Maxillary alveolar ridge reconstruction with monocortical fresh-frozen bone blocks: a clinical, histological and histomorphometric study

BackgroundThis investigation is a clinical and histological assessment of fresh-frozen bone use in the reconstruction of maxillary alveolar ridges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of this material as a bone filler prior the placement of dental implants.Patients and methodsSixteen patients with atrophic maxillary ridges underwent maxillary reconstruction with fresh-frozen tibial human block grafts prior to implant placement. Sampling procedures were carried out 4, 6 and 9 months later when a bone core was removed from the grafts for histological and histomorphometric analysis.ResultsEighteen blocks were placed, and each patient received either 1 or 2 blocks. During the sampling procedures, all of the grafts were found to be firm in consistency, well-incorporated, and vascularized. A total of 34 implants were placed into the grafts with a minimum of 40-Newton-cm torque in all cases. The follow-up period ranged from 18 to 30 months. No implants were lost. The histological analysis revealed vital bone with mature and compact osseous tissue surrounded by marrow spaces.ConclusionBone allografts can be used successfully as graft material for the treatment of maxillary ridge defects. This type of bone graft can be used safely in the areas of implant placement as a suitable alternative to autogenous grafts.     

The use of autogenous bone grafting with platelet-rich plasma for alveolar ridge reconstruction: a clinical report

Implant dentistry has become an effective and predictable treatment modality in modern dentistry. Patients with missing teeth can benefit from partial or complete tooth replacement. Implants can also be used to improve denture retention, stability and support, and enable improved function and esthetics for patients. Several implant systems are commercially available, and their use is predictable with excellent success rates.     

块状自体骨联合脱细胞牛骨基质重建牙槽嵴的影像学观察

目的 探索以外斜线或颏部为供区的自体块状骨联合去蛋白牛骨基质表面覆盖可吸收生物膜进行牙槽嵴缺损修复时的骨再生效果及其吸收规律,为临床操作提供参考.方法 选择2018年7月—2019年9月时间段内,术前CBCT评估骨量严重不足,需先行骨增量再行种植体植入患者共10例.手术以下颌外斜线或颏部为供区取自体块状骨,结合骨引导再...     

Surgical success of intraoral autogenous block onlay bone grafting for alveolar ridge augmentation

This article evaluates the surgical success of alveolar bone augmentation using intraoral block bone graft prior to dental implantation and measures the amount of bone accumulation using this technique. A consecutive retrospective study was conducted on patients who had onlay bone grafts from 1999 to 2001. Files of 56 healthy patients reporting 64 bone graft operations were reviewed. Medical history, smoking status, area of surgery, bone origin (donor sites) and complications were recorded. Panoramic and tomographic radiographs were measured for the vertical and horizontal bone addition and mesiodistal dimension of the graft. Graft exposure or/and graft removal were defined as failure; hematoma, swelling, inflammation, or temporary paresthesia were defined as complications. The average vertical addition was 5.6 mm measured from the bottom of the vertical lesion before bone grafting to the top of the graft. The average faciolingual addition was 3.8 mm. The mesiodistal graft length ranged from 4 mm to 67 mm (average 15.2 mm). According to our criteria, 56 (87.5%) of the 64 bone grafts were successful, 46 (71.9%) were totally uneventful, and 10 (15.6%) had complications. Smoking and diabetes were associated with a high rate of complications and graft failure. More complications were observed in the vertical than in the horizontal bone grafts. Intraoral bone block graft is a predictable operation with high success rates that provides faciolingual and vertical bone addition. Onlay bone grafting has a low rate of complications and failures. Intraoral bone graft should not be recommended for diabetic patients and smokers.     

An intraoral anastomosing technique for microvascular bone flaps in alveolar ridge reconstruction: First clinical results

The main indication for microvascular reconstruction of the face is to achieve the best possible functional and aesthetic outcome. In several cases of reconstruction of the alveolar ridges of the mandible or maxilla, extraoral scars might have been avoided if microvascular anastomoses had been performed without using the extraoral approach. In 9 patients with severe defects of the alveolar ridge of the mandible or maxilla caused by trauma, tumour resection, atrophy or partial loss of premaxilla, reconstruction was performed using six microvascular corticocancellous femur flaps, two iliac crest flaps and one osteoperiosteal fibula flap. In every case, an intraoral approach was used to prepare the transplant bed and the facial vessels. The anastomoses were carried out via this intraoral approach between the donor vessels and the facial vessels. The patients were followed up radiologically and clinically for 6–24 months postoperatively. There was no flap loss or severe complication postoperatively. All patients had good functional and aesthetic results, were treated successfully with dental implants 4–6 months after microvascular reconstruction, and were subsequently fitted with implant-retained prostheses. Intraoral anastomosing of microvascular bone flaps is a reliable technique for microvascular reconstruction of the alveolar ridge. Extraoral scars can be avoided.     

