）异常17例,大脑后动脉（PCA）异常3例、椎动脉（VA）异常12例,各条动脉Vm、PI值与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组与对照组全部CT平扫未见与临床症状相关的病灶;CT灌注成像观察组中28例显示后循环共32处低灌注区,灌注参数rCBF、rCBV、MTT、TTP经与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：应用简便快捷而又经济无创的TCD和多层螺旋CT设备,可以为临床医生提供慢性PCI患者的定位、定性和定量诊断依据,以此提高慢性PCI早期诊断的准确性,便于尽早给予针对性治疗,预防缺血区域的进一步发展和脑梗死的发生,减少患者功能障碍和残疾发生率,具有重要的临床应用价值。