自体块状骨移植重建牙槽骨骨量不足后种植修复的临床观察

目的探讨自体块状骨移植重建牙槽骨骨量不足后种植修复的临床效果。方法 2010年1月至2016年12月完成的自体块状骨移植结合引导骨再生技术(guided bone regeneration,GBR)重建牙槽骨骨量不足的病例共30例,植入种植体共81颗。按照自体块状骨的供区来源分为颌骨组(16例34颗)和髂骨组(14例47颗)两组,通过临床随访及影像学检查,分别计算并比较其种植体存留率。结果 30例自体块状骨移植结合GBR后骨增量明显且愈合良好,术后均无明显供区并发症。同期或延期种植体植入,经平均7.8个月(4~18个月)骨结合期后,除1例种植体因松动拔除,其余29例均完成永久修复。种植体植入后平均随访期为26个月(9~68个月),植入的81颗种植体在随访期内存留率为98.76%。其中颌骨组升支取骨失败1颗,种植体存留率为97.06%;髂骨组失败0颗,种植体存留率为100%,两者统计学上无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论自体块状骨移植重建牙槽骨骨量不足后种植修复,其种植体存留率,较骨量正常情况下的种植修复无明显差异。颌骨与髂骨两种供区的块状自体骨,其移植重建牙槽骨骨量不足均可取得理想的种植修复临床效果。但颌骨内取骨因避免了第二术区、减少手术时间、术后并发症小等优点,临床上应予以优先选择。     

自体块状骨结合引导骨再生技术重建前牙区骨量不足的临床研究

目的：比较自体块状骨结合引导骨再生(GBR)技术重建前牙区骨量不足术后种植位点和非种植位点骨量变化的差异。方法：2010年12月—2011年8月间,术前全景片及CT评估14例患者(73个缺牙位点)前牙区骨量不足,于颏部或下颌支处取自体块状骨结合GBR技术重建前牙牙槽骨,并延期行种植体植入术(共植入42颗种植体)。术后即刻、3、6、9个月和最长随访时间点(平均13.8个月)行CT检查。利用Simplant 11.04软件三维重建并测量牙槽嵴顶骨宽度(alveolar crestal bone width, ACBW)、牙槽骨中部骨宽度(alveolar midway bone width, AMBW)和牙槽骨高度(alveolar bone height, ABH)。测量的所有数据按照种植位点(即种植体植入的位点)和非种植位点(即未植入种植体,后期利用桥体修复的位点)分为2组。采用SAS 9.0软件包对该2组数据进行配对t检验。结果：14例患者均顺利完成植骨和种植体植入手术,术后无头晕、头痛等不适,切口均愈合良好,42颗种植体在愈合和随访期内骨结合良好。术后2组骨改建评价显示：对种植位点的ACBW和AMBW,术后即刻骨增量和术后3个月骨吸收量有显著差异(P<0.05),而对ABH术后即刻骨增量,术后3、6个月骨吸收量有显著差异(P<0.05),其他时间段则无显著差异(P>0.05);对非种植位点的ACBW和ABH,术后即刻骨增量,术后3、6和9个月骨吸收量有显著差异(P<0.05),而对AMBW术后即刻骨增量,术后3、6个月骨吸收量有显著差异(P<0.05),其他时间段则无显著差异(P>0.05)。术后2组中ACBW、AMBW和ABH的骨量变化显示：术后即刻骨增量,术后3、6个月骨吸收量无显著差异(P>0.05);术后9个月和最长随访时间点骨吸收量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论：非种植位点较种植位点在种植体植入后发生更多的骨吸收,其原因是二期种植体植入手术产生的创伤和种植体能保存骨量两者相互作用所致。因此,即刻或同期植入种植体,避免二次手术,对骨量保存具有重要意义。     

Maxillary sinus and ridge augmentations using a surface-derived autogenous bone graft

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe a new technique and the anatomic sites for cutting and harvesting bone for grafting applications. A handheld instrument is described that cuts and collects thin shavings of bone from cortical surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 193 consecutive patients who needed bone augmentation and simultaneous implant placement in the severely atrophic posterior maxilla and in the anterior maxilla with acquired defect of alveolar bone as a result of local trauma. A total of 477 implants were placed. Clinical criteria for evaluation at time of implant exposure included stability in all directions, crestal bone resorption, and any reported pain of discomfort. RESULTS: There were no failures of the anterior maxilla group, and no signs of bone resorption were noted at the second stage surgery or during the follow-up. During initial and late healing, there was no dehiscence of the soft tissue flaps and no membranes were exposed. Core biopsies typically showed immature, newly formed bone and, on average, 27% to 36% vital bone. CONCLUSION: From this research, it appears that excellent implant success rates can be achieved in grafted sinuses or ridges when a locally harvested autogenous bone graft with a ribbon geometry is used.     

自体松质骨支持引导组织再生膜重建牙槽嵴的初步临床研究

目的:观察自体松质骨结合引导组织再生膜技术重建牙槽嵴的临床效果。方法:小切口微创取自体髂骨松质骨粒移植于牙槽嵴表面,上方覆盖聚四氟乙烯引导膜,为6例患者修复萎缩或缺损的牙槽嵴,分别在术前,术后1周,12周进行临床检查、测量重建高度或宽度,作X线检查,并对1例患者12周时的再生骨行组织学检查,观察临床重建效果。结果:牙槽嵴形态以及骨量较手术前得到明显改善,12周时6例牙槽嵴平均增宽,增高4.20 mm,X线检查表明术后植骨区骨组织量增多、骨密度较术前更致密;术后12周植骨部位组织学表现为排列不规则的板层新生骨,可见大量的成骨细胞突起。结论:自体松质骨移植与膜引导组织骨再生技术联合增高牙槽嵴取得满意疗效,值得推广应用。     

Intraoral autogenous block onlay bone grafting for extensive reconstruction of atrophic maxillary alveolar ridges

BACKGROUND: Endosseous implants require sufficient bone volume for complete bone coverage. Alveolar deficiency can prevent ideal implant placement. Local bone grafts are a convenient source of autogenous bone in alveolar reconstruction. The aim of this study was to describe a technique, and to evaluate the success of extensive bone reconstruction of atrophic maxillary alveolar ridges using only intraoral block bone grafts prior to dental implantation. METHODS: Files of 10 healthy patients with extensive bone reconstruction of the maxillary alveolar ridge using intraoral block bone graft operations were reviewed. Medical history, smoking status, bone origin (donor sites), number of bone blocks, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 10 extensive bone maxillary reconstructions, four were uneventful, two required additional bone augmentation at the time of dental implant placement, two had a minimal graft exposure, one had a minor adverse effect (temporary paresthesia), and one operation partially failed and required partial graft removal. CONCLUSION: Intraoral bone block grafting is a predictable operation with a high success rate for long-span augmentation, up to complete jaw augmentation/ extensive bone reconstruction of the maxillary alveolar ridge.     

Maxillary autogenous bone grafting

Reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla for dental implant placement has many unique considerations. There are several methods available to augment the atrophic maxilla. Of these, autogenous bone grafting offers a well-proven predictable method for ridge augmentation and defect repair for dental implant placement. There are several advantages of using autogenous bone grafts. This article primarily focuses on the use of autogenous onlay bone grafts to reconstruct the atrophic maxilla.     

Maxillary autogenous bone grafting

Reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla for dental implant placement has many unique considerations. There are several methods available to augment the atrophic maxilla. Of these, autogenous bone grafting offers a well-proven predictable method for ridge augmentation and defect repair for dental implant placement. There are several advantages of using autogenous bone grafts. This article primarily focuses on the use of autogenous onlay bone grafts to reconstruct the atrophic maxilla.     

The use of autogenous block graft for augmentation of the atrophic alveolar ridge

The use of osseointegrated implants has become a standard treatment option in modern dental rehabilitation. Adequate bone quantity and quality is a prerequisite for good esthetic and biomechanical result. Alveolar ridge defects can be the result of trauma, periodontal diseases or other pathologic conditions. In these cases, alveolar ridge augmentation is needed if endosseous implants are to be used. While xenografts, alloplastic bone grafts and allografts have been proposed for alveolar ridge augmentation, the use of autogenous bone grafts represents the "gold standard" for bone augmentation procedures. Either intraoral or extraoral sites may be considered for donor sites. Although the iliac crest is the most common donor site in maxillofacial reconstruction, the mandibular symphysis or ramus offer important advantages like avoidance of general anesthesia, convenience due to the proximity between the donor site and the augmentation site and avoidance of cutaneous scar. Bone harvested from intraoral donor site is less associated with resorption when compared with iliac bone because membranous grafts revascularize more quickly than endocondral bone grafts. The main disadvantage of the intraoral donor sites is the limited amount of available bone. Alveolar ridge augmentation using autologous bone block, can be done during implant placement or staged with implant placement, after bone graft healing. In the staged technique, a better implant positioning and the use of wide diameter implants are possible. The overall implant success is higher in the staged technique. Alveolar ridge augmentation using autogenous block graft is a predictable way of treatment, for the atrophic alveolar ridge before implant placement.     

Maxillary alveolar ridge augmentation with onlay bone-grafts and immediate endosseous implants.

Management of the atrophic maxilla can be a taxing surgical problems. One treatment alternative is to use autogenous bone transplants and immediate titanium fixture implantation. Despite the extensive literature on routine implant treatment of the edentulous jaws, only very few reports have dealt with the outcome of bone graft reconstructive surgery as part of the dental implant restoration. This study presents the treatment and healing results of 8 consecutive patients, who, over a period of 2 years and 8 months, were treated using onlay iliac bone grafts to atrophic maxillary alveolar ridges with immediate implant insertion. The patients were followed for 32-64 months. 83% of the fixtures (n = 46) were well-integrated. Two fixtures in each of 2 patients were lost due to traumatic bone-graft fractures. Palpatory bone-graft volume and prosthetic function were, with the exception of 1 patient, good. Radiological examination demonstrated preservation of the major part of the vertical dimension of the grafted bone. Patient's assessment was of good aesthetics and intraoral function; 2 patients had minor phonetic problems. In conclusion, similar success to routine maxillary implant treatment can be achieved in the event of extreme maxillary bone deficiency, by bone grafting and immediate fixture insertion.     

智齿拔除术区自体块状骨在前牙区Onlay植骨术中的临床应用

目的 探讨智齿拔除术同时制备自体骨块在前牙区Onlay植骨术中的应用效果.方法 前牙区骨量不足需行种植修复的患者20例,均有拔除阻生智齿的需要,且没有智齿冠周炎等感染因素存在.全部进行了拔除智齿同时制取块状骨行Onlay植骨术.通过问卷调查患者对手术的接受程度;术前及术后6个月,拍摄曲面断层片及CBCT,测量并记录牙槽嵴顶下2 mm的牙槽嵴唇腭(舌)径宽度以及术前术后种植可利用牙槽嵴高度.结果 经问卷调查后显示此手术方案的接受度评分为55分(总分60分),完全接受人数占比为75%,一般接受人数为25%.术前牙槽嵴唇腭(舌)径宽度为(2.26±0.57)mm,术后牙槽嵴唇腭(舌)径宽度为(6.73±0.28)mm,差异有统计学意义(F=6.32,P<0.001).术前可利用牙槽嵴高度(14.32±0.31)mm,对比于术后可利用牙槽嵴高度(14.56±0.35)mm,则无统计学意义(F=2.38,P=0.128).结论 智齿拔除同时制备块状骨的Onlay植骨术患者对手术接受程度高,是一种简单、可有效增加前牙区骨量不足的手术方式.     

Maxillary sinus floor elevation with bovine bone mineral combined with either autogenous bone or autogenous stem cells: a prospective randomized clinical trial

Aim: To assess whether differences occur in bone formation after maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery with bovine bone mineral (BioOss^®) mixed with autogenous bone or autogenous stem cells. The primary endpoint was the percentage of new bone three months after the elevation procedure. Material and methods: In a randomized, controlled split‐mouth design, in 12 consecutive patients (age 60.8 ± 5.9 years, range 48–69 years) needing reconstruction of their atrophic maxilla, a bilateral sinus floor augmentation procedure was performed. Randomly, on one side the augmentation procedure was performed with bovine bone mineral (BioOss^®) seeded with mononuclear stem cells harvested from the posterior iliac crest (test group) while BioOss^® mixed with autogenous bone (harvested from the retromolar area) was applied on the contra‐lateral side (control group). On 14.8 ± 0.7 weeks after the sinus floor elevation, biopsies from the reconstructed areas were taken at the spots where subsequently the endosseous implants were placed. The biopsies were histomorphometrically analyzed. Results: Significantly more bone formation was observed in the test group (17.7 ± 7.3%) when compared with the control group (12.0%± 6.6; P=0.026). In both the test and control group, all implants could be placed with primary stability. In one patient, not all biopsies contained BioOss^®. This patient was excluded from analysis. Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cells seeded on BioOss^® particles can induce the formation of a sufficient volume of new bone to enable the reliable placement of implants within a time frame comparable with that of applying either solely autogenous bone or a mixture of autogenous bone and BioOss^®. This technique could be an alternative to using autografts. To cite this article: Rickert D, Sauerbier S, Nagursky H, Menne D, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM. Maxillary sinus floor elevation with bovine bone mineral combined with either autogenous bone or autogenous stem cells: a prospective randomized clinical trial.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 251–258.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01981.